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Tamrin SH, Phelps J, Nezhad AS, Sen A. Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12353. [PMID: 37632212 PMCID: PMC10457570 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a focal point of EV research due to their significant role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes within living systems. However, uncertainties about the nature of these vesicles have added considerable complexity to the already difficult task of developing EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Whereas small EVs have been shown to be negatively charged, their surface charge has not yet been properly quantified. This gap in knowledge has made it challenging to fully understand the nature of these particles and the way they interact with one another, and with other biological structures like cells. Most published studies have evaluated EV charge by focusing on zeta potential calculated using classical theoretical approaches. However, these approaches tend to underestimate zeta potential at the nanoscale. Moreover, zeta potential alone cannot provide a complete picture of the electrical properties of small EVs since it ignores the effect of ions that bind tightly to the surface of these particles. The absence of validated methods to accurately estimate the actual surface charge (electrical valence) and determine the zeta potential of EVs is a significant knowledge gap, as it limits the development of effective label-free methods for EV isolation and detection. In this study, for the first time, we show how the electrical charge of small EVs can be more accurately determined by accounting for the impact of tightly bound ions. This was accomplished by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of EVs, and then analytically correlating the measured values to their charge in the form of zeta potential and electrical valence. In contrast to the currently used theoretical expressions, the employed analytical method in this study enabled a more accurate estimation of EV surface charge, which will facilitate the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Jolene Phelps
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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2
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Queralt-Martín M, Pérez-Grau JJ, Alvero González LM, Perini DA, Cervera J, Aguilella VM, Alcaraz A. Biphasic concentration patterns in ionic transport under nanoconfinement revealed in steady-state and time-dependent properties. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064701. [PMID: 36792514 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion permeation across nanoscopic structures differs considerably from microfluidics because of strong steric constraints, transformed solvent properties, and charge-regulation effects revealed mostly in diluted solutions. However, little is known about nanofluidics in moderately concentrated solutions, which are critically important for industrial applications and living systems. Here, we show that nanoconfinement triggers general biphasic concentration patterns in a myriad of ion transport properties by using two contrasting systems: a biological ion channel and a much larger synthetic nanopore. Our findings show a low-concentration regime ruled by classical Debye screening and another one where ion-ion correlations and enhanced ion-surface interactions contribute differently to each electrophysiological property. Thus, different quantities (e.g., conductance vs noise) measured under the same conditions may appear contradictory because they belong to different concentration regimes. In addition, non-linear effects that are barely visible in bulk conductivity only in extremely concentrated solutions become apparent in nanochannels around physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Queralt-Martín
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - José J Pérez-Grau
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Laidy M Alvero González
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - D Aurora Perini
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Javier Cervera
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicente M Aguilella
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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3
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Eisenberg B. Setting Boundaries for Statistical Mechanics. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228017. [PMID: 36432117 PMCID: PMC9696510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statistical mechanics has grown without bounds in space. Statistical mechanics of noninteracting point particles in an unbounded perfect gas is widely used to describe liquids like concentrated salt solutions of life and electrochemical technology, including batteries. Liquids are filled with interacting molecules. A perfect gas is a poor model of a liquid. Statistical mechanics without spatial bounds is impossible as well as imperfect, if molecules interact as charged particles, as nearly all atoms do. The behavior of charged particles is not defined until boundary structures and values are defined because charges are governed by Maxwell's partial differential equations. Partial differential equations require boundary structures and conditions. Boundary conditions cannot be defined uniquely 'at infinity' because the limiting process that defines 'infinity' includes such a wide variety of structures and behaviors, from elongated ellipses to circles, from light waves that never decay, to dipolar fields that decay steeply, to Coulomb fields that hardly decay at all. Boundaries and boundary conditions needed to describe matter are not prominent in classical statistical mechanics. Statistical mechanics of bounded systems is described in the EnVarA system of variational mechanics developed by Chun Liu, more than anyone else. EnVarA treatment does not yet include Maxwell equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Eisenberg
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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4
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Thoms E, Richert R. New experimental approach to nonlinear dielectric effects in the static limit. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Richert R, Matyushov DV. Quantifying dielectric permittivities in the nonlinear regime. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:385101. [PMID: 34198283 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the static dielectric permittivity,ε, associated with linear response, its high-field counterpart,εE, is not a material specific quantity, but rather depends on the experimental method used to determine the nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE). Here, we defineεEin a manner consistent with how high field permittivities are typically derived from a capacitance measurement using high voltages. Based upon characterizing the materials nonlinear behavior via its third order susceptibility,χ3, the relations between a givenχ3and the observableεEis calculated for six different experimental or theoretical approaches to NDEs in the static limit. It is argued that the quantityχ3is superior overεEor the Piekara factor, (εE-ε)/E2, because it facilitates an unambiguous comparison among different experimental techniques and it provides a more robust connection between experiment and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranko Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
| | - Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
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6
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Zou WX, Peng J, Xiu WN, Liu XM. Principles of surface potential estimation in mixed electrolyte solutions: Taking into account dielectric saturation. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1907132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-xin Zou
- Chongqing key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Chongqing key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei-ning Xiu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xin-min Liu
- Chongqing key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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7
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Kumar R, Li W, Sumpter BG, Muthukumar M. Understanding the effects of dipolar interactions on the thermodynamics of diblock copolymer melts. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
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8
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Daniels L, Scott M, Mišković Z. The effects of dielectric decrement and finite ion size on differential capacitance of electrolytically gated graphene. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Heid E, Docampo-Álvarez B, Varela LM, Prosenz K, Steinhauser O, Schröder C. Langevin behavior of the dielectric decrement in ionic liquid water mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15106-15117. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large scale polarizable simulations of ionic liquid water mixtures reveal an universal Langevin behavior of the dielectric decrement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heid
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Borja Docampo-Álvarez
- Grupo de Nanomateriais, Fotónica e Materia Branda
- Departamento de Física de Partículas
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Campus Vida s/n E-15782
- Santiago de Compostela
| | - Luis M. Varela
- Grupo de Nanomateriais, Fotónica e Materia Branda
- Departamento de Física de Partículas
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Campus Vida s/n E-15782
- Santiago de Compostela
| | - Konstantin Prosenz
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Othmar Steinhauser
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- University of Vienna
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
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10
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Onufriev AV, Izadi S. Water models for biomolecular simulations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Onufriev
- Department of Physics; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA USA
- Department of Computer Science; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
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11
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Banach M, Konieczny L, Roterman I. Why do antifreeze proteins require a solenoid? Biochimie 2017; 144:74-84. [PMID: 29054801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins whose presence prevents water from freezing in living organisms at temperatures below 0 °C are referred to as antifreeze proteins. This group includes molecules of varying size (from 30 to over 300 aa) and variable secondary/supersecondary conformation. Some of these proteins also contain peculiar structural motifs called solenoids. We have applied the fuzzy oil drop model in the analysis of four categories of antifreeze proteins: 1 - very small proteins, i.e. helical peptides (below 40 aa); 2 - small globular proteins (40-100 aa); 3 - large globular proteins (>100 aa) and 4 - proteins containing solenoids. The FOD model suggests a mechanism by which antifreeze proteins prevent freezing. In accordance with this theory, the presence of the protein itself produces an ordering of water molecules which counteracts the formation of ice crystals. This conclusion is supported by analysis of the ordering of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in antifreeze proteins, revealing significant variability - from perfect adherence to the fuzzy oil drop model through structures which lack a clearly defined hydrophobic core, all the way to linear arrangement of alternating local minima and maxima propagating along the principal axis of the solenoid (much like in amyloids). The presented model - alternative with respect to the ice docking model - explains the antifreeze properties of compounds such as saccharides and fatty acids. The fuzzy oil drop model also enables differentiation between amyloids and antifreeze proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Banach
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Lazarza 16, 31-530, Krakow, Poland
| | - L Konieczny
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - I Roterman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Lazarza 16, 31-530, Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Richert R. Nonlinear dielectric effects in liquids: a guided tour. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:363001. [PMID: 28665294 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7cc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric relaxation measurements probe how the polarization of a material responds to the application of an external electric field, providing information on structure and dynamics of the sample. In the limit of small fields and thus linear response, such experiments reveal the properties of the material in the same thermodynamic state it would have in the absence of the external field. At sufficiently high fields, reversible changes in enthalpy and entropy of the system occur even at constant temperature, and these will in turn alter the polarization responses. The resulting nonlinear dielectric effects feature field induced suppressions (saturation) and enhancements (chemical effect) of the amplitudes, as well as time constant shifts towards faster (energy absorption) and slower (entropy reduction) dynamics. This review focuses on the effects of high electric fields that are reversible and observed at constant temperature for single component glass-forming liquids. The experimental challenges involved in nonlinear dielectric experiments, the approaches to separating and identifying the different sources of nonlinear behavior, and the current understanding of how high electric fields affect dielectric materials will be discussed. Covering studies from Debye's initial approach to the present state-of-the-art, it will be emphasized what insight can be gained from the nonlinear responses that are not available from dielectric relaxation results obtained in the linear regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranko Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, United States of America
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13
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Buchenau U. Modeling the nonlinear dielectric response of glass formers. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:214503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4984929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U. Buchenau
- Jülich Center for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Postfach 1913, D–52425 Jülich, Germany
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14
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Daniels L, Scott M, Mišković ZL. The role of Stern layer in the interplay of dielectric saturation and ion steric effects for the capacitance of graphene in aqueous electrolytes. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Daniels
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matthew Scott
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Z. L. Mišković
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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15
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Fulton RL. Comment on “Nonlinear dielectric response of polar liquids” [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 244502 (2015)]. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:087101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4942353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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16
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Matyushov DV. Response to “Comment on ‘Nonlinear dielectric response of polar liquids”’ [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 087101 (2016)]. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:087102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4942354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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18
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Ma M, Xu Z. Self-consistent field model for strong electrostatic correlations and inhomogeneous dielectric media. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Ma
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MoE Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenli Xu
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MoE Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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19
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Kumar R, Sumpter BG, Muthukumar M. Enhanced Phase Segregation Induced by Dipolar Interactions in Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Muthukumar
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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20
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Sundararaman R, Letchworth-Weaver K, Arias TA. A recipe for free-energy functionals of polarizable molecular fluids. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:144504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4870653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Kumar R, Sumpter BG, Kilbey SM. Charge regulation and local dielectric function in planar polyelectrolyte brushes. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:234901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4729158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Marcus Y. The Standard Partial Molar Volumes of Ions in Solution. Part 5. Ionic Volumes in Water at 125–200 °C. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212518t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhak Marcus
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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24
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Butt HJ, Untch MB, Golriz A, Pihan SA, Berger R. Electric-field-induced condensation: an extension of the Kelvin equation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:061604. [PMID: 21797377 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.061604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Kelvin equation relates the vapor pressure of a volatile liquid to the curvature of the liquid surface. It describes phenomena such as capillary condensation, capillary adhesion, nucleation, and the adsorption of vapors into porous media. Here we propose an extension of the Kelvin equation, which takes into account changes of the vapor pressure due to electric fields. The presence of electric fields reduces the saturation vapor pressure and leads to field-induced condensation. Field-induced condensation can explain the presence of water bridges in scanning probe nanolithographic methods such as anodic oxidation.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhak Marcus
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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26
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Frydel D, Oettel M. Charged particles at fluid interfaces as a probe into structural details of a double layer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4109-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Szalai I, Nagy S, Dietrich S. Nonlinear dielectric effect of dipolar fluids. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:154905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3248242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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