Surface structural characteristics and tunable electronic properties of wet-chemically prepared Pd nanoparticles

Palladium catalyzed radical relay for the oxidative cross-coupling of quinolines

Traditional approaches for transition-metal catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions rely on sp²-hybridized starting materials, such as aryl halides, and more specifically, homogeneous catalysts. We report a heterogeneous Pd-catalyzed radical relay method for the conversion of a heteroarene C(sp³)–H bond into ethers. Pd nanoparticles are supported on an ordered mesoporous composite which, when compared with microporous activated carbons, greatly increases the Pd d charge because of their strong interaction with N-doped anatase nanocrystals. Mechanistic studies provide evidence that electron-deficient Pd with Pd–O/N coordinations efficiently catalyzes the radical relay reaction to release diffusible methoxyl radicals, and highlight the difference between this surface reaction and C–H oxidation mediated by homogeneous catalysts that operate with cyclopalladated intermediates. The reactions proceed efficiently with a turn-over frequency of 84 h⁻¹ and high selectivity toward ethers of >99%. Negligible Pd leaching and activity loss are observed after 7 catalytic runs.

Traditional approaches for transition-metal catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions rely on sp²-hybridized starting materials. Here the authors report a heterogeneous Pd-catalyzed radical relay method for the conversion of a heteroarene C(sp³)–H bond into ethers.

Blurring the boundary between homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis using palladium nanoclusters with dynamic surfaces

Using a magnetron sputtering approach that allows size-controlled formation of nanoclusters, we have created palladium nanoclusters that combine the features of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Here we report the atomic structures and electronic environments of a series of metal nanoclusters in ionic liquids at different stages of formation, leading to the discovery of Pd nanoclusters with a core of ca. 2 nm surrounded by a diffuse dynamic shell of atoms in [C₄C₁Im][NTf₂]. Comparison of the catalytic activity of Pd nanoclusters in alkene cyclopropanation reveals that the atomically dynamic surface is critically important, increasing the activity by a factor of ca. 2 when compared to compact nanoclusters of similar size. Catalyst poisoning tests using mercury and dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene show that dynamic Pd nanoclusters maintain their catalytic activity, which demonstrate their combined features of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts within the same material. Additionally, kinetic studies of cyclopropanation of alkenes mediated by the dynamic Pd nanoclusters reveal an observed catalyst order of 1, underpinning the pseudo-homogeneous character of the dynamic Pd nanoclusters.

Establishing a structure-property relationship for nanoclusters and the link with their catalytic performance remain challenging. Here the authors show palladium nanocluster with a core of 2 nm surrounded by a diffuse dynamic shell of Pd atoms exhibit features of heterogeneous and homogenous catalyst at the same time.

Aging amorphous/crystalline heterophase PdCu nanosheets for catalytic reactions

Phase engineering is arising as an attractive strategy to tune the properties and functionalities of nanomaterials. In particular, amorphous/crystalline heterophase nanostructures have exhibited some intriguing properties. Herein, the one-pot wet-chemical synthesis of two types of amorphous/crystalline heterophase PdCu nanosheets is reported, in which one is amorphous phase-dominant and the other one is crystalline phase-dominant. Then the aging process of the synthesized PdCu nanosheets is studied, during which their crystallinity increases, accompanied by changes in some physicochemical properties. As a proof-of-concept application, their aging effect on catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrostyrene is investigated. As a result, the amorphous phase-dominant nanosheets initially show excellent chemoselectivity. After aging for 14 days, their catalytic activity is higher than that of crystalline phase-dominant nanosheets. This work demonstrates the intriguing properties of heterophase nanostructures, providing a new platform for future studies on the regulation of functionalities and applications of nanomaterials by phase engineering.

Salt-mediated synthesis of bimetallic networks with structural defects and their enhanced catalytic performances

Bimetallic alloys with abundant of structural defects and enhanced catalytic performances were prepared tailoring by salts.

Bioengineered silver nanoparticles using Curvularia pallescens and its fungicidal activity against Cladosporium fulvum

Microorganisms based biosynthesis of nanomaterials has triggered significant attention, due to their great potential as vast source of the production of biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs). Such biosynthesized functional nanomaterials can be used for various biomedical applications. The present study investigates the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the fungus Curvularia pallescens (C. pallescens) which is isolated from cereals. The C. pallescens cell filtrate was used for the reduction of AgNO₃ to Ag NPs. To the best of our knowledge C. pallescens is utilized first time for the preparation of Ag NPs. Several alkaloids and proteins present in the phytopathogenic fungus C. pallescens were mainly responsible for the formation of highly crystalline Ag NPs. The as-synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by using UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM micrographs have revealed that spherical shaped Ag NPs with polydisperse in size were obtained. These results have clearly suggested that the biomolecules secreted by C. pallescens are mainly responsible for the formation and stabilization of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of the as-prepared Ag NPs was tested against Cladosporium fulvum, which is the major cause of a serious plant disease, known as tomato leaf mold. The synthesized Ag NPs displayed excellent fungicidal activity against the tested fungal pathogen. The extreme zone of reduction occurred at 50 μL, whereas, an increase in the reduction activity is observed with increasing the concentration of Ag NPs. These encouraging results can be further exploited by employing the as synthesized Ag NPs against various pathogenic fungi in order to ascertain their spectrum of fungicidal activity.

Kinetic pathway of palladium nanoparticle sulfidation process at high temperatures

A significant issue related to Palladium (Pd) based catalysts is that sulfur-containing species, such as alkanethiols, can form a PdSx underlayer on nanoparticle surface and subsequently poison the catalysts. Understanding the exact reaction pathway, the degree of sulfidation, the chemical stoichiometry, and the temperature dependence of this process is critically important. Combining energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at the S K-, Pd K-, and L2,3-edges, we show the kinetic pathway of Pd nanoparticle sulfidation process with the addition of excess amount of octadecanethiol at different temperatures, up to 250 °C. We demonstrate that the initial polycrystalline Pd-oleylamine nanoparticles gradually become amorphous PdSx nanoparticles, with the sulfur atomic concentration eventually saturating at Pd/S = 66:34 at 200 °C. This final chemical stoichiometry of the sulfurized nanoparticles closely matches that of the crystalline P16S7 phase (30.4% S), albeit being structurally amorphous. Sulfur diffusion into the nanoparticle depends strongly on the temperature. At 90 °C, sulfidation remains limited at the surface of nanoparticles even with extended heating time; whereas at higher temperatures beyond 125 °C, sulfidation occurs rapidly in the interior of the particles, far beyond what can be described as a core-shell model. This indicates sulfur diffusion from the surface to the interior of the particle is subject to a diffusion barrier and likely first go through the grain boundaries of the nanoparticle.

Facile and rapid synthesis of spherical porous palladium nanostructures with high catalytic activity for formic acid electro-oxidation

Highly uniform, spherical porous palladium nanostructures (SPPNs) with rough surfaces were prepared by a facile and rapid ultrasound assisted reduction. The synthesis involves sonicating a solution of K(2)PdCl(4) and ascorbic acid for only 7 min at 40 °C without any additives. The products are isolated structures with a narrow size distribution, and their average diameters are controllable in a range from 40 to 100 nm via the K(2)PdCl(4) concentration. Typical products have a diameter of 52 nm and consist of loosely packed grains of 2-3 nm. They are thus very porous, with a specific surface area of 47 m(2) g(-1). The growth mechanism of SPPNs is discussed on the basis of varying relevant reaction parameters and characterizations from different microscopy techniques, nitrogen absorption analysis, and time-dependent UV-vis spectra. The electrocatalytic performance of the SPPNs was evaluated by electro-oxidation of formic acid. The mass current density per mass of SPPNs (1.88 A mg(-1)) exceeds that of commercial Pd black (1.69 A mg(-1)) and is more than twice that of commercial Pd/C catalyst (0.79 A mg(-1)). Long-term stability of the activity makes this material a promising anode catalyst for direct formic acid fuel cells.

Biomolecule-coated metal nanoparticles on titanium

Immobilizations of nanoparticles and biomolecules on biocompatible substrates such as titanium are two promising approaches to bringing new functionalities to Ti-based biomaterials. Herein, we used a variety of X-ray spectroscopic techniques to study and better understand metal-thiolate interactions in biofunctionalized metal nanoparticle systems supported on Ti substrates. Using a facile one-step procedure, a series of Au nanoparticle samples with varied biomolecule coatings ((2-mercatopropionyl)glycine (MPG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) and biomolecule concentrations are prepared. Ag and Pd systems are also studied to observe change with varying metal composition. The structure and properties of these biomolecule-coated nanoparticles are investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element-specific X-ray techniques, including extended X-ray absorption fine structure (Au L(3)-edge), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (Au L(3), Ag L(3), Pd L(3), and S K-edge), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Au 4f, Ag 3d, Pd 3d, and S 2p core level). It was found that, by comparison of SEM and X-ray spectroscopy results, the coating of metal nanoparticles with varying model biomolecule systems can have a significant effect on both surface coverage and organization. This work offers a facile chemical method for bio- and nanofunctionalization of Ti substrates as well as provides a physical picture of the structure and bonding of biocoated metal nanoparticles, which may lead to useful applications in orthopedics and biomedicine.

The complex thiol-palladium interface: a theoretical and experimental study

This paper presents a theoretical study of the surface structures and thermodynamic stability of different thiol and sulfide structures present on the palladium surface as a function of the chemical potential of the thiol species. It has been found that as the chemical potential of the thiol is increased, the initially clean palladium surface is covered by a (√3 × √3)R30° sulfur lattice. Further increase in the thiol pressure or concentration leads to the formation of a denser (√7 × √7)R19.1° sulfur lattice, which finally undergoes a phase transition to form a complex (√7 × √7)R19.1° sulfur + thiol adlayer (3/7 sulfur + 2/7 thiol coverage). This transition is accompanied by a strong reconstruction of the Pd(111) surface. The formation of these surface structures has been explained in terms of the catalytic properties of the palladium surface. These results have been compared with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results obtained for thiols adsorbed on different palladium surfaces.

Structural control of Au and Au–Pd nanoparticles by selecting capping ligands with varied electronic and steric effects

Weakly interacting ligands including three Gemini surfactants, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), and amines (RNH2, R2NH, and R3N) were used to prepare Au nanoparticles (NPs). Aqueous Au NPs capped with DDAB and Gemini surfactants showed similar sizes (3–4 nm), whereas toluene-based NPs stabilized with DDAB, amines, and their mixtures range from 2.5 to 9.3 nm. Ligand effect on Au–Pd NP structure was also studied with EXAFS. These findings were consistently accounted for by considering the ligand’s electronic/steric effects and mixed ligands coadsorption, and suggest useful ways to control NP structure by manipulating the two effects and using mixed capping ligands.

Gold, palladium, and gold-palladium alloy nanoshells on silica nanoparticle cores

The synthesis of gold, palladium, and gold-palladium alloy nanoshells (approximately 15-20 nm thickness) was accomplished by the reduction of gold and palladium ions onto dielectric silica core particles (approximately 100 nm in diameter) seeded with small gold nanoparticles (approximately 2-3 nm in diameter). The size, morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of the nanoshells were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results demonstrate the successful growth of gold, palladium, and gold-palladium alloy nanoshells, where the optical properties systematically vary with the relative content of gold and palladium. The alloy nanoshells are being prepared for use in applications that stand to benefit from photoenhanced catalysis.