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Ma S, Yang M, Pang S, Zhang Y. Subsecond measurement on deliquescence kinetics of aerosol particles: Observation of partial dissolution and calculation of dissolution rates. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128507. [PMID: 33045506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The deliquescence behavior of atmospheric aerosols has significant effects on global climate and atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry but remains largely unclear. The deliquescence kinetics data of micron-sized particles are scarce owing to the difficulty on performing the time-resolved dissolution measurements. In view of this technique bottleneck, an applicable and powerful experimental technique, i. e., vacuum FTIR combining pulsed relative humidity (RH) change technique, is introduced for gaining deliquescence kinetics information of three inorganic salts. For NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols, a solid-liquid mixing state derived from partial dissolution of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 crystals is present during deliquescence, and the recrystallization will occur once RH decreases. While for NaNO3 particles, the recrystallization cannot occur as RH decreases owing to the formed amorphous NaNO3 solids after dying. The dissolution rates of NaCl, (NH4)2SO4 and NaNO3 solid particles are calculated, as a first attempt, by the upward pulsed RH mode. The measured rates show a significant dependency on ambient RH with three orders of magnitude. For NaCl particles, the measured J values range from 1.41 × 10-4 to 7.67 × 10-1 s-1 at RH of 73.41-75.15%. The J for (NH4)2SO4 particles is 7.34 × 10-3 to 2.46 × 100 s-1 over the RH range of 77.27%-80.13%. The J values for amorphous NaNO3 solids range from 6.01 × 10-3 to 2.63 × 100 s-1 as RH increases from 71.15% to 73.84%. Our results fill in the dataset of atmospheric models describing the kinetics features of deliquescence and provide an insight into dynamic solid-solution transition for PM2.5 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Yang P, Yang H, Wang N, Du C, Pang S, Zhang Y. Hygroscopicity measurement of sodium carbonate, β-alanine and internally mixed β-alanine/Na 2CO 3 particles by ATR-FTIR. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:250-259. [PMID: 31791498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Water-uptakes of pure sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), pure β-alanine and internally mixed β-alanine/Na2CO3 aerosol particles with different mole ratios are first monitored using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) technique. For pure Na2CO3 aerosol particles, combining the absorptions at 877 and 1422 cm-1 with abrupt water loss shows the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of 62.9%-51.9%. Upon humidifying, solid Na2CO3 firstly absorbs water to from Na2CO3·H2O crystal at 72.0% RH and then deliquesces at 84.5% RH (DRH). As for pure β-alanine particles, the crystallization takes place in the range of 42.4%-33.2% RH and becomes droplets at ~88.2% RH. When β-alanine is mixed with Na2CO3 at various mole ratios, it shows no efflorescence of Na2CO3 when β-alanine to Na2CO3 mole ratio (OIR) is 2:1. For 1:1 and 1:2 β-alanine/Na2CO3 aerosols, the ERHs of Na2CO3 are 51.8%-42.3% and 57.1%-42.3%, respectively. While β-alanine crystal appears from 62.7% RH for 2:1 and 59.4% RH for both 1:1 and 1:2 particles and lasts to driest state. On hydration, the DRH is 44.7%-75.2% for Na2CO3 with the OIR of 1:1 and 44.7%-69.0% for 1:2 mixture, and those of β-alanine are 74.8% for 2:1 mixture and 68.9% for two others. After the first dehumidification-humidification, all the water contents decrease despite of constituent fraction. And at ~92% RH, the remaining water contents are 92%, 89% and 82% at ~92% RH, corresponding to OIR of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 mixed system, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunyun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Mael LE, Busse H, Grassian VH. Measurements of Immersion Freezing and Heterogeneous Chemistry of Atmospherically Relevant Single Particles with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11138-11145. [PMID: 31373198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, there are several different trajectories by which particles can nucleate ice; two of the major pathways are deposition and immersion freezing. Single particle depositional freezing has been widely studied with spectroscopic methods while immersion freezing has been predominantly studied either for particles within bulk aqueous solutions or using optical imaging of single particles. Of the few existing spectroscopic methods that monitor immersion freezing, there are limited opportunities for investigating the impact of heterogeneous chemistry on freezing. Herein, we describe a method that couples a confocal Raman spectrometer with an environmental cell to investigate single particle immersion freezing along with the capability to investigate in situ the impact of heterogeneous reactions with ozone and other trace gases on ice nucleation. This system, which has been rigorously calibrated (temperature and relative humidity) across a large dynamic range, is used to investigate low temperature water uptake and heterogeneous ice nucleation of atmospherically relevant single particles deposited on a substrate. The use of Raman spectroscopy provides important insights into the phase state and chemical composition of ice nuclei and, thus, insights into cloud formation.
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Wu FM, Wang XW, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Measuring hygroscopicity of internally mixed NaNO 3 and glutaric acid particles by vacuum FTIR. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:104-109. [PMID: 31030037 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium nitrate as an important inorganic component can be chemically formed from the reactions of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid (HNO3) with sea salt in atmosphere. Organic acids contribute a significant fraction of photochemical formed secondary organics that can condense on the preexisting nitrate-containing particles. Atmospheric particles often include a complex mixture of nitrate and secondary organic materials accumulated within the same individual particles. Here we studied the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles composed of sodium nitrate and glutaric acid (GA) by using a pulsed RH controlling system and a rapid scan vacuum FTIR spectrometer (PRHCS-RSVFTIR). The water content in the particles and efflorescence ratios of both NaNO3 and GA at ambient relative humidity (RH) as a function of time were obtained from the rapid-scan infrared spectra with a sub-second time resolution. Our study showed that both NaNO3 and GA crystallized at 44.1% RH during two different RH control processes (stepwise and pulsed processes). It was found that the addition of GA could suppress the efflorescence of NaNO3 during the dehumidifying process. In addition, the mixed NaNO3/GA particles release HNO3 during the dehumidifying and humidifying cycles. These findings are important in further understanding the role of interactions between water-soluble dicarboxylic acids and nitrates on hygroscopicity and environmental effects of atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Min Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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5
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Pereira MFC, Rocha CSA. Microscopic characterisation of black crusts on different substrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:291-306. [PMID: 28159305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts on different substrates (carbonate and silicate stones, cement-based mortar and carbonate detrital deposits) in urban environments were characterized microscopically by analysing their morphologies and compositions. The objective of this article is to study the interaction between the substrate and the crust and the influence of the environmental conditions on the crust development. On the one hand, the internal structure and morphology of each sample were evaluated with stereo and scanning electron microscopies. On the other hand, the black crust composition was accessed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy in backscattered electron mode combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results of these analytical techniques provided interesting information about the composition and the mineralogical phases present in the collected black crusts. In most of the cases, gypsum was detected as the main component exhibiting different habits. Calcite was also detected in all the evaluated gypsum black crusts; its presence was attributed to different origins. The substrate-crust interaction was also evaluated, contributing to distinguish different crust development processes in relation to the substrate. In carbonate substrates (limestones, mortar and carbonate detrital deposits), it was detected a continuous diffuse boundary related to the replacement of Ca-carbonate by Ca-sulphate, while this boundary was significantly more defined for the granitic stone. This study shows that the substrate, the presence of different construction materials, (e.g. mortars), the motor exhaust particulate substances and the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, the marine influence as well as biological or other anthropogenic compounds are decisive factors in the development of the black crust. Some ideas about the establishment of conservation strategies are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pozo-Antonio
- Departamento de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medioambiente, Escola de Minas, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M F C Pereira
- CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C S A Rocha
- CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Ren HM, Cai C, Leng CB, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Nucleation Kinetics in Mixed NaNO3/Glycerol Droplets Investigated with the FTIR–ATR Technique. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2913-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Ren
- The
Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Cai
- The
Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Bo Leng
- The
Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- The
Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The
Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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7
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8
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Zhang QN, Zhang Y, Cai C, Guo YC, Reid JP, Zhang YH. In Situ Observation on the Dynamic Process of Evaporation and Crystallization of Sodium Nitrate Droplets on a ZnSe Substrate by FTIR-ATR. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2728-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp412073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Nuan Zhang
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of
Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of
Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of
Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Cong Guo
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of
Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS81TS, U.K
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of
Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Eom HJ, Gupta D, Li X, Jung HJ, Kim H, Ro CU. Influence of Collecting Substrates on the Characterization of Hygroscopic Properties of Inorganic Aerosol Particles. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2648-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Eom
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhrubajyoti Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Jung
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeKyeong Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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10
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In-situ FTIR-ATR spectroscopic observation on the dynamic efflorescence/deliquescence processes of Na2SO4 and mixed Na2SO4/glycerol droplets. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Benages-Vilau R, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte M. Polymorphism, crystal growth, crystal morphology and solid-state miscibility of alkali nitrates. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2013.838673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Ault AP, Guasco TL, Ryder OS, Baltrusaitis J, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Collins DB, Ruppel MJ, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Inside versus Outside: Ion Redistribution in Nitric Acid Reacted Sea Spray Aerosol Particles as Determined by Single Particle Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14528-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Timothy L. Guasco
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Olivia S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Luis A. Cuadra-Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew J. Ruppel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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13
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Luo JH, Hu AM, Wang XL, Zhang YH, Li ZS. Adsorption of water on NaNO3(001) surface from first-principles calculations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Yu JY, Zhang Y, Tan SH, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Observation on the Ion Association Equilibria in NaNO3 Droplets Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12581-9. [PMID: 23003561 DOI: 10.1021/jp306367v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Yu
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - See-Hua Tan
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado—Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United
States
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science,
School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Yu JY, Zhang Y, Zeng G, Zheng CM, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Suppression of NaNO3 crystal nucleation by glycerol: micro-Raman observation on the efflorescence process of mixed glycerol/NaNO3/water droplets. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1642-50. [PMID: 22229521 DOI: 10.1021/jp210824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the hygroscopicity of a NaNO(3)/water microdroplet and a polyalcohol/water microdroplet, two of the most important aerosols in atmosphere, has been widely studied, little is known about the relationship between the hygroscopic behavior of mixed NaNO(3)/polyalcohol/water droplets and their structures on the molecular level. In this study, the hygroscopicity of mixed glycerol/NaNO(3)/water droplets deposited on a hydrophobic substrate was studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy with organic-to-inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) of 0.5, 1, and 2. In the mixed glycerol/NaNO(3)/water droplets, glycerol molecules tended to combine with Na(+) and NO(3)(-) ions by electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, respectively. On the basis of the analyses of the changes of symmetric stretching (v(s)-CH(2)), asymmetric stretching (v(a)-CH(2)), their area ratio (Av(a)-CH(2)/Av(s)-CH(2)) of glycerol, and symmetric stretching band of NO(3)(-) (ν(1)-NO(3)(-)) with relative humidity (RH), it was found that the conformation of glycerol was transformed from αα mainly to γγ and partly to αγ with a decreasing RH in the mixed droplets, contrary to the case in the glycerol/water droplet. In addition, the glycerol with γγ and αγ conformation had strong interaction with Na(+) and NO(3)(-) respectively, which suppressed the formation of contact of ions and delayed the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for the mixed droplets compared to the NaNO(3)/water droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Yu
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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16
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Tong HJ, Reid JP, Dong JL, Zhang YH. Observation of the Crystallization and Supersaturation of Mixed Component NaNO3−Na2SO4 Droplets by FTIR-ATR and Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12237-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jie Tong
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
| | - Jin-Ling Dong
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
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