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Barclay MS, Wright ND, Cavanaugh P, Pensack RD, Martin EW, Turner DB. Ultrabroadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy in the pump-probe geometry using conventional optics. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2065-2068. [PMID: 38621077 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We report ultrabroadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D ES) measurements obtained in the pump-probe geometry using conventional optics. A phase-stabilized Michelson interferometer provides the pump-pulse delay interval, τ1, necessary to obtain the excitation-frequency dimension. Spectral resolution of the probe beam provides the detection-frequency dimension, ω3. The interferometer incorporates active phase stabilization via a piezo stage and feedback from interference of a continuous-wave reference laser detected in quadrature. To demonstrate the method, we measured a well-characterized laser dye sample and obtained the known peak structure. The vibronic peaks are modulated as a function of the waiting time, τ2, by vibrational wave packets. The interferometer simplifies ultrabroadband 2D ES measurements and analysis.
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2
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Kefer O, Kolesnichenko PV, Buckup T. Two-dimensional coherent electronic spectrometer with switchable multi-color configurations. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:023003. [PMID: 38416044 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Broadband implementation of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a desirable goal for numerous research groups, yet achieving it presents considerable challenges. An effective strategy to mitigate these challenges is the utilization of two-color approaches, effectively broadening the spectral bandwidth accessible with 2DES. Here, we present a simple approach to include multi-color configurations based on adjustable mirror mounts. This enables seamless toggling between single-color, two-color, and transient 2DES within the same spectroscopic apparatus, which is benchmarked on two common laser dyes, Rhodamine 6G and Nile blue. Upon mixing the dyes, single-color 2DES shows overlapping signals, whereas a high selectivity toward Nile blue responses is maintained in two-color and transient 2DES, owing to the fully resonant excitation that is spectrally shifted relative to the detection window. This method is readily implemented in other setups with similar experimental layouts and can be used as a simple solution to overcome existing bandwidth limitations. With the inclusion of transient 2DES, additional insights into excited-state processes can be gained due to its increased sensitivity toward excited-state coherences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Kefer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel V Kolesnichenko
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Al-Mualem ZA, Baiz CR. Generative Adversarial Neural Networks for Denoising Coherent Multidimensional Spectra. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3816-3825. [PMID: 35668543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast spectroscopy often involves measuring weak signals and long data acquisition times. Spectra are typically collected as a "pump-probe" spectrum by measuring differences in intensity across laser shots. Shot-to-shot intensity fluctuations are most often the primary source of noise in ultrafast spectroscopy. Here, we present a novel approach for denoising ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra using conditional generative adversarial neural networks (cGANNs). The cGANN approach is able to eliminate shot-to-shot noise and reconstruct the line shapes present in the noisy input spectrum. We present a general approach for training the cGANN using matched pairs of noisy and clean synthetic 2D IR spectra based on the Kubo-line shape model for a three-level system. Experimental shot-to-shot laser noise is added to synthetic spectra to recreate the noise profile present in measured experimental spectra. The cGANNs can recover line shapes from synthetic 2D IR spectra with signal-to-noise ratios as low as 2:1, while largely preserving the key features such as center frequencies, line widths, and diagonal elongation. In addition, we benchmark the performance of the cGANN using experimental 2D IR spectra of an ester carbonyl vibrational probe and demonstrate that, by applying the cGANN denoising approach, we can extract the frequency-frequency time correlation function (FFCF) from reconstructed spectra using a nodal-line slope analysis. Finally, we provide a set of practical guidelines for extending the denoising method to other coherent multidimensional spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziareena A Al-Mualem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carlos R Baiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Biswas S, Kim J, Zhang X, Scholes GD. Coherent Two-Dimensional and Broadband Electronic Spectroscopies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4257-4321. [PMID: 35037757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, coherent broadband spectroscopy has been widely used to improve our understanding of ultrafast processes (e.g., photoinduced electron transfer, proton transfer, and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions) at femtosecond resolution. The advances in femtosecond laser technology along with the development of nonlinear multidimensional spectroscopy enabled further insights into ultrafast energy transfer and carrier relaxation processes in complex biological and material systems. New discoveries and interpretations have led to improved design principles for optimizing the photophysical properties of various artificial systems. In this review, we first provide a detailed theoretical framework of both coherent broadband and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). We then discuss a selection of experimental approaches and considerations of 2DES along with best practices for data processing and analysis. Finally, we review several examples where coherent broadband and 2DES were employed to reveal mechanisms of photoinitiated ultrafast processes in molecular, biological, and material systems. We end the review with a brief perspective on the future of the experimental techniques themselves and their potential to answer an even greater range of scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - JunWoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - Xinzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
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5
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Mapara V, Stevens CE, Paul J, Barua A, Reno JL, McGill SA, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Multidimensional spectroscopy of magneto-excitons at high magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204201. [PMID: 34852480 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We perform two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy on magneto-excitons in GaAs at magnetic fields and observe Zeeman splitting of the excitons. The Zeeman components are clearly resolved as separate peaks due to the two-dimensional nature of the spectra, leading to a more accurate measurement of the Zeeman splitting and the Landé g factors. Quantum coherent coupling between Zeeman components is observed using polarization dependent one-quantum two-dimensional spectroscopy. We use two-quantum two-dimensional spectroscopy to investigate higher four-particle correlations at high magnetic fields and reveal the role of the Zeeman splitting on the two-quantum transitions. The experimental two-dimensional spectra are simulated using the optical Bloch equations, where many-body effects are included phenomenologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mapara
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - A Barua
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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6
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Swagel E, Paul J, Bristow AD, Wahlstrand JK. Analysis of complex multidimensional optical spectra by linear prediction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37525-37533. [PMID: 34808822 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We apply Linear Prediction from Singular Value Decomposition (LPSVD) to two-dimensional complex optical data in the time-domain to generate spectra with advantages over discrete Fourier transformation (DFT). LPSVD is a non-iterative procedure that fits time-domain complex data to the sum of damped sinusoids, or Lorentzian peaks in the spectral domain. Because the fitting is linear, it is not necessary to give initial guess parameters as in nonlinear fits. Although LPSVD is a one-dimensional algorithm, it can be performed column-wise on two-dimensional data. The method has been extensively used in 2D NMR spectroscopy, where spectral peaks are typically nearly ideal Lorentzians, but to our knowledge has not been applied in the analogous optical technique, where peaks can be far from Lorentzian. We apply LPSVD to the analysis of zero, one, and two quantum electronic two-dimensional spectra from a semiconductor microcavity. The spectra consist of non-ideal, often overlapping peaks. We find that LPSVD achieves a very good fit even on non-ideal data. It reduces noise and eliminates discrete distortions inherent in the DFT. We also use it to isolate and analyze weak features of interest.
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7
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Agathangelou D, Javed A, Sessa F, Solinas X, Joffre M, Ogilvie JP. Phase-modulated rapid-scanning fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:094201. [PMID: 34496582 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rapid-scanning approach to fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy that combines acousto-optic phase-modulation with digital lock-in detection. This approach shifts the signal detection window to suppress 1/f laser noise and enables interferometric tracking of the time delays to allow for correction of spectral phase distortions and accurate phasing of the data. This use of digital lock-in detection enables acquisition of linear and nonlinear signals of interest in a single measurement. We demonstrate the method on a laser dye, measuring the linear fluorescence excitation spectrum as well as rephasing, non-rephasing, and absorptive fluorescence-detected two-dimensional electronic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damianos Agathangelou
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ariba Javed
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Manuel Joffre
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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8
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Raymer MG, Landes T, Marcus AH. Entangled two-photon absorption by atoms and molecules: A quantum optics tutorial. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:081501. [PMID: 34470351 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon absorption (TPA) and other nonlinear interactions of molecules with time-frequency-entangled photon pairs have been predicted to display a variety of fascinating effects. Therefore, their potential use in practical quantum-enhanced molecular spectroscopy requires close examination. This Tutorial presents a detailed theoretical study of one- and two-photon absorption by molecules, focusing on how to treat the quantum nature of light. We review some basic quantum optics theory and then we review the density-matrix (Liouville) derivation of molecular optical response, emphasizing how to incorporate quantum states of light into the treatment. For illustration, we treat in detail the TPA of photon pairs created by spontaneous parametric down conversion, with an emphasis on how quantum light TPA differs from that with classical light. In particular, we treat the question of how much enhancement of the TPA rate can be achieved using entangled states. This Tutorial includes a review of known theoretical methods and results as well as some extensions, especially the comparison of TPA processes that occur via far-off-resonant intermediate states only and those that involve off-resonant intermediate states by virtue of dephasing processes. A brief discussion of the main challenges facing experimental studies of entangled two-photon absorption is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Raymer
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Tiemo Landes
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Andrew H Marcus
- Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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9
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Smith BC, Lomsadze B, Cundiff ST. High-speed hyperspectral four-wave-mixing microscopy with frequency combs. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3556-3559. [PMID: 34329223 DOI: 10.1364/ol.428172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A four-wave-mixing, frequency-comb-based, hyperspectral imaging technique that is spectrally precise and potentially rapid, and can in principle be applied to any material, is demonstrated in a near-diffraction-limited microscopy application.
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10
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Tiwari V. Multidimensional electronic spectroscopy in high-definition-Combining spectral, temporal, and spatial resolutions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:230901. [PMID: 34241275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, coherent multidimensional spectroscopies have been implemented across the terahertz, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A combination of coherent excitation of several resonances with few-cycle pulses, and spectral decongestion along multiple spectral dimensions, has enabled new insights into wide ranging molecular scale phenomena, such as energy and charge delocalization in natural and artificial light-harvesting systems, hydrogen bonding dynamics in monolayers, and strong light-matter couplings in Fabry-Pérot cavities. However, measurements on ensembles have implied signal averaging over relevant details, such as morphological and energetic inhomogeneity, which are not rephased by the Fourier transform. Recent extension of these spectroscopies to provide diffraction-limited spatial resolution, while maintaining temporal and spectral information, has been exciting and has paved a way to address several challenging questions by going beyond ensemble averaging. The aim of this Perspective is to discuss the technological developments that have eventually enabled spatially resolved multidimensional electronic spectroscopies and highlight some of the very recent findings already made possible by introducing spatial resolution in a powerful spectroscopic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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11
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Lomsadze B. Frequency comb-based multidimensional coherent spectroscopy bridges the gap between fundamental science and cutting-edge technology. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:160901. [PMID: 33940829 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical multidimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) has become a powerful and routine technique for studying optical properties of a wide range of materials. However, current implementations of MDCS have spectral resolution and acquisition speed limitations. In this Perspective, I describe how frequency comb technology can be used to overcome the limitations and also show the recent progress that has been made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachana Lomsadze
- Department of Physics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
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12
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Liu A, Nagamine G, Bonato LG, Almeida DB, Zagonel LF, Nogueira AF, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Toward Engineering Intrinsic Line Widths and Line Broadening in Perovskite Nanoplatelets. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6499-6506. [PMID: 33769788 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite nanoplatelets possess extremely narrow absorption and emission line widths, which are crucial characteristics for many optical applications. However, their underlying intrinsic and extrinsic line-broadening mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we apply multidimensional coherent spectroscopy to determine the homogeneous line broadening of colloidal perovskite nanoplatelet ensembles. We demonstrate a dependence of not only their intrinsic line widths but also of various broadening mechanisms on platelet geometry. We find that decreasing nanoplatelet thickness by a single monolayer results in a 2-fold reduction of the inhomogeneous line width and a 3-fold reduction of the intrinsic homogeneous line width to the sub-millielectronvolts regime. In addition, our measurements suggest homogeneously broadened exciton resonances in two-layer (but not necessarily three-layer) nanoplatelets at room-temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gabriel Nagamine
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz G Bonato
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Zagonel
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lazaro A Padilha
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Zhu WD, Wang R, Wang XY, Xiao M, Zhang CF. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with active phase Management. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2012222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-da Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiao-yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States of America
| | - Chun-feng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Pres S, Kontschak L, Hensen M, Brixner T. Coherent 2D electronic spectroscopy with complete characterization of excitation pulses during all scanning steps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4191-4209. [PMID: 33771004 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coherent two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy has become a standard tool in ultrafast science. Thus it is relevant to consider the accuracy of data considering both experimental imperfections and theoretical assumptions about idealized conditions. It is already known that chirped excitation pulses can affect 2D line shapes. In the present work, we demonstrate performance-efficient, automated characterization of the full electric field of each individual multipulse sequence employed during a 2D scanning procedure. Using Fourier-transform spectral interferometry, we analyze how the temporal intensity and phase profile varies from scanning step to scanning step and extract relevant pulse-sequence parameters. This takes into account both random and systematic variations during the scan that may be caused, for example, by femtosecond pulse-shaping artifacts. Using the characterized fields, we simulate and compare 2D spectra obtained with idealized and real shapes obtained from an LCD-based pulse shaper. Exemplarily, we consider fluorescence of a molecular dimer and multiphoton photoemission of a plasmonic nanoslit. The deviations from pulse-shaper artifacts in our specific case do not distort strongly the population-based multidimensional data. The characterization procedure is applicable to other pulses-shaping technologies or excitation geometries, including also pump-probe geometry with multipulse excitation and coherent detection, and allows for accurate consideration of realistic optical excitation fields at all inter-pulse time-delays.
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15
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bonato LG, Nagamine G, Zagonel LF, Nogueira AF, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy reveals triplet state coherences in cesium lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabb3594. [PMID: 33523833 PMCID: PMC7775787 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in optoelectronics require materials with novel and engineered characteristics. A class of materials that has garnered tremendous interest is metal-halide perovskites, stimulated by meteoric increases in photovoltaic efficiencies of perovskite solar cells. In addition, recent advances have applied perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) in light-emitting devices. It was found recently that, for cesium lead-halide perovskite NCs, their unusually efficient light emission may be due to a unique excitonic fine structure composed of three bright triplet states that minimally interact with a proximal dark singlet state. To study this fine structure without isolating single NCs, we use multidimensional coherent spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures to reveal coherences involving triplet states of a CsPbI3 NC ensemble. Picosecond time scale dephasing times are measured for both triplet and inter-triplet coherences, from which we infer a unique exciton fine structure level ordering composed of a dark state energetically positioned within the bright triplet manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Luiz G Bonato
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nagamine
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Zagonel
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lazaro A Padilha
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - S T Cundiff
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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16
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Huang X, Chen L, Zhang C, Qin Z, Yu B, Wang X, Xiao M. Inhomogeneous Biexciton Binding in Perovskite Semiconductor Nanocrystals Measured with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10173-10181. [PMID: 33197186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals have emerged as an excellent family of materials for optoelectronic applications, where biexciton interaction is essential for optical gain generation and quantum light emission. However, the strength of biexciton interaction remains highly controversial due to the entangled spectral features of the exciton- and biexciton-related transitions in conventional measurement approaches. Here, we tackle the limitation by using polarization-dependent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy and quantify the excitation energy-dependent biexciton binding energy at cryogenic temperatures. The biexciton binding energy increases with excitation energy, which can be modeled as a near inverse-square size dependence in the effective mass approximation considering the quantum confinement effect. The spectral line width for the exciton-biexciton transition is much broader than that for the ground state to exciton transition, suggesting weakly correlated broadening between these transitions. These inhomogeneity effects should be carefully considered for the future demonstration of optoelectronic applications relying on coherent exciton-biexciton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lan Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhengyuan Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Buyang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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17
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Lloyd LT, Wood RE, Allodi MA, Sohoni S, Higgins JS, Otto JP, Engel GS. Leveraging scatter in two-dimensional spectroscopy: passive phase drift correction enables a global phasing protocol. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32869-32881. [PMID: 33114962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phase stability between pulse pairs defining Fourier-transform time delays can limit resolution and complicates development and adoption of multidimensional coherent spectroscopies. We demonstrate a data processing procedure to correct the long-term phase drift of the nonlinear signal during two-dimensional (2D) experiments based on the relative phase between scattered excitation pulses and a global phasing procedure to generate fully absorptive 2D electronic spectra of wafer-scale monolayer MoS2. Our correction results in a ∼30-fold increase in effective long-term signal phase stability, from ∼λ/2 to ∼λ/70 with negligible extra experimental time and no additional optical components. This scatter-based drift correction should be applicable to other interferometric techniques as well, significantly lowering the practical experimental requirements for this class of measurements.
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18
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Munoz MF, Medina A, Autry TM, Moody G, Siemens ME, Bristow AD, Cundiff ST, Li H. Fast phase cycling in non-collinear optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5852-5855. [PMID: 33057301 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) is extended to a broader range of applications, it is critical to improve the detection sensitivity of optical 2DCS. We developed a fast phase-cycling scheme in a non-collinear optical 2DCS implementation by using liquid crystal phase retarders to modulate the phases of two excitation pulses. The background in the signal can be eliminated by combining either two or four interferograms measured with a proper phase configuration. The effectiveness of this method was validated in optical 2DCS measurements of an atomic vapor. This fast phase-cycling scheme will enable optical 2DCS in novel emerging applications that require enhanced detection sensitivity.
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19
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Mueller S, Brixner T. Molecular Coherent Three-Quantum Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5139-5147. [PMID: 32515598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce molecular coherent three-quantum (3Q) two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy with phase cycling via shot-to-shot pulse shaping at a 1 kHz repetition rate. This allows us to acquire simultaneously, within a single scan, three fourth-order and six sixth-order signals correlating various one-quantum, two-quantum, and 3Q coherences. We demonstrate the approach on the dye molecule rhodamine 700 and reproduce all nine 2D data sets, including their absolute signal strengths, with simulations using a single, consistent set of model parameters. We observe a linear concentration dependence of all nonlinear signals, evidencing the absence of cascades and many-particle signals of noninteracting molecules. The single-beam, background-free implementation allows direct comparability between various nonlinear signal types and provides information about multiple excited states. Apart from molecules, the method is expected to be applicable to supramolecular systems, polymers, and solid-state materials with the prospect of revealing signatures of bi- and triexcitonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Ma Y, Huang X, Wang X, Ji L, He Y, Qiu L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu S. Precise pulse shaping for quantum control of strong optical transitions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17171-17187. [PMID: 32679930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances of quantum control technology have led to nearly perfect single-qubit control of nuclear spins and atomic hyperfine ground states. In contrast, quantum control of strong optical transitions, even for free atoms, are far from being perfect. Developments of such quantum control appears to be limited by available laser technology for generating isolated, sub-nanosecond optical waveforms with 10's of GHz programming bandwidth. Here we propose a simple and robust method for the desired pulse shaping, based on precisely stacking multiple delayed picosecond pulses. Our proof-of-principal demonstration leads to arbitrarily shapeable optical waveforms with 30 GHz bandwidth and 100 ps duration. We confirm the stability of the waveforms by interfacing the pulses with laser-cooled atoms, resulting in "super-resolved" spectroscopic signals. This pulse shaping method may open exciting perspectives in quantum optics, and for fast laser cooling and atom interferometry with mode-locked lasers.
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21
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Huber B, Pres S, Wittmann E, Dietrich L, Lüttig J, Fersch D, Krauss E, Friedrich D, Kern J, Lisinetskii V, Hensen M, Hecht B, Bratschitsch R, Riedle E, Brixner T. Space- and time-resolved UV-to-NIR surface spectroscopy and 2D nanoscopy at 1 MHz repetition rate. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113103. [PMID: 31779407 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a setup for time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy with aberration correction enabling 3 nm spatial resolution and sub-20 fs temporal resolution. The latter is realized by our development of a widely tunable (215-970 nm) noncollinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) at 1 MHz repetition rate. We discuss several exemplary applications. Efficient photoemission from plasmonic Au nanoresonators is investigated with phase-coherent pulse pairs from an actively stabilized interferometer. More complex excitation fields are created with a liquid-crystal-based pulse shaper enabling amplitude and phase shaping of NOPA pulses with spectral components from 600 to 800 nm. With this system we demonstrate spectroscopy within a single plasmonic nanoslit resonator by spectral amplitude shaping and investigate the local field dynamics with coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy at the nanometer length scale ("2D nanoscopy"). We show that the local response varies across a distance as small as 33 nm in our sample. Further, we report two-color pump-probe experiments using two independent NOPA beamlines. We extract local variations of the excited-state dynamics of a monolayered 2D material (WSe2) that we correlate with low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and reflectivity measurements. Finally, we demonstrate the in situ sample preparation capabilities for organic thin films and their characterization via spatially resolved electron diffraction and dark-field LEEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Huber
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pres
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wittmann
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Lysanne Dietrich
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Fersch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enno Krauss
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Friedrich
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kern
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Victor Lisinetskii
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hensen
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bert Hecht
- NanoOptics & Biophotonics Group, Experimental Physics 5, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Wahlstrand JK, Wernsing GM, Paul J, Bristow AD. Automated polarization-dependent multidimensional coherent spectroscopy phased using transient absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31790-31799. [PMID: 31684404 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An experimental apparatus is described for multidimensional optical spectroscopy with fully automated polarization control, based on liquid crystal variable retarders. Polarization dependence of rephasing two-dimensional coherent spectra are measured in a single scan, with absolute phasing performed for all polarization configurations through a single automated auxiliary measurement at the beginning of the scan. A factor of three improvement in acquisition time is demonstrated, compared to the apparatus without automated polarization control. Results are presented for a GaAs quantum well sample and an InGaAs quantum well embedded in a microcavity.
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23
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Simultaneous Existence of Confined and Delocalized Vibrational Modes in Colloidal Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6144-6150. [PMID: 31556615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupling to phonon modes is a primary mechanism of excitonic dephasing and energy loss in semiconductors. However, low-energy phonons in colloidal quantum dots and their coupling to excitons are poorly understood because their experimental signatures are weak and usually obscured by the unavoidable inhomogeneous broadening of colloidal dot ensembles. We use multidimensional coherent spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures to extract the homogeneous nonlinear optical response of excitons in a CdSe/CdZnS core/shell colloidal quantum dot ensemble. A comparison to the simulation provides evidence that the observed lineshapes arise from the coexistence of confined and delocalized vibrational modes, both of which couple strongly to excitons in CdSe/CdZnS colloidal quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Wan-Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , 16419 Gyeonggi , Republic of Korea
| | - Lazaro A Padilha
- Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" , Universidade de Campinas , Campinas , 13083-970 Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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24
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Titze M, Fei C, Munoz M, Wang X, Wang H, Li H. Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Dual Emissions from the Orthorhombic Phase in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites Revealed by Two-Dimensional Coherent Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4625-4631. [PMID: 31283883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of photoexcitation landscape and dynamics in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites is essential for improving their performance in solar cells and other applications. The dual emission features from the orthorhombic phase in perovskites have been the focus of numerous recent studies, and yet their underlying molecular origin remains elusive. We use optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy to study the carrier dynamics and coupling of the dual emissions in a methylammonium lead iodide film at 115 K. The two-dimensional spectra reveal an ultrafast redistribution of the photoexcited carriers into the two emission resonances within 250 fs. The high-energy resonance is a short-lived transient state, and the low-energy emission state interacts with coherent phonons. The observed carrier dynamics provide important experimental evidence that can be compared with potential theoretical models and contribute to the understanding of the dual emissions as well as the overall energy level structure in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Titze
- Department of Physics , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | - Chengbin Fei
- Department of Physics , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Maria Munoz
- Department of Physics , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Physics , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physics , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Hebin Li
- Department of Physics , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
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25
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Non-Markovian Exciton-Phonon Interactions in Core-Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots at Femtosecond Timescales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:057403. [PMID: 31491330 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.057403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We perform two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy on CdSe/CdZnS core-shell colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. In the two-dimensional spectra, sidebands due to electronic coupling with CdSe lattice LO-phonon modes are observed to have evolutions deviating from the exponential dephasing expected from Markovian spectral diffusion, which is instantaneous and memoryless. Comparison to simulations provides evidence that LO-phonon coupling induces energy-gap fluctuations on the finite timescales of nuclear motion. The femtosecond resolution of our technique probes exciton dynamics directly on the timescales of phonon coupling in nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liu
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D B Almeida
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - W K Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - L A Padilha
- Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S T Cundiff
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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26
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Smith RP, Dey P, Mapara V, Semenov D, McGill SA, Kaindl RA, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Coherent two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy using a 25 Tesla resistive magnet. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063901. [PMID: 31255018 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We performed nonlinear optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements using an optical resistive high-field magnet on GaAs quantum wells. Magnetic fields up to 25 T can be achieved using the split helix resistive magnet. Two-dimensional spectroscopy measurements based on the coherent four-wave mixing signal require phase stability. Therefore, these measurements are difficult to perform in environments prone to mechanical vibrations. Large resistive magnets use extensive quantities of cooling water, which causes mechanical vibrations, making two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy very challenging. Here, we report on the strategies we used to overcome these challenges and maintain the required phase-stability throughout the measurement. A self-contained portable platform was used to set up the experiments within the time frame provided by a user facility. Furthermore, this platform was floated above the optical table in order to isolate it from vibrations originating from the resistive magnet. Finally, we present two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra obtained from GaAs quantum wells at magnetic fields up to 25 T and demonstrate the utility of this technique in providing important details, which are obscured in one dimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | | | - Ryan P Smith
- Department of Physics, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Varun Mapara
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Dimitry Semenov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Steven A McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Robert A Kaindl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Denis Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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27
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Zhao W, Qin Z, Zhang C, Wang G, Huang X, Li B, Dai X, Xiao M. Optical Gain from Biexcitons in CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals Revealed by Two-dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1251-1258. [PMID: 30811208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit highly efficient optical gain, which is promising for laser applications. However, the intrinsic mechanism of optical gain in perovskite NCs, particularly whether more than one exciton per NCs is required, remains poorly understood. Here, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to resonantly probe the interplay between near-band-edge transitions during the buildup of optical gain in CsPbBr3 NCs. We find compelling evidence to conclude that optical gain in CsPbBr3 NCs is generated through stimulated emission from strongly interacting biexcitons. The threshold is largely determined by the competition between stimulated emission from biexcitons and excited-state absorption from single exciton to biexciton states. The findings in this work may guide future explorations of NC materials with low-threshold optical gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Zhengyuan Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Bin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xingcan Dai
- Department of Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Department of Physics , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701 , United States
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28
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of CdSe colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920503011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-quantum and zero-quantum multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy are used to study CdSe colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. Each technique reveals unique aspects of the electron-phonon coupling dynamics in the material.
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29
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Oliver TAA. Recent advances in multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171425. [PMID: 29410844 PMCID: PMC5792921 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopies are one of the premier tools to investigate condensed phase dynamics of biological, chemical and functional nanomaterial systems. As they reach maturity, the variety of frequency domains that can be explored has vastly increased, with experimental techniques capable of correlating excitation and emission frequencies from the terahertz through to the ultraviolet. Some of the most recent innovations also include extreme cross-peak spectroscopies that directly correlate the dynamics of electronic and vibrational states. This review article summarizes the key technological advances that have permitted these recent advances, and the insights gained from new multidimensional spectroscopic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. A. Oliver
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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30
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Wang R, Huang XY, Zhang CF, Wang XY, Xiao M. Coherent Exciton-Phonon Coupling in CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals Studied by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1711222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xin-yu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chun-feng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiao-yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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31
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Ulness DJ, Turner DB. Coherent Two-Quantum Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy Using Incoherent Light. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9211-9220. [PMID: 29120645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-quantum two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2Q 2D ES) may provide a measure of electron-correlation energies in molecules. Attempts to obtain this profound but elusive signal have relied on experimental implementations using femtosecond laser pulses, which induce an overwhelming background signal of nonresonant response. Here we explore theoretically the signatures of electron correlation in coherent 2Q 2D ES measurements that use spectrally incoherent light, I(4) 2Q 2D ES. One can use such fields to suppress nonresonant response, and therefore this method may better isolate the desired signature of electron correlation. Using an appropriate treatment of the multilevel Bloch electronic system, we find that I(4) 2Q 2D ES presents an opportunity to measure electron-correlation energies in molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Ulness
- Department of Chemistry, Concordia College , Moorhead, Minnesota 56562, United States
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
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32
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Seiler H, Palato S, Kambhampati P. Coherent multi-dimensional spectroscopy at optical frequencies in a single beam with optical readout. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:094203. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4990500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Zhu W, Wang R, Zhang C, Wang G, Liu Y, Zhao W, Dai X, Wang X, Cerullo G, Cundiff S, Xiao M. Broadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy in an actively phase stabilized pump-probe configuration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21115-21126. [PMID: 29041519 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel configuration for two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) that combines the partially collinear pump-probe geometry with active phase locking. We demonstrate the method on a solution sample of CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals by employing two non-collinear optical parametric amplifiers as the pump and probe sources. The two collinear pump pulse replicas are created using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer phase stabilized by active feedback electronics. Taking the advantage of separated paths of the two pump pulses in the interferometer, we improve the signal-to-noise ratio with double modulation of the individual pump beams. In addition, a quartz wedge pair manipulates the phase difference between the two pump pulses, enabling the recovery of the rephasing and non-rephasing signals. Our setup integrates many advantages of available 2DES techniques with robust phase stabilization, ultrafast time resolution, two-color operation, long delay scan, individual polarization manipulation and the ease of implementation.
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34
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Moody G, Cundiff ST. Advances in multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2017; 2:641-674. [PMID: 28894306 PMCID: PMC5590666 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2017.1346482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) has become an extremely versatile and sensitive technique for elucidating the structure, composition, and dynamics of condensed matter, atomic, and molecular systems. The appeal of MDCS lies in its ability to resolve both individual-emitter and ensemble-averaged dynamics of optically created excitations in disordered systems. When applied to semiconductors, MDCS enables unambiguous separation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions to the optical linewidth, pinpoints the nature of coupling between resonances, and reveals signatures of many-body interactions. In this review, we discuss the implementation of MDCS to measure the nonlinear optical response of excitonic transitions in semiconductor nanostructures. Capabilities of the technique are illustrated with recent experimental studies that advance our understanding of optical decoherence and dissipation, energy transfer, and many-body phenomena in quantum dots and quantum wells, semiconductor microcavities, layered semiconductors, and photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galan Moody
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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35
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Hao K, Specht JF, Nagler P, Xu L, Tran K, Singh A, Dass CK, Schüller C, Korn T, Richter M, Knorr A, Li X, Moody G. Neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons in monolayer MoSe 2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15552. [PMID: 28656961 PMCID: PMC5493760 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), reduced dielectric screening of the Coulomb interaction leads to strongly correlated many-body states, including excitons and trions, that dominate the optical properties. Higher-order states, such as bound biexcitons, are possible but are difficult to identify unambiguously using linear optical spectroscopy methods. Here, we implement polarization-resolved two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) to unravel the complex optical response of monolayer MoSe2 and identify multiple higher-order correlated states. Decisive signatures of neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons appear in cross-polarized two-dimensional spectra as distinct resonances with respective ∼20 and ∼5 meV binding energies—similar to recent calculations using variational and Monte Carlo methods. A theoretical model considering the valley-dependent optical selection rules reveals the quantum pathways that give rise to these states. Inter-valley biexcitons identified here, comprising of neutral and charged excitons from different valleys, offer new opportunities for developing ultrathin biexciton lasers and polarization-entangled photon sources. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides host excitons and trions, however higher-order states, although possible, are difficult to identify experimentally. Here, the authors perform polarization-resolved coherent spectroscopy to unveil the signature of neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons in monolayer MoSe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Judith F Specht
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Nagler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lixiang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kha Tran
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Akshay Singh
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Chandriker Kavir Dass
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Christian Schüller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Korn
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marten Richter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- National Institute of Standards &Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Hao K, Xu L, Wu F, Nagler P, Tran K, Ma X, Schüller C, Korn T, MacDonald AH, Moody G, Li X. Trion Valley Coherence in Monolayer Semiconductors. 2D MATERIALS 2017; 4:025105. [PMID: 28924488 PMCID: PMC5600293 DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/aa70f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of valleytronics aims to exploit the valley pseudospin of electrons residing near Bloch band extrema as an information carrier. Recent experiments demonstrating optical generation and manipulation of exciton valley coherence (the superposition of electron-hole pairs at opposite valleys) in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide a critical step towards control of this quantum degree of freedom. The charged exciton (trion) in TMDs is an intriguing alternative to the neutral exciton for control of valley pseudospin because of its long spontaneous recombination lifetime, its robust valley polarization, and its coupling to residual electronic spin. Trion valley coherence has however been unexplored due to experimental challenges in accessing it spectroscopically. In this work, we employ ultrafast two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy to resonantly generate and detect trion valley coherence in monolayer MoSe2 demonstrating that it persists for a few-hundred femtoseconds. We conclude that the underlying mechanisms limiting trion valley coherence are fundamentally different from those applicable to exciton valley coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lixiang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Fengcheng Wu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Philipp Nagler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Kha Tran
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christian Schüller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Tobias Korn
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Allan H. MacDonald
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Yan TM, Jiang YH. Post-processing phase-correction algorithm in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6644-6652. [PMID: 28381009 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a typical two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) experiment, the timing errors of the coherence and emission time when determining the absolute time zeros usually introduce extraneous spectral phase slopes and distort the 2D spectrum. In this work, a phase-correction method that merely relies on the data post-processing algorithm is proposed. The method allows reconstructing the spectrum by simply subtracting the artificial linear spectral-phase slopes from the phase component of the 2D spectrum along both coherence and emission frequency axes. The new method has the advantages of ease of implementation and no need for the supplementary experiments and iterative fitting algorithm as commonly-used phasing methods, which may improve the phasing issue in 2DES and serve as a cross-check of now available phasing methods.
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38
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Bruder L, Bangert U, Stienkemeier F. Phase-modulated harmonic light spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5302-5315. [PMID: 28380793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By combining phase-modulated nonlinear spectroscopy with second harmonic generation, the concept of phase-modulated harmonic light spectroscopy is introduced. Simultaneous spectroscopy with different harmonics of the light is demonstrated and linear and nonlinear excitation of the spectroscopic sample is investigated. Sum frequency generation and stray light effects during temporal pulse overlap have been evaluated in detail, accompanied by simulations. The presented work provides a promising concept to facilitate coherent nonlinear time-domain spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength regime and contributes valuable insights for future studies in this direction.
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39
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De Sio A, Lienau C. Vibronic coupling in organic semiconductors for photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18813-18830. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals vibronically-assisted coherent charge transport and separation in organic materials and opens up new perspectives for artificial light-to-current conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität
- Oldenburg 26129
- Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität
- Oldenburg 26129
- Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science
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40
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Kaveh M, Gao Q, Jagadish C, Ge J, Duscher G, Wagner HP. Controlling the exciton emission of gold coated GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires with an organic spacer layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:485204. [PMID: 27811405 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/48/485204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Excitons are the most prominent optical excitations and controlling their emission is an important step towards new optical devices. We have investigated the exciton emission from uncoated and gold/aluminum quinoline (Alq3) coated GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs core-shell nanowires (NWs) using temperature-, intensity- and polarization dependent photoluminescence (PL). Plasmonic GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs NWs with a ∼10 nm thick Au coating but without an Alq3 spacer layer reveal a significant reduction of the PL intensity of the exciton emission compared with the uncoated NW sample. Plasmonic NW samples with the same nominal Au coverage and an additional Alq3 interlayer of 3 or 6 nm thickness show a clearly stronger PL intensity which increases with rising Alq3 spacer thickness. Time-resolved (TR) PL measurements reveal an increase of the exciton decay rate by a factor of up to two with decreasing Alq3 spacer thickness suggesting the presence of Förster energy transfer from NW excitons to plasmon oscillations in the gold film. The weak change of the decay time, however, indicates that Förster energy-transfer is only partially responsible for the PL quenching in the gold coated NWs. The main reason for the reduction of the PL emission is attributed to a gold induced band-bending in the GaAs NW core which causes exciton dissociation. With increasing Alq3 spacer thickness the band-bending decreases leading to a reduction of the exciton dissociation and PL quenching. Our interpretation is supported by electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements which show a signal reduction and blue shift of defect (possibly EL2) transitions when gold particles are deposited on NWs compared with bare or Alq3 coated NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaveh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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41
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Suzuki T, Singh R, Bayer M, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Cundiff ST. Coherent Control of the Exciton-Biexciton System in an InAs Self-Assembled Quantum Dot Ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:157402. [PMID: 27768374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.157402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coherent control of a strongly inhomogeneously broadened system, namely, InAs self-assembled quantum dots, is demonstrated. To circumvent the deleterious effects of the inhomogeneous broadening, which usually masks the results of coherent manipulation, we use prepulse two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy to provide a size-selective readout of the ground, exciton, and biexciton states. The dependence on the timing of the prepulse is due to the dynamics of the coherently generated populations. To further validate the results, we performed prepulse polarization dependent measurements and confirmed the behavior expected from selection rules. All measured spectra can be excellently reproduced by solving the optical Bloch equations for a 4-level system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rohan Singh
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universtät Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl fuer Angewandte Festkoerperphysik, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl fuer Angewandte Festkoerperphysik, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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42
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Zhang Y, Yan TM, Jiang YH. Precise phase determination with the built-in spectral interferometry in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4134-4137. [PMID: 27607991 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new method determining the precise phase of pulse sequences in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is proposed merely using the already built-in spectral interferometry. The approach is easily implemented without the supplementary instrumental construction, only at the expense of a few additional scanning and data-fitting processes. This method is executed with the sample in place, effectively avoiding the phase ambiguities of the beam propagation in samples, thus calibrating the absolute phase at the exact interaction region. The new proposed method is expected to improve the phasing procedure in 2DES in a more convenient way.
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43
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Gellen TA, Bizimana LA, Carbery WP, Breen I, Turner DB. Ultrabroadband two-quantum two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Gellen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Laurie A. Bizimana
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - William P. Carbery
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Ilana Breen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Daniel B. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
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44
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Hao K, Xu L, Nagler P, Singh A, Tran K, Dass CK, Schüller C, Korn T, Li X, Moody G. Coherent and Incoherent Coupling Dynamics between Neutral and Charged Excitons in Monolayer MoSe2. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5109-13. [PMID: 27428509 PMCID: PMC5593425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are dominated by both neutral excitons (electron-hole pairs) and charged excitons (trions) that are stable even at room temperature. While trions directly influence charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices, excitons may be relevant through exciton-trion coupling and conversion phenomena. In this work, we reveal the coherent and incoherent nature of exciton-trion coupling and the relevant time scales in monolayer MoSe2 using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. Coherent interaction between excitons and trions is definitively identified as quantum beating of cross peaks in the spectra that persists for a few hundred femtoseconds. For longer times up to 10 ps, surprisingly, the relative intensity of the cross peaks increases, which is attributed to incoherent energy transfer likely due to phonon-assisted up-conversion and down-conversion processes that are efficient even at cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lixiang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Philipp Nagler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Akshay Singh
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kha Tran
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chandriker Kavir Dass
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christian Schüller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Tobias Korn
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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45
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Gao F, Cundiff ST, Li H. Probing dipole-dipole interaction in a rubidium gas via double-quantum 2D spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2954-2957. [PMID: 27367074 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented double-quantum 2D spectroscopy on a rubidium vapor and shown that this technique provides sensitive and background-free detection of the dipole-dipole interaction. The 2D spectra include signals from both individual atoms and interatomic interactions, allowing quantitative studies of the interaction. A theoretical model based on the optical Bloch equations is used to reproduce the experimental spectrum and confirm the origin of double-quantum signals.
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46
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Liu C, Dey P, McIntyre C, Turkowski V, Reno JL, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Strong Quantum Coherence between Fermi Liquid Mahan Excitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:157401. [PMID: 27127985 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In modulation doped quantum wells, the excitons are formed as a result of the interactions of the charged holes with the electrons at the Fermi edge in the conduction band, leading to the so-called "Mahan excitons." The binding energy of Mahan excitons is expected to be greatly reduced and any quantum coherence destroyed as a result of the screening and electron-electron interactions. Surprisingly, we observe strong quantum coherence between the heavy hole and light hole excitons. Such correlations are revealed by the dominating cross-diagonal peaks in both one-quantum and two-quantum two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra. Theoretical simulations based on the optical Bloch equations where many-body effects are included phenomenologically reproduce well the experimental spectra. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations provide insight into the underlying physics and attribute the observed strong quantum coherence to a significantly reduced screening length and collective excitations of the many-electron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C McIntyre
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - V Turkowski
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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47
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Bakulin AA, Silva C, Vella E. Ultrafast Spectroscopy with Photocurrent Detection: Watching Excitonic Optoelectronic Systems at Work. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:250-8. [PMID: 26711855 PMCID: PMC4819534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While ultrafast spectroscopy with photocurrent detection was almost unknown before 2012, in the last 3 years, a number of research groups from different fields have independently developed ultrafast electric probe approaches and reported promising pilot studies. Here, we discuss these recent advances and provide our perspective on how photocurrent detection successfully overcomes many limitations of all-optical methods, which makes it a technique of choice when device photophysics is concerned. We also highlight compelling existing problems and research questions and suggest ways for further development, outlining the potential breakthroughs to be expected in the near future using photocurrent ultrafast optical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A. Bakulin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Silva
- Département de physique & Regroupement
québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Eleonora Vella
- Département de physique & Regroupement
québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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48
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Nuernberger P, Ruetzel S, Brixner T. Multidimensionale elektronische Spektroskopie photochemischer Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Nuernberger P, Ruetzel S, Brixner T. Multidimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of Photochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11368-86. [PMID: 26382095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Coherent multidimensional electronic spectroscopy can be employed to unravel various channels in molecular chemical reactions. This approach is thus not limited to analysis of energy transfer or charge transfer (i.e. processes from photophysics), but can also be employed in situations where the investigated system undergoes permanent structural changes (i.e. in photochemistry). Photochemical model reactions are discussed by using the example of merocyanine/spiropyran-based molecular switches, which show a rich variety of reaction channels, in particular ring opening and ring closing, cis-trans isomerization, coherent vibrational wave-packet motion, radical ion formation, and population relaxation. Using pump-probe, pump-repump-probe, coherent two-dimensional and three-dimensional, triggered-exchange 2D, and quantum-control spectroscopy, we gain intuitive pictures on which product emerges from which reactant and which reactive molecular modes are associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany)
| | - Stefan Ruetzel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany).
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50
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Bruder L, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F. Phase-modulated electronic wave packet interferometry reveals high resolution spectra of free Rb atoms and Rb*He molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23877-85. [PMID: 26309123 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03868e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phase-modulated wave packet interferometry is combined with mass-resolved photoion detection to investigate rubidium atoms attached to helium nanodroplets in a molecular beam experiment. The spectra of atomic Rb electronic states show a vastly enhanced sensitivity and spectral resolution when compared to conventional pump-probe wave packet interferometry. Furthermore, the formation of Rb*He exciplex molecules is probed and for the first time a fully resolved vibrational spectrum for transitions between the lowest excited 5Π3/2 and the high-lying electronic states 2(2)Π, 4(2)Δ, 6(2)Σ is obtained and compared to theory. The feasibility of applying coherent multidimensional spectroscopy to dilute cold gas phase samples is demonstrated in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bruder
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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