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Uguz I, Ohayon D, Yilmaz S, Griggs S, Sheelamanthula R, Fabbri JD, McCulloch I, Inal S, Shepard KL. Complementary integration of organic electrochemical transistors for front-end amplifier circuits of flexible neural implants. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi9710. [PMID: 38517957 PMCID: PMC10959418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The ability to amplify, translate, and process small ionic potential fluctuations of neural processes directly at the recording site is essential to improve the performance of neural implants. Organic front-end analog electronics are ideal for this application, allowing for minimally invasive amplifiers owing to their tissue-like mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate fully organic complementary circuits by pairing depletion- and enhancement-mode p- and n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). With precise geometry tuning and a vertical device architecture, we achieve overlapping output characteristics and integrate them into amplifiers with single neuronal dimensions (20 micrometers). Amplifiers with combined p- and n-OECTs result in voltage-to-voltage amplification with a gain of >30 decibels. We also leverage depletion and enhancement-mode p-OECTs with matching characteristics to demonstrate a differential recording capability with high common mode rejection rate (>60 decibels). Integrating OECT-based front-end amplifiers into a flexible shank form factor enables single-neuron recording in the mouse cortex with on-site filtering and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Uguz
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Functional Intelligent Materials (IFIM), National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Narasimha KT, Ge C, Fabbri JD, Clay W, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Ultralow effective work function surfaces using diamondoid monolayers. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:267-272. [PMID: 26641529 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron emission is critical for a host of modern fabrication and analysis applications including mass spectrometry, electron imaging and nanopatterning. Here, we report that monolayers of diamondoids effectively confer dramatically enhanced field emission properties to metal surfaces. We attribute the improved emission to a significant reduction of the work function rather than a geometric enhancement. This effect depends on the particular diamondoid isomer, with [121]tetramantane-2-thiol reducing gold's work function from ∼ 5.1 eV to 1.60 ± 0.3 eV, corresponding to an increase in current by a factor of over 13,000. This reduction in work function is the largest reported for any organic species and also the largest for any air-stable compound. This effect was not observed for sp(3)-hybridized alkanes, nor for smaller diamondoid molecules. The magnitude of the enhancement, molecule specificity and elimination of gold metal rearrangement precludes geometric factors as the dominant contribution. Instead, we attribute this effect to the stable radical cation of diamondoids. Our computed enhancement due to a positively charged radical cation was in agreement with the measured work functions to within ± 0.3 eV, suggesting a new paradigm for low-work-function coatings based on the design of nanoparticles with stable radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Thimmavajjula Narasimha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chenhao Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason D Fabbri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William Clay
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boryslav A Tkachenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, Kiev 03056, Ukraine
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z X Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Willey TM, Fabbri JD, Lee JRI, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Vance AL, Yang W, Terminello LJ, Buuren TV, Melosh NA. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy of Diamondoid Thiol Monolayers on Gold. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10536-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Willey
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jason D. Fabbri
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jonathan R. I. Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Andrey A. Fokin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Boryslav A. Tkachenko
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Nataliya A. Fokina
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Jeremy E. P. Dahl
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Robert M. K. Carlson
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Andrew L. Vance
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Wanli Yang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Louis J. Terminello
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Tony van Buuren
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
| | - Nicolas A. Melosh
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany, MolecularDiamond Technologies, Chevron Technology Ventures, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011
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