1
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Dakkouri M. A Theoretical Investigation of Novel Sila- and Germa-Spirocyclic Imines and Their Relevance for Electron-Transporting Materials and Drug Discovery. Molecules 2023; 28:6298. [PMID: 37687127 PMCID: PMC10489060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of spirocyclic imines (SCIs) has been theoretically investigated by applying a variety of quantum chemical methods and basis sets. The uniqueness of these compounds is depicted by various peculiarities, e.g., the incidence of planar six-membered rings each with two imine groups (two π bonds) and the incorporation of the isosteres carbon, silicon, or germanium spiro centers. Additional peculiarities of these novel SCIs are mirrored by their three-dimensionality, the simultaneous occurrence of nucleophilic and electrophilic centers, and the cross-hyperconjugative (spiro-conjugation) interactions, which provoke charge mobility along the spirocyclic scaffold. Substitution of SCIs with strong electron-withdrawing substituents, like the cyano group or fluorine, enhances their docking capability and impacts their reactivity and charge mobility. To gain thorough knowledge about the molecular properties of these SCIs, their structures have been optimized and various quantum chemical concepts and models were applied, e.g., full NBO analysis and the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) theory (HOMO-LUMO energy gap) and the chemical reactivity descriptors derived from them. For the assessment of the charge density distribution along the SCI framework, additional complementary quantum chemical methods were used, e.g., molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and Bader's QTAIM. Additionally, using the aromaticity index NICS (nuclear independent chemical shift) and other criteria, it could be shown that the investigated cross-hyperconjugated sila and germa SCIs are spiro-aromatics of the Heilbronner Craig-type Möbius aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Dakkouri
- Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Kappe M, Schiller A, Krasnokutski SA, Ončák M, Scheier P, Cunningham EM. Electronic spectroscopy of cationic adamantane clusters and dehydrogenated adamantane in helium droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23142-23151. [PMID: 36148794 PMCID: PMC9533311 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first helium-tagged electronic spectra of cationic adamantane clusters, along with its singly, doubly, and triply dehydrogenated analogues embedded in helium droplets. Absorption spectra were measured by recording the evaporation of helium atoms as a function of laser wavelength in the range of 300-2150 nm. Experimental spectra are coupled with simulated spectra obtained from quantum chemical calculations. The spectrum of cationic adamantane agrees with the electronic photodissociation spectrum measured previously, with an additional low-energy absorption at around 1000 nm. The spectra of the dehydrogenated molecules present broad absorptions exclusively in the high-energy region (300-600 nm). For the higher order adamantane dimer and trimer ions, strong absorptions are observed in the low-energy region (900-2150 nm), rationalised by transitions delocalised over two adamantane units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kappe
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Serge A Krasnokutski
- Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the MPI for Astronomy at the University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 3, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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George MAR, Dopfer O. Opening of the Diamondoid Cage upon Ionization Probed by Infrared Spectra of the Amantadine Cation Solvated by Ar, N 2 , and H 2 O. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200577. [PMID: 35611807 PMCID: PMC9400954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of diamondoids, a fundamental class of very stable cyclic hydrocarbon molecules, play an important role in their functionalization reactions and the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Herein, we characterize the structure, energy, and intermolecular interaction of clusters of the amantadine radical cation (Ama+, 1‐aminoadamantane) with solvent molecules of different interaction strength by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass‐selected Ama+Ln clusters, with L=Ar (n≤3) and L=N2 and H2O (n=1), and dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP−D3/cc‐pVTZ). Three isomers of Ama+ generated by electron ionization are identified by the vibrational properties of their rather different NH2 groups. The ligands bind preferentially to the acidic NH2 protons, and the strength of the NH…L ionic H‐bonds are probed by the solvation‐induced red‐shifts in the NH stretch modes. The three Ama+ isomers include the most abundant canonical cage isomer (I) produced by vertical ionization, which is separated by appreciable barriers from two bicyclic distonic iminium ions obtained from cage‐opening (primary radical II) and subsequent 1,2 H‐shift (tertiary radical III), the latter of which is the global minimum on the Ama+ potential energy surface. The effect of solvation on the energetics of the potential energy profile revealed by the calculations is consistent with the observed relative abundance of the three isomers. Comparison to the adamantane cation indicates that substitution of H by the electron‐donating NH2 group substantially lowers the barriers for the isomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
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4
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Boyer A, Hervé M, Scognamiglio A, Loriot V, Lépine F. Time-resolved relaxation and cage opening in diamondoids following XUV ultrafast ionization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27477-27483. [PMID: 34870657 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling ultrafast processes induced by energetic radiation is compulsory to understand the evolution of molecules under extreme excitation conditions. To describe these photo-induced processes, one needs to perform time-resolved experiments to follow in real time the dynamics induced by the absorption of light. Recent experiments have demonstrated that ultrafast dynamics on few tens of femtoseconds are expected in such situations and a very challenging task is to identify the role played by electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, charge, energy flows and structural rearrangements. Here, we performed time-resolved XUV-IR experiments on diamondoids carbon cages, in order to decipher the processes following XUV ionization. We show that the dynamics is driven by two timescales, the first one is associated to electronic relaxation and the second one is identified as the redistribution of vibrational energy along the accessible modes, prior to the cage opening that is involved in all fragmentation mechanisms in this family of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexie Boyer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Marius Hervé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Audrey Scognamiglio
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Vincent Loriot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Franck Lépine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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5
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Li J, Niesner D, Fauster T. Negative electron affinity of adamantane on Cu(111). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:135001. [PMID: 33412528 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abd99a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy is used to show that thick adamantane films on Cu(111) have a negative electron affinity of -0.3 ± 0.1 eV. The ionization potential is obtained as 8.55 ± 0.15 eV resulting in a band gap of 8.9 ± 0.1 eV. For films of about 1.4 monolayer thickness the electron affinity is close to zero and the valence bands are shifted toward the Fermi energy due to charge transfer from Cu 3d bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Li
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Niesner
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fauster
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Holste K, Dietz P, Scharmann S, Keil K, Henning T, Zschätzsch D, Reitemeyer M, Nauschütt B, Kiefer F, Kunze F, Zorn J, Heiliger C, Joshi N, Probst U, Thüringer R, Volkmar C, Packan D, Peterschmitt S, Brinkmann KT, Zaunick HG, Thoma MH, Kretschmer M, Leiter HJ, Schippers S, Hannemann K, Klar PJ. Ion thrusters for electric propulsion: Scientific issues developing a niche technology into a game changer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:061101. [PMID: 32611046 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transition from old space to new space along with increasing commercialization has a major impact on space flight, in general, and on electric propulsion (EP) by ion thrusters, in particular. Ion thrusters are nowadays used as primary propulsion systems in space. This article describes how these changes related to new space affect various aspects that are important for the development of EP systems. Starting with a historical overview of the development of space flight and of the technology of EP systems, a number of important missions with EP and the underlying technologies are presented. The focus of our discussion is the technology of the radio frequency ion thruster as a prominent member of the gridded ion engine family. Based on this discussion, we give an overview of important research topics such as the search for alternative propellants, the development of reliable neutralizer concepts based on novel insert materials, as well as promising neutralizer-free propulsion concepts. In addition, aspects of thruster modeling and requirements for test facilities are discussed. Furthermore, we address aspects of space electronics with regard to the development of highly efficient electronic components as well as aspects of electromagnetic compatibility and radiation hardness. This article concludes with a presentation of the interaction of EP systems with the spacecraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Holste
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - P Dietz
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Scharmann
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Keil
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - T Henning
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - D Zschätzsch
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Reitemeyer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - B Nauschütt
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Kiefer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Kunze
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Zorn
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Heiliger
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - N Joshi
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - U Probst
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Thüringer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Volkmar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - K-T Brinkmann
- Institute of Experimental Physics II, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - H-G Zaunick
- Institute of Experimental Physics II, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M H Thoma
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Kretschmer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - H J Leiter
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Schippers
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Hannemann
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - P J Klar
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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7
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Dissociation dynamics of the diamondoid adamantane upon photoionization by XUV femtosecond pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2884. [PMID: 32076001 PMCID: PMC7031298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a photodissociation study of the diamondoid adamantane using extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses. The fragmentation dynamics of the dication is unraveled by the use of advanced ion and electron spectroscopy giving access to the dissociation channels as well as their energetics. To get insight into the fragmentation dynamics, we use a theoretical approach combining potential energy surface determination, statistical fragmentation methods and molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that the dissociation dynamics of adamantane dications takes place in a two-step process: barrierless cage opening followed by Coulomb repulsion-driven fragmentation.
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8
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Xiong T, Saalfrank P. Vibrationally Broadened Optical Spectra of Selected Radicals and Cations Derived from Adamantane: A Time-Dependent Correlation Function Approach. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8871-8880. [PMID: 31536349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diamondoids are hydrogen-saturated molecular motifs cut out of diamond, forming a class of materials with tunable optoelectronic properties. In this work, we extend previous work on neutral, closed-shell diamondoids by computing with hybrid density functional theory and time-dependent correlation functions vibrationally broadened absorption spectra of cations and radicals derived from the simplest diamondoid, adamantane, namely, the neutral 1- and 2-adamantyl radicals (C10H15), the 1- and 2-adamantyl cations (C10H15+), and the adamantane radical cation (C10H16+). For selected cases, we also report vibrationally broadened emission, photoelectron, and resonance Raman spectra. Furthermore, the effect of the damping factor on the vibrational fine-structure is studied. The following trends are found: (1) Low-energy absorptions of the adamantyl radicals and cations, and of the adamantane cation, are all strongly red-shifted with respect to adamantane; (2) also, emission spectra are strongly red-shifted, whereas photoelectron spectra are less affected for the cases studied; (3) vibrational fine-structures are reduced compared to those of adamantane; (4) the spectroscopic signals of 1- and 2-adamantyl species are significantly different from each other; and (5) reducing the damping factor has only a limited effect on the vibrational fine-structure in most cases. This suggests that removing hydrogen atoms and/or electrons from adamantane leads to new optoelectronic properties, which should be detectable by vibronic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam , Germany
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9
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Fotooh FK, Atashparvar M. Theoretical Study of the Effect of Simultaneous Doping with Silicon, on Structure and Electronic Properties of Adamantane. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Begam Elavarasi S, Deepa Mariam, Ummal Momeen M, Hu J, Guin M. Effect of fluorination on bandgap, first and second order hyperpolarizabilities in lithium substituted adamantane: A time dependent density functional theory. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Bouwman J, Horst S, Oomens J. Spectroscopic Characterization of the Product Ions Formed by Electron Ionization of Adamantane. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3211-3218. [PMID: 30307689 PMCID: PMC6392131 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A structural characterization of the products formed in the dissociative electron ionization of adamantane (C10 H16 ) is presented. Molecular structures of product ions are suggested based on multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy using the Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) in combination with quantum-chemical calculations. Product ions are individually isolated in an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer and their action IR spectra are recorded. Atomic hydrogen loss from adamantane yields the 1-adamantyl isomer. The IR spectrum of the C8 H11 + product ion is best reproduced by computed spectra of 2- and 4-protonated meta-xylene and ortho- and para-protonated ethylbenzenes. The spectrum of the product ion at m/z 93 suggests that it is composed of a mixture of ortho-protonated toluene, para-protonated toluene and 1,2-dihydrotropylium, while the spectrum of the m/z 79 ion is consistent with the benzenium ion. This study thus suggests that adamantane is efficiently converted into aromatic species and astrophysical implications for the interstellar medium are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Bouwman
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7NL-6525 EDNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Present address: Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden ObservatoryLeiden UniversityP.O. Box 95132300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Horst
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7NL-6525 EDNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7NL-6525 EDNijmegenthe Netherlands
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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12
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K K MJ, Padmanaban R. Effects of functionalization on the electronic and absorption properties of the smaller diamondoids: a computational study. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Barnard AS. Predicting the impact of structural diversity on the performance of nanodiamond drug carriers. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8893-8910. [PMID: 29737997 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanoparticles (nanodiamonds) are unique among carbon nanomaterials, and are quickly establishing a niché in the biomedical application domain. Nanodiamonds are non-toxic, amenable to economically viable mass production, and can be interfaced with a variety of functional moieties. However, developmental challenges arise due to the chemical complexity and structural diversity inherent in nanodiamond samples. Nanodiamonds present a narrow, but significant, distribution of sizes, a dizzying array of possible shapes, and a complicated surface containing aliphatic and aromatic carbon. In the past these facts have been cast as hindrances, stalling development until perfectly monodispersed samples could be achieved. Current research has moved in a different direction, exploring ways that the polydispersivity of nanodiamond samples can be used as a new degree of engineering freedom, and understanding the impact our limited synthetic control really has upon structure/property relationships. In this review a series of computational and statistical studies will be summarised and reviewed, to characterise the relationship between chemical complexity, structural diversity and the reactive performance of nanodiamond drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Barnard
- Data61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed Village St, Docklands, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Sarap CS, Adhikari B, Meng S, Uhlig F, Fyta M. Optical Properties of Single- and Double-Functionalized Small Diamondoids. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3583-3593. [PMID: 29488764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rational control of the electronic and optical properties of small functionalized diamond-like molecules, the diamondoids, is the focus of this work. Specifically, we investigate the single- and double- functionalization of the lower diamondoids, adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane with -NH2 and -SH groups and extend the study to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) functionalization. On the basis of electronic structure calculations, we predict a significant change in the optical properties of these functionalized diamondoids. Our computations reveal that -NH2 functionalized diamondoids show UV photoluminescence similar to ideal diamondoids while -SH substituted diamondoids hinder the UV photoluminescence due to the labile nature of the S-H bond in the first excited state. This study also unveils that the UV photoluminescence nature of -NH2 diamondoids is quenched upon additional functionalization with the -SH group. The double-functionalized derivative can, thus, serve as a sensitive probe for biomolecule binding and sensing environmental changes. The preserved intrinsic properties of the NHC and the ideal diamondoid in NHC-functionalized-diamondoids suggests its utilization in diamondoid-based self-assembled monolayers (SAM), whose UV-photoluminescent signal would be determined entirely by the functionalized diamondoids. Our study aims to pave the path for tuning the properties of diamondoids through a selective choice of the type and number of functional groups. This will aid the realization of optoelectronic devices involving, for example, large-area SAM layers or diamondoid-functionalized electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekar Sarap
- Institute for Computational Physics , Universität Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bibek Adhikari
- Institute for Computational Physics , Universität Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Sheng Meng
- Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongguancun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Institute for Computational Physics , Universität Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Maria Fyta
- Institute for Computational Physics , Universität Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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15
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Candian A, Bouwman J, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Tielens AGGM. Dissociative ionisation of adamantane: a combined theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5399-5406. [PMID: 29155909 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanoparticles, or nanodiamonds, are intriguing carbon-based materials which, maybe surprisingly, are the most abundant constituent of presolar grains. While the spectroscopic properties of even quite large diamondoids have already been explored, little is known about their unimolecular fragmentation processes. In this paper we characterise the dissociative ionisation of adamantane (C10H16) - the smallest member of the diamondoid family - utilising imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. We have found adamantane to dissociatively photoionise via several parallel channels of which H, C3H7 and C4H8 losses are the most important ones. Calculations confirm the existence of a rate-limiting transition state for the multiple C-loss channels, which is located at 10.55 eV with respect to neutral adamantane. In addition, we found dissociation channels leading to small cationic hydrocarbons, which may be relevant in the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Candian
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300-RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Gao W, Hung L, Ogut S, Chelikowsky JR. The stability, electronic structure, and optical absorption of boron-nitride diamondoids predicted with first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19188-19194. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The stability, electronic structure, and optical properties of six boron-nitride diamondoids are systematically studied with state-of-the-art computational methods and compared with diamondoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Hung
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Serdar Ogut
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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17
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Rander T, Bischoff T, Knecht A, Wolter D, Richter R, Merli A, Möller T. Electronic and Optical Properties of Methylated Adamantanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11132-11137. [PMID: 28737388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent theoretical work has identified functionalized diamondoids as promising candidates for the tailoring of fluorescent nanomaterials. However, experiments confirming that optical gap tuning can be achieved through functionalization have, up until now, found only systems where fluorescence is quenched. We address this shortcoming by investigating a series of methylated adamantanes. For the first time, a class of functionalized diamondoids is shown to fluoresce in the gas phase. In order to understand the evolution of the optical and electronic structure properties with degree of functionalization, photoelectron spectroscopy was used to map the occupied valence electronic structure, while absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies yielded information about the unoccupied electronic structure and postexcitation relaxation behavior. The resulting spectra were modeled by (time-dependent) density functional theory. These results show that it is possible to overcome fluorescence quenching when functionalizing diamondoids and represent a significant step toward tailoring the electronic structure of these and other semiconductor particles in a manner suitable to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Rander
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bischoff
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Knecht
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wolter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Richter
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Merli
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Teunissen JL, De Proft F, De Vleeschouwer F. Tuning the HOMO-LUMO Energy Gap of Small Diamondoids Using Inverse Molecular Design. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1351-1365. [PMID: 28218844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized diamondoids show great potential as building blocks for various new optoelectronic applications. However, until now, only simple mono and double substitutions were investigated. In this work, we considered up to 10 and 6 sites for functionalization of the two smallest diamondoids, adamantane and diamantane, respectively, in search for diamondoid derivatives with a minimal and maximal HOMO-LUMO energy gap. To this end, the energy gap was optimized systematically using an inverse molecular design methodology based on the best-first search algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo component to escape local optima. Adamantane derivatives were found with HOMO-LUMO gaps ranging from 2.42 to 10.63 eV, with 9.45 eV being the energy gap of pure adamantane. For diamantane, similar values were obtained. The structures with the lowest HOMO-LUMO gaps showed apparent push-pull character. The push character is mainly formed by sulfur or nitrogen dopants and thiol groups, whereas the pull character is predominantly determined by the presence of electron-withdrawing nitro or carbonyl groups assisted by amino and hydroxyl groups via the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In contrast, maximal HOMO-LUMO gaps were obtained by introducing numerous electronegative groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L Teunissen
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Research Group of General Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Sharma H, Saha B, Bhattacharyya PK. Sandwiches of N-doped diamondoids and benzene vialone pair–cation and cation–pi interaction: a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02467c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation–lone pair and cation–pi interactions in the complexes of N-doped dimondoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Arya Vidyapeeth College
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati
- India
| | - Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Arya Vidyapeeth College
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati
- India
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20
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Ab initio vibrational and thermodynamic properties of adamantane, sila-adamantane (Si10H16), and C9Si1H16 isomers. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Narasimha KT, Ge C, Fabbri JD, Clay W, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Ultralow effective work function surfaces using diamondoid monolayers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:267-272. [PMID: 26641529 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron emission is critical for a host of modern fabrication and analysis applications including mass spectrometry, electron imaging and nanopatterning. Here, we report that monolayers of diamondoids effectively confer dramatically enhanced field emission properties to metal surfaces. We attribute the improved emission to a significant reduction of the work function rather than a geometric enhancement. This effect depends on the particular diamondoid isomer, with [121]tetramantane-2-thiol reducing gold's work function from ∼ 5.1 eV to 1.60 ± 0.3 eV, corresponding to an increase in current by a factor of over 13,000. This reduction in work function is the largest reported for any organic species and also the largest for any air-stable compound. This effect was not observed for sp(3)-hybridized alkanes, nor for smaller diamondoid molecules. The magnitude of the enhancement, molecule specificity and elimination of gold metal rearrangement precludes geometric factors as the dominant contribution. Instead, we attribute this effect to the stable radical cation of diamondoids. Our computed enhancement due to a positively charged radical cation was in agreement with the measured work functions to within ± 0.3 eV, suggesting a new paradigm for low-work-function coatings based on the design of nanoparticles with stable radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Thimmavajjula Narasimha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chenhao Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason D Fabbri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William Clay
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boryslav A Tkachenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z X Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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22
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Barnard AS. Challenges in modelling nanoparticles for drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:023002. [PMID: 26682622 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/2/023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there have been significant advances in the fields of theoretical condensed matter and computational physics, when confronted with the complexity and diversity of nanoparticles available in conventional laboratories a number of modeling challenges remain. These challenges are generally shared among application domains, but the impacts of the limitations and approximations we make to overcome them (or circumvent them) can be more significant one area than another. In the case of nanoparticles for drug delivery applications some immediate challenges include the incompatibility of length-scales, our ability to model weak interactions and solvation, the complexity of the thermochemical environment surrounding the nanoparticles, and the role of polydispersivity in determining properties and performance. Some of these challenges can be met with existing technologies, others with emerging technologies including the data-driven sciences; some others require new methods to be developed. In this article we will briefly review some simple methods and techniques that can be applied to these (and other) challenges, and demonstrate some results using nanodiamond-based drug delivery platforms as an exemplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Barnard
- CSIRO Virtual Nanoscience Laboratory, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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23
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Balaji GL, Sarveswari S, Vijayakumar V. Synthesis of diversely substituted adamantanes as a new class of antimicrobial agent. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Richter R, Röhr MIS, Zimmermann T, Petersen J, Heidrich C, Rahner R, Möller T, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Mitric R, Rander T, Merli A. Laser-induced fluorescence of free diamondoid molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4739-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the laser-induced fluorescence of diamondoids in the gas phase. The spectra show well defined vibrational structure, whose complex nature is assigned with the help of TDDFT computations.
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25
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Clay WA, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Melosh NA, Shen ZX. Physical properties of materials derived from diamondoid molecules. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:016501. [PMID: 25551840 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/1/016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids are small hydrocarbon molecules which have the same rigid cage structure as bulk diamond. They can be considered the smallest nanoparticles of diamond. They exhibit a mixture of properties inherited from bulk cubic diamond as well as a number of unique properties related to their size and structure. Diamondoids with different sizes and shapes can be separated and purified, enabling detailed studies of the effects of size and structure on the diamondoids' properties and also allowing the creation of chemically functionalized diamondoids which can be used to create new materials. Most notable among these new materials are self-assembled monolayers of diamondoid-thiols, which exhibit a number of unique electron emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Clay
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, CA 94305
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26
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Demján T, Vörös M, Palummo M, Gali A. Electronic and optical properties of pure and modified diamondoids studied by many-body perturbation theory and time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:064308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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27
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Computational study of adamantanes using floating basis functions. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Yin H, Ma Y, Hao X, Mu J, Liu C, Yi Z. Quasiparticle electronic structure and optical absorption of diamond nanoparticles from ab initio many-body perturbation theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:214315. [PMID: 24908016 DOI: 10.1063/1.4880695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The excited states of small-diameter diamond nanoparticles in the gas phase are studied using the GW method and Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) within the ab initio many-body perturbation theory. The calculated ionization potentials and optical gaps are in agreement with experimental results, with the average error about 0.2 eV. The electron affinity is negative and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital is rather delocalized. Precise determination of the electron affinity requires one to take the off-diagonal matrix elements of the self-energy operator into account in the GW calculation. BSE calculations predict a large exciton binding energy which is an order of magnitude larger than that in the bulk diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabing Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jinglin Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhijun Yi
- Department of Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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29
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Richter R, Wolter D, Zimmermann T, Landt L, Knecht A, Heidrich C, Merli A, Dopfer O, Reiß P, Ehresmann A, Petersen J, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Bostedt C, Möller T, Mitric R, Rander T. Size and shape dependent photoluminescence and excited state decay rates of diamondoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3070-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Zimmermann T, Richter R, Knecht A, Fokin AA, Koso TV, Chernish LV, Gunchenko PA, Schreiner PR, Möller T, Rander T. Exploring covalently bonded diamondoid particles with valence photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:084310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Galeta J, Tenora L, Man S, Potáček M. Dihydropyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazoles: withasomnine and related compounds. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Galeta J, Man S, Valoušková A, Potáček M. Homoallenyl azines in criss-cross cycloaddition reactions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Rander T, Staiger M, Richter R, Zimmermann T, Landt L, Wolter D, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Schreiner PR, Möller T, Bostedt C. Electronic structure tuning of diamondoids through functionalization. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:024310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4774268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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34
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Zhang J, Feng Y, Ishiwata H, Miyata Y, Kitaura R, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Shinohara H, Tománek D. Synthesis and transformation of linear adamantane assemblies inside carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8674-8683. [PMID: 22920674 DOI: 10.1021/nn303461q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the assembly and thermal transformation of linear diamondoid assemblies inside carbon nanotubes. Our calculations and observations indicate that these molecules undergo selective reactions within the narrow confining space of a carbon nanotube. Upon vacuum annealing of adamantane molecules encapsulated in a carbon nanotube, we observe a sharp Raman feature at 1857 cm(-1), which we interpret as a stretching mode of carbon chains formed by thermal conversion of adamantane inside a carbon nanotube. Introduction of pure hydrogen during thermal annealing, however, suppresses the formation of carbon chains and seems to keep adamantane intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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35
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Patzer A, Schütz M, Möller T, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the Adamantane Cation: Direct Evidence for Jahn-Teller Distortion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Patzer A, Schütz M, Möller T, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum and Structure of the Adamantane Cation: Direct Evidence for Jahn-Teller Distortion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4925-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Fokin AA, Gerbig D, Schreiner PR. σ/σ- and π/π-Interactions Are Equally Important: Multilayered Graphanes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20036-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, 37 Pobeda Avenue, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Dennis Gerbig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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38
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Novikovskii AA, Gunchenko PA, Prikhodchenko PG, Serguchev YA, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA. Comparative theoretical and experimental analysis of hydrocarbon σ-radical cations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011090053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Shubina TE, Fokin AA. Hydrocarbon σ‐radical cations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana E. Shubina
- Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
- Computer‐Chemie‐Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität, Erlangen, Germany
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40
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41
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Chan B, Coote ML, Radom L. G4-SP, G4(MP2)-SP, G4-sc, and G4(MP2)-sc: Modifications to G4 and G4(MP2) for the Treatment of Medium-Sized Radicals. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:2647-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100266u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
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42
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Landt L, Bostedt C, Wolter D, Möller T, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Kulesza A, Mitrić R, Bonačić-Koutecký V. Experimental and theoretical study of the absorption properties of thiolated diamondoids. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:144305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3356034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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43
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Landt L, Staiger M, Wolter D, Klünder K, Zimmermann P, Willey TM, van Buuren T, Brehmer D, Schreiner PR, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Möller T, Bostedt C. The influence of a single thiol group on the electronic and optical properties of the smallest diamondoid adamantane. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:024710. [PMID: 20095697 DOI: 10.1063/1.3280388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
At the nanoscale, the surface becomes pivotal for the properties of semiconductors due to an increased surface-to-bulk ratio. Surface functionalization is a means to include semiconductor nanocrystals into devices. In this comprehensive experimental study we determine in detail the effect of a single thiol functional group on the electronic and optical properties of the hydrogen-passivated nanodiamond adamantane. We find that the optical properties of the diamondoid are strongly affected due to a drastic change in the occupied states. Compared to adamantane, the optical gap in adamantane-1-thiol is lowered by approximately 0.6 eV and UV luminescence is quenched. The lowest unoccupied states remain delocalized at the cluster surface leaving the diamondoid's negative electron affinity intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Landt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Bldg. EW 3-1, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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ZHANG ZHENKUI, DAI YING. STUDY OF ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRON AFFINITY OF NANODIAMONDS PASSIVATED BY CHn SPECIES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633610005670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of diamond nanoparticles with different surface terminations, (I) CH n (n = 1, 2) and (II) CH n (n = 1–3) species, have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) to probe the effects of the terminated CH n species on the geometric and electronic structures and related properties. Our results show that quantum confinement effects of HOMO–LUMO gap occurs for the series I particles with size up to 1.1 nm, in contrast to the much weaker decay of the gap for larger size. With the existence of additional CH3 species, for size larger than 1 nm, the series II particles have larger gaps than the series I counterparts, which may be even larger than that of bulk diamond. The compositions of HOMO and LUMO are responsible for the different behaviors in the quantum confinement, which agrees with the experimentally observed spectral feature in the X-ray absorption measurement. In addition, our results show that the negative electron affinity is strongly dependent on the C/H ratio for the hydrogenated diamond nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZHENKUI ZHANG
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - YING DAI
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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45
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Gunchenko PA, Makukhina AM, Novikovskii AA, Yurchenko AG, Serafin M, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA. Structure and transformations of the homoadamantane radical-cation. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-009-9089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Landt L, Klünder K, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Möller T, Bostedt C. Optical response of diamond nanocrystals as a function of particle size, shape, and symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:047402. [PMID: 19659398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.047402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical spectra of hydrogen-passivated diamond clusters (diamondoids) precisely defined in size and shape have been measured in the gas phase, i.e., under an environment similar to boundary conditions typically assumed by theory. Characteristic optical properties evolve for these wide band-gap semiconductor nanocrystals as a function of size, shape, and symmetry in the subnanometer regime. These effects have not previously been theoretically predicted. The optical response of the tetrahedral-shaped C_{26}H_{32} diamond cluster [1(2,3)4] pentamantane is found to be remarkably similar to that of bulk diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Landt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner Building EW 3-1, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Tang HW, Ng KM, Lu W, Che CM. Ion Desorption Efficiency and Internal Energy Transfer in Carbon-Based Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Desorption Mechanism(s) and the Design of SALDI Substrates. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4720-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8026367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Wai Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwan-Ming Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
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Fokin A, Tkachenko B, Fokina N, Hausmann H, Serafin M, Dahl J, Carlson R, Schreiner P. Reactivities of the Prism-Shaped Diamondoids [1(2)3]Tetramantane and [12312]Hexamantane (Cyclohexamantane). Chemistry 2009; 15:3851-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Willey TM, Fabbri JD, Lee JRI, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Vance AL, Yang W, Terminello LJ, Buuren TV, Melosh NA. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy of Diamondoid Thiol Monolayers on Gold. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10536-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Willey
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jason D. Fabbri
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jonathan R. I. Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Andrey A. Fokin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Boryslav A. Tkachenko
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Nataliya A. Fokina
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jeremy E. P. Dahl
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Robert M. K. Carlson
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Andrew L. Vance
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Wanli Yang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Louis J. Terminello
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Tony van Buuren
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Nicolas A. Melosh
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
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