1
|
Kurniawan R, Budi Alamsyah AR, Fudholi A, Purwanto A, Sumargo B, Gio PU, Wongsonadi SK, Hadi Susanto AE. Impacts of industrial production and air quality by remote sensing on nitrogen dioxide concentration and related effects: An econometric approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122212. [PMID: 37454714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The high concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is to blame for West Java's poor Air Quality Index (AQI). So, this study aims to determine the influence of industrial activity as reflected by the value of its imports and exports, wind speed, and ozone (O3) on the high concentration of tropospheric NO2. The method used is the econometric Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach to capture the existence of a short-term and long-term relationship between tropospheric NO2 and its predictor variables. The data used in this study is in the form of monthly time series data for the 2018-2022 period sourced from satellite images (Sentinel-5P and ECMWF Climate Reanalysis) and publications of the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS-Statistics Indonesia). The results explained that, in the short-term, tropospheric NO2 and O3 influence each other as they would in a photochemical reaction. In the long-term, exports from the industrial sector and wind speed have a significant effect on the concentration of tropospheric NO2. The short-term effect occurs directly in the first month after the shock, while the long-term effect occurs in the second month after the shock. Wind gusts originating from industrial areas cause air conditions to be even more alarming because tropospheric NO2 pollutants spread throughout the region in West Java. Based on the coefficient correlation result, the high number of pneumonia cases is one of the impacts caused by air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kurniawan
- Department of Statistical Computing, Politeknik Statistika STIS, 13330, Bidaracina, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Population and Environmental Education, Faculty of Post-Graduate, State University of Jakarta, 13220, Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Anas Rulloh Budi Alamsyah
- Department of Statistical Computing, Politeknik Statistika STIS, 13330, Bidaracina, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Fudholi
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
| | - Agung Purwanto
- Department of Population and Environmental Education, Faculty of Post-Graduate, State University of Jakarta, 13220, Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bagus Sumargo
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Jakarta, 13220, Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Prana Ugiana Gio
- Department of Mathematics, Universitas Sumatera Utara, 20155, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sri Kuswantono Wongsonadi
- Department of Community Education, Faculty of Education, State University of Jakarta, 13220, Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alton Endarwanto Hadi Susanto
- Department of Population and Environmental Education, Faculty of Post-Graduate, State University of Jakarta, 13220, Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia; Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional (Lemhannas), Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rempfert KR, Nothaft DB, Kraus EA, Asamoto CK, Evans RD, Spear JR, Matter JM, Kopf SH, Templeton AS. Subsurface biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in the actively serpentinizing Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139633. [PMID: 37152731 PMCID: PMC10160414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for life. N compounds such as ammonium ( NH 4 + ) may act as electron donors, while nitrate ( NO 3 - ) and nitrite ( NO 2 - ) may serve as electron acceptors to support energy metabolism. However, little is known regarding the availability and forms of N in subsurface ecosystems, particularly in serpentinite-hosted settings where hydrogen (H2) generated through water-rock reactions promotes habitable conditions for microbial life. Here, we analyzed N and oxygen (O) isotope composition to investigate the source, abundance, and cycling of N species within the Samail Ophiolite of Oman. The dominant dissolved N species was dependent on the fluid type, with Mg2+- HCO 3 - type fluids comprised mostly of NO 3 - , and Ca2+-OH- fluids comprised primarily of ammonia (NH3). We infer that fixed N is introduced to the serpentinite aquifer as NO 3 - . High concentrations of NO 3 - (>100 μM) with a relict meteoric oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O ~ 22‰, Δ17O ~ 6‰) were observed in shallow aquifer fluids, indicative of NO 3 - sourced from atmospheric deposition (rainwater NO 3 - : δ18O of 53.7‰, Δ17O of 16.8‰) mixed with NO 3 - produced in situ through nitrification (estimated endmember δ18O and Δ17O of ~0‰). Conversely, highly reacted hyperalkaline fluids had high concentrations of NH3 (>100 μM) with little NO 3 - detectable. We interpret that NH3 in hyperalkaline fluids is a product of NO 3 - reduction. The proportionality of the O and N isotope fractionation (18ε / 15ε) measured in Samail Ophiolite NO 3 - was close to unity (18ε / 15ε ~ 1), which is consistent with dissimilatory NO 3 - reduction with a membrane-bound reductase (NarG); however, abiotic reduction processes may also be occurring. The presence of genes commonly involved in N reduction processes (narG, napA, nrfA) in the metagenomes of biomass sourced from aquifer fluids supports potential biological involvement in the consumption of NO 3 - . Production of NH 4 + as the end-product of NO 3 - reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) could retain N in the subsurface and fuel nitrification in the oxygenated near surface. Elevated bioavailable N in all sampled fluids indicates that N is not likely limiting as a nutrient in serpentinites of the Samail Ophiolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R. Rempfert
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kaitlin R. Rempfert
| | - Daniel B. Nothaft
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Emily A. Kraus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Ciara K. Asamoto
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - R. Dave Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - John R. Spear
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Juerg M. Matter
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian H. Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Alexis S. Templeton
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- Alexis S. Templeton
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sulay R, Krishnan A, Muralikrishna B, Devadas S, Rajalakshmi C, Mathew J, Thomas VI. A Quantum Chemical Investigation into the Molecular Mechanism of the Atmospheric Reactions of Chemi-Ions with Nitrogen and Nitrogen Oxides. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1257. [PMID: 36141143 PMCID: PMC9497496 DOI: 10.3390/e24091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides and chemi-ions are atmospheric pollutants with considerable aeronomic interest. These toxicants can react with each other, producing various ionic species and highly reactive by-products that play a crucial role in aerosol clustering and mediate several important atmospheric reactions. Understanding the chemical reactivity of these pollutants can provide essential information for controlling their excess emission into the atmosphere. Computational modeling and electronic structure studies help in predicting the structure, reactivity, and thermodynamics of transient atmospheric chemical species and can guide experimental research by providing vital mechanistic insights and data. In the present study, a computational investigation into the mechanisms of the binary associative reactions between negative ions: O2- and O3- with NO, NO2, and N2 was conducted using the Coupled-Cluster Singles and Doubles (CCSD) theory. Five model reactions between N2/NOx with On- (n = 2, 3) were considered in this work. Our calculations revealed that reactions (2) and (5) are two sequential processes involving intermediates, and all others occur in a concerted manner by direct transitions from the reactants to the products, with no isolable intermediates proceeding via single non-planar transition states. Our study revealed that the higher activation barrier required for the formation of NO3- (2) as compared to NO2- (1) could be the reason for the excess formation of NO2- ions over NO3- ions in the atmosphere. Further, all the investigated reactions except (5) are found to be feasible at room temperature. The energy required to break N-N bonds in the N2 molecule justifies the high barrier for (5). The results obtained from the study are in close agreement with the available experimental data. Moreover, the data from the study can be utilized for the evaluation of experiments and model predictions pertaining to NOx oxidation and molecular modeling of the gas-phase chemistry of pollutants/nucleation precursors formed in the Earth's atmosphere and aircraft engines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehin Sulay
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | - Anandhu Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sudheesh Devadas
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | | | - Jintumol Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | - Vibin Ipe Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O., Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Villalobos-Forbes M, Esquivel-Hernández G, Sánchez-Murillo R, Sánchez-Gutiérrez R, Matiatos I. Stable isotopic characterization of nitrate wet deposition in the tropical urban atmosphere of Costa Rica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67577-67592. [PMID: 34258705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing energy consumption and food production worldwide results in anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen into the atmosphere. To date, however, little information is available on tropical urban environments where inorganic nitrogen is vastly transported and deposited through precipitation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To fill this gap, we present compositions of water stable isotopes in precipitation and atmospheric nitrate (δ18O-H2O, δ2H-H2O, δ15N-NO3-, and δ18O-NO3-) collected daily between August 2018 and November 2019 in a tropical urban atmosphere of central Costa Rica. Rainfall generation processes (convective and stratiform rainfall fractions) were identified using stable isotopes in precipitation coupled with air mass back trajectory analysis. A Bayesian isotope mixing model using δ15N-NO3- compositions and corrected for potential 15N fractionation effects revealed the contribution of lightning (25.9 ± 7.1%), biomass burning (21.8 ± 6.6%), gasoline (19.1 ± 6.4%), diesel (18.4 ± 6.0%), and soil biogenic emissions (15.0 ± 2.6%) to nitrate wet deposition. δ18O-NO3- values reflect the oxidation of NOx sources via the ·OH + RO2 pathways. These findings provide necessary baseline information about the combination of water and nitrogen stable isotopes with atmospheric chemistry and hydrometeorological techniques to better understand wet deposition processes and to characterize the origin and magnitude of inorganic nitrogen loadings in tropical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Villalobos-Forbes
- Stable Isotopes Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Water Resources Management Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Germain Esquivel-Hernández
- Stable Isotopes Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica.
- Water Resources Management Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica.
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
- Stable Isotopes Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Water Resources Management Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Sánchez-Gutiérrez
- Stable Isotopes Research Group, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Water Resources Management Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Ioannis Matiatos
- Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He P, Xie Z, Yu X, Wang L, Kang H, Yue F. The observation of isotopic compositions of atmospheric nitrate in Shanghai China and its implication for reactive nitrogen chemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136727. [PMID: 31981873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of PM2.5 pollution in China is usually associated with the formation of atmospheric nitrate, the oxidation product of nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2). The oxygen-17 excess of nitrate (Δ17O(NO3-)) can be used to reveal the relative importance of nitrate formation pathways and get more insight into reactive nitrogen chemistry. Here we present the observation of isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate (Δ17O and δ15N) collected from January to June 2016 in Shanghai China. Concentrations of atmospheric nitrate ranged from 1.4 to 24.1 μg m-3 with the mean values being (7.6 ± 4.4 (1SD)), (10.2 ± 5.8) and (4.1 ± 2.4) μg m-3 in winter, spring and summer respectively. Δ17O(NO3-) varied from 20.5‰ to 31.9‰ with the mean value being (26.9 ± 2.8) ‰ in winter, followed by (26.6 ± 1.7) ‰ in spring and the lowest (23.2 ± 1.6) ‰ in summer. Δ17O(NO3-)-constrained estimates suggest that the conversion of NOX to nitrate is dominated by NO2 + OH and/or NO2 + H2O, with the mean possible contribution of 55-77% in total and even higher (84-92%) in summer. A diurnal variation of Δ17O(NO3-) featured by high values at daytime (28.6 ± 1.2‰) and low values (25.4 ± 2.8‰) at nighttime was observed during our diurnal sampling period. This trend is related to the atmospheric life of nitrate (τ) and calculations indicate τ is around 15 h during the diurnal sampling period. In terms of δ15N(NO3-), it changed largely in our observation, from -2.9‰ to 18.1‰ with a mean of (6.4 ± 4.4) ‰. Correlation analysis implies that the combined effect of NOX emission sources and isotopic fractionation processes are responsible for δ15N(NO3-) variations. Our observations with the aid of model simulation in future study will further improve the understanding of reactive nitrogen chemistry in urban regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen He
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Longquan Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fange Yue
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia X, Li S, Wang F, Zhang S, Fang Y, Li J, Michalski G, Zhang L. Triple oxygen isotopic evidence for atmospheric nitrate and its application in source identification for river systems in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:270-280. [PMID: 31229824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate source identification in river systems is important for water quality management. Recently, the oxygen isotopic anomaly of nitrate in atmospheric deposition (Δ17Oatm) is used to identify unprocessed atmospheric nitrate in river systems to reduce the uncertainty caused by the wide range of δ18O. In high-elevation regions, such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) featured with lower temperature and pressure as well as strong radiation, the Δ17Oatm might be different from that in low-elevation regions, but no relevant studies have been reported. In this work, Δ17Oatm in the QTP was studied, and the fingerprints of nitrate isotopes in synthetic fertilizer, livestock manure, domestic sewage, and soil organic nitrogen (SON) were identified and used to quantify various source contributions to riverine nitrate in the Yellow River and Changjiang River source regions located in the QTP during 2016-2017. The results showed that the average of Δ17Oatm in the QTP was 16.4‰, lower than the range (19-30‰) reported for the low-elevation regions. The possible mechanism is decreased O3 as well as increased hydroxyl and peroxy radical levels in the troposphere caused by the climate condition and ozone valley in the QTP will affect the production pathways of atmospheric nitrate. By combining the sewage discharge data with the output results of the SIAR (stable isotope analysis in R) model based on the stable isotope data, manure was determined to be one of the major sources to riverine nitrate for both rivers. The contributions of various sources to riverine nitrate were 47 ± 10% for manure, 30 ± 5% for SON, 10 ± 4% for atmospheric precipitation, 9 ± 2% for synthetic fertilizer, and 4 ± 0% for sewage in the Yellow River source region. This study indicates that the unique atmospheric conditions in the QTP have led to a lower Δ17Oatm value, and atmospheric source makes a considerable contribution to riverine nitrate in the QTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Siling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51027, China
| | - Sibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianghanyang Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Liwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bourgeois I, Clément JC, Caillon N, Savarino J. Foliar uptake of atmospheric nitrate by two dominant subalpine plants: insights from in situ triple-isotope analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1784-1794. [PMID: 30802966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The significance of foliar uptake of nitrogen (N) compounds in natural conditions is not well understood, despite growing evidence of its importance to plant nutrition. In subalpine meadows, N-limitation fosters the dominance of specific subalpine plant species, which in turn ensures the provision of essential ecosystems services. Understanding how these plants absorb N and from which sources is important in predicting ecological consequences of increasing N deposition. Here, we investigate the sources of N to plants from subalpine meadows with distinct land-use history in the French Alps, using the triple isotopes (Δ17 O, δ18 O, and δ15 N) of plant tissue nitrate (NO3- ). We use this approach to evaluate the significance of foliar uptake of atmospheric NO3- (NO3-atm ). The foliar uptake of NO3-atm accounted for 4-16% of the leaf NO3- content, and contributed more to the leaf NO3- pool after peak biomass. Additionally, the gradual 15 N enrichment of NO3- from the soil to the leaves reflected the contribution of NO3-atm assimilation to plants' metabolism. The present study confirms that foliar uptake is a potentially important pathway for NO3-atm into subalpine plants. This is of major significance as N emissions (and deposition) are predicted to increase globally in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilann Bourgeois
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LECA, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Clément
- CNRS, LECA, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- INRA, CARRTEL, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, F-74200, Thonon-Les Bains, France
| | - Nicolas Caillon
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Savarino
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elliott EM, Yu Z, Cole AS, Coughlin JG. Isotopic advances in understanding reactive nitrogen deposition and atmospheric processing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:393-403. [PMID: 30690373 PMCID: PMC7092373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in stable isotope measurements now allow for detailed investigations of the sources, transformations, and deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) species. Stable isotopes show promise as a complementary tool for apportioning emissions sources that contribute to deposition and also for developing a more robust understanding of the transformations that can influence these isotope ratios. Methodological advances have facilitated the unprecedented examination of the isotopic composition of reactive N species in the atmosphere and in precipitation including nitrogen oxides (NOx = nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)), atmospheric nitrate (NO3-), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium (NH4+). This isotopic information provides new insight into the mechanisms of transformation and cycling of reactive N in the atmosphere and moreover helps resolve the contribution of multiple NOx and NH3 emission sources to deposition across landscapes, regions, and continents. Here, we highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the isotopic ratios of NOx and NH3 emission sources and chemical alterations of isotopic ratios during atmospheric transformations. We also highlight illustrative examples where isotopic approaches are used and review recent methodological advances. While these highlights are not an exhaustive review of the literature, we hope they provide a glimpse of the potential for these methods to help resolve knowledge gaps regarding total N deposition to Earth surfaces. We conclude with promising opportunities for future research in the short-, medium-, and long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Elliott
- Department of Geology & Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Geology & Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gudem M, Hazra A. Mechanism of the Chemiluminescent Reaction between Nitric Oxide and Ozone. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:715-722. [PMID: 30380861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase reaction of nitric oxide with ozone to give chemiluminescence is used extensively for detection of nitrogen oxides. The molecular mechanism of chemiluminescence in this reaction is not known. So far, the only chemiluminescent systems studied in depth are certain cycloperoxides, which emit light following decomposition. Given our understanding of the mechanism of chemiluminescence in those molecules, one would expect by extension that in the NO + O3 reaction the chemiluminescent species (NO2 in this case) is formed in the excited state through a reaction pathway that diverges from the ground state pathway near the transition state. A systematic search for such a pathway leads us to conclude that such a mechanism is unlikely. Instead, our study suggests that chemiluminescence in the NO + O3 reaction is due to emission from the NO2 vibronic states associated with the ground (X̃ 2A1) and first excited (à 2B2) electronic states, which are populated in the nascent NO2 produced in the reaction. The vibronic coupling between the X̃ 2A1 and à 2B2 states of NO2 is due to a conical intersection (CI), which is geometrically and energetically close to the à 2B2 minimum energy geometry and only 1.3 eV higher than ground state NO2. Further, the CI is 1.2 eV lower than the energy of the NO + O3 reactants and therefore thermodynamically accessible following the reaction. An analysis of the product energy distribution indicates that the major fraction of the reaction energy is channeled into the vibrational modes of NO2, sufficient to populate the vibronic states of NO2 around the X̃/à CI. These vibronic states show dipole-allowed emission in a frequency range that is consistent with the observed broad chemiluminescence spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Anirban Hazra
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walters WW, Michalski G. Ab initio study of nitrogen and position-specific oxygen kinetic isotope effects in the NO + O 3 reaction. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:224311. [PMID: 27984902 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations have been carried out to investigate nitrogen (k15/k14) and position-specific oxygen (k17/k16O & k18/k16) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reaction between NO and O3 using CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d) derived frequencies in the complete Bigeleisen equations. Isotopic enrichment factors are calculated to be -6.7‰, -1.3‰, -44.7‰, -14.1‰, and -0.3‰ at 298 K for the reactions involving the 15N16O, 14N18O, 18O16O16O, 16O18O16O, and 16O16O18O isotopologues relative to the 14N16O and 16O3 isotopologues, respectively (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)). Using our oxygen position-specific KIEs, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus, which estimates the overall isotopic enrichment factors associated with unreacted O3 and the oxygen transferred to NO2 to be -19.6‰ and -22.8‰, respectively, (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)) which tends to be in agreement with previously reported experimental data. While this result may be fortuitous, this agreement suggests that our model is capturing the most important features of the underlying physics of the KIE associated with this reaction (i.e., shifts in zero-point energies). The calculated KIEs will useful in future NOx isotopic modeling studies aimed at understanding the processes responsible for the observed tropospheric isotopic variations of NOx as well as for tropospheric nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell W Walters
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bhattacharya SK, Savarino J, Michalski G, Liang MC. A new feature in the internal heavy isotope distribution in ozone. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
12
|
Dutta AK, Dar M, Vaval N, Pal S. Structure, stability, and properties of the trans peroxo nitrate radical: the importance of nondynamic correlation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1350-62. [PMID: 24502288 DOI: 10.1021/jp409218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparative single-reference and multireference coupled-cluster investigation on the structure, potential energy surface, and IR spectroscopic properties of the trans peroxo nitrate radical, one of the key intermediates in stratospheric NOX chemistry. The previous single-reference ab initio studies predicted an unbound structure for the trans peroxo nitrate radical. However, our Fock space multireference coupled-cluster calculation confirms a bound structure for the trans peroxo nitrate radical, in accordance with the experimental results reported earlier. Further, the analysis of the potential energy surface in FSMRCC method indicates a well-behaved minima, contrary to the shallow minima predicted by the single-reference coupled-cluster method. The harmonic force field analysis, of various possible isomers of peroxo nitrate also reveals that only the trans structure leads to the experimentally observed IR peak at 1840 cm(-1). The present study highlights the critical importance of nondynamic correlation in predicting the structure and properties of high-energy stratospheric NOx radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Kumar Dutta
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vicars WC, Bhattacharya SK, Erbland J, Savarino J. Measurement of the 17O-excess (Δ17O) of tropospheric ozone using a nitrite-coated filter. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1219-1231. [PMID: 22499198 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The (17)O-excess (Δ(17)O) of tropospheric ozone (O(3)) serves as a useful marker in studies of atmospheric oxidation pathways; however, due to the complexity and expense of currently available analytical techniques, no systematic sampling campaign has yet been undertaken and natural variations in Δ(17)O(O(3)) are therefore not well constrained. METHODS The nitrite-coated filter method is a new technique for O(3) isotope analysis that employs the aqueous phase NO(2)(-) + O(3) → NO(3)(-) + O(2) reaction to obtain quantitative information on O(3) via the oxygen atom transfer to nitrate (NO(3)(-)). The triple-oxygen isotope analysis of the NO(3)(-) produced during this reaction, achieved in this study using the bacterial denitrifier method followed by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), directly yields the Δ(17)O value transferred from O(3). This isotope transfer process was investigated in a series of vacuum-line experiments, which were conducted by exposing coated filters to O(3) of various known Δ(17)O values and then determining the isotopic composition of the NO(3)(-) produced on the filter. RESULTS The isotope transfer experiments revealed a strong linear correlation between the Δ(17)O of the O(3) produced and that of the oxygen atom transferred to NO(3)(-), with a slope of 1.55 for samples with bulk Δ(17)O(O(3)) values in the atmospheric range (20-40‰). This finding is in agreement with theoretical postulates that place the (17) O-excess on only the terminal oxygen atoms of ozone. Ambient measurements yield average Δ(17)O(O(3))(bulk) values in agreement with previous studies (22.9 ± 1.9‰). CONCLUSIONS The nitrite-coated filter technique is a sufficiently robust, field-deployable method for the determination of the triple-oxygen isotopic composition of tropospheric O(3). Further ambient measurements will undoubtedly lead to an improved quantitative view of natural Δ(17)O(O(3)) variation and transfer in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William C Vicars
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1/CNRS, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alexander B, Allman DJ, Amos HM, Fairlie TD, Dachs J, Hegg DA, Sletten RS. Isotopic constraints on the formation pathways of sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer of the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Berhanu TA, Savarino J, Bhattacharya SK, Vicars WC. 17O excess transfer during the NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 reaction. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3666852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
Michalski G, Bhattacharya SK, Mase DF. Oxygen Isotope Dynamics of Atmospheric Nitrate and Its Precursor Molecules. ADVANCES IN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Kunasek SA, Alexander B, Steig EJ, Sofen ED, Jackson TL, Thiemens MH, McConnell JR, Gleason DJ, Amos HM. Sulfate sources and oxidation chemistry over the past 230 years from sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in a West Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
19
|
Jarvis JC, Hastings MG, Steig EJ, Kunasek SA. Isotopic ratios in gas-phase HNO3and snow nitrate at Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Bhattacharya SK, Savarino J, Luz B. Mass-Dependent Isotopic Fractionation in Ozone Produced by Electrolysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5226-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900283q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Bhattacharya
- Earth Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Joel Savarino
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS/Grenoble Université, St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Boaz Luz
- The Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The role of symmetry in the mass independent isotope effect in ozone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5493-6. [PMID: 19307571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812755106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the internal distribution of "anomalous" isotope enrichments has important implications for validating theoretical postulates on the origin of these enrichments in molecules such as ozone and for understanding the transfer of these enrichments to other compounds in the atmosphere via mass transfer. Here, we present an approach, using the reaction NO(2)(-) + O(3), for assessing the internal distribution of the Delta(17)O anomaly and the delta(18)O enrichment in ozone produced by electric discharge. The Delta(17)O results strongly support the symmetry mechanism for generating mass independent fractionations, and the delta(18)O results are consistent with published data. Positional Delta(17)O and delta(18)O enrichments in ozone can now be more effectively used in photochemical models that use mass balance oxygen atom transfer mechanisms to infer atmospheric oxidation chemistry.
Collapse
|
22
|
Morin S, Savarino J, Frey MM, Domine F, Jacobi HW, Kaleschke L, Martins JMF. Comprehensive isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean boundary layer from 65°S to 79°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
23
|
Kunasek SA, Alexander B, Steig EJ, Hastings MG, Gleason DJ, Jarvis JC. Measurements and modeling of Δ17O of nitrate in snowpits from Summit, Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Morin S, Savarino J, Frey MM, Yan N, Bekki S, Bottenheim JW, Martins JMF. Tracing the Origin and Fate of NO
x
in the Arctic Atmosphere Using Stable Isotopes in Nitrate. Science 2008; 322:730-2. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1161910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Morin
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Savarino
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Markus M. Frey
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Yan
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Slimane Bekki
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Jan W. Bottenheim
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean M. F. Martins
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement, Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
- Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, UJF, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|