1
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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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2
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Gregory KP, Elliott GR, Robertson H, Kumar A, Wanless EJ, Webber GB, Craig VSJ, Andersson GG, Page AJ. Understanding specific ion effects and the Hofmeister series. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12682-12718. [PMID: 35543205 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00847e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Specific ion effects (SIE), encompassing the Hofmeister Series, have been known for more than 130 years since Hofmeister and Lewith's foundational work. SIEs are ubiquitous and are observed across the medical, biological, chemical and industrial sciences. Nevertheless, no general predictive theory has yet been able to explain ion specificity across these fields; it remains impossible to predict when, how, and to what magnitude, a SIE will be observed. In part, this is due to the complexity of real systems in which ions, counterions, solvents and cosolutes all play varying roles, which give rise to anomalies and reversals in anticipated SIEs. Herein we review the historical explanations for SIE in water and the key ion properties that have been attributed to them. Systems where the Hofmeister series is perturbed or reversed are explored, as is the behaviour of ions at the liquid-vapour interface. We discuss SIEs in mixed electrolytes, nonaqueous solvents, and in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions - exciting frontiers in this field with particular relevance to biological and electrochemical applications. We conclude the perspective by summarising the challenges and opportunities facing this SIE research that highlight potential pathways towards a general predictive theory of SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasimir P Gregory
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. .,Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gareth R Elliott
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Hayden Robertson
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Anand Kumar
- Flinders Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Erica J Wanless
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Grant B Webber
- School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Vincent S J Craig
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Alister J Page
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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3
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Posey N, Ma Y, Lueckheide M, Danischewski J, Fagan JA, Prabhu VM. Tuning Net Charge in Aliphatic Polycarbonates Alters Solubility and Protein Complexation Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22589-22602. [PMID: 34514231 PMCID: PMC8427630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy yielded polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes with tunable net charge for complexation and protein binding. Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerizations yielded aliphatic polycarbonates that were functionalized with both carboxylate and ammonium side chains in a post-polymerization, radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction. Incorporating net charge into the polymer architecture altered the chain dimensions in phosphate buffered solution in a manner consistent with self-complexation and complexation behavior with model proteins. A net cationic polyampholyte with 5% of carboxylate side chains formed large clusters rather than small complexes with bovine serum albumin, while 50% carboxylate polyampholyte was insoluble. Overall, the aliphatic polycarbonates with varying net charge exhibited different macrophase solution behaviors when mixed with protein, where self-complexation appears to compete with protein binding and larger-scale complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanchi Ma
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Michael Lueckheide
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Julia Danischewski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials Science and Engineering Division,
Material Measurement Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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4
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Lewoczko EM, Kelly MT, Kent EW, Zhao B. Effects of temperature on chaotropic anion-induced shape transitions of star molecular bottlebrushes with heterografted poly(ethylene oxide) and poly( N, N-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate) side chains in acidic water. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6566-6579. [PMID: 34151928 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a study of the effects of temperature on chaotropic anion (CA)-induced star-globule shape transitions in acidic water of three-arm star bottlebrushes composed of heterografted poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and either poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) or poly(2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) (the brushes denoted as SMB-11 and -22, respectively). The brush polymers were synthesized by grafting alkyne-end-functionalized PEO and PDMAEMA or PDEAEMA onto an azide-bearing three-arm star backbone polymer using the copper(i)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction. Six anions were studied for their effects on the conformations of SMB-11 and -22 in acidic water: super CAs [Fe(CN)6]3- and [Fe(CN)6]4-, moderate CAs PF6- and ClO4-, weak CA I-, and for comparison, kosmotropic anion SO42-. At 25 °C, the addition of super and moderate CAs induced shape transitions of SMB-11 and -22 in pH 4.50 water from a starlike to a collapsed globular state stabilized by PEO side chains, which was driven by the ion pairing of protonated tertiary amine groups with CAs and the chaotropic effect. The shape changes occurred at much lower salt concentrations for super CAs than moderate CAs. Upon heating from near room temperature to 70 °C, the super CA-collapsed brushes remained in the globular state, whereas the moderate CA-collapsed brushes underwent reversible globule-to-star shape transitions. The transition temperature increased with increasing salt concentration and was found to be higher for SMB-22 at the same salt concentration, presumably caused by the chaotropic effect. In contrast, I- and SO42- had small effects on the conformations of SMB-11 and -22 at 25 °C in the studied salt concentration range, and only small and gradual size variations were observed upon heating to 70 °C. The results reported here may have potential uses in the design of stimuli-responsive systems for substance encapsulation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lewoczko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Michael T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Ethan W Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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5
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Kent EW, Lewoczko EM, Zhao B. Effect of Buffer Anions on Pearl-Necklace Morphology of Tertiary Amine-Containing Binary Heterografted Linear Molecular Bottlebrushes in Acidic Aqueous Buffers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13320-13330. [PMID: 33135416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular bottlebrushes can exhibit a multitude of distinct conformations under different conditions, and precise control of their morphology can facilitate better use of such materials in potential applications. Herein, we report a study on the effect of buffer anions on the pearl-necklace morphology of linear binary heterografted molecular brushes consisting of pH-responsive poly(2-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) with a pKa of 7.40 and thermoresponsive poly(ethoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate) (PDEGEA) with a lower critical solution temperature of 9 °C as side chains in various acidic aqueous buffers at 0 °C. The molecular brushes, denotated as BMB, were prepared by a grafting-to approach using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Dynamic light scattering studies showed that the apparent hydrodynamic size of BMB in aqueous buffers with a pH of 6.50 at 1 °C decreased with increasing valency of buffer anions, from acetate anions with a charge of 1-, to phosphate anions carrying charges of 2- and 1- and citrate anions bearing charges of 3- and 2- at pH = 6.50. Atomic force microscopy revealed that BMB exhibited a pearl-necklace morphology from all three aqueous buffers with a pH of 6.50 when spin-cast at 0 °C. Analysis of AFM images showed that the average length of BMB and the number of beads per brush molecule decreased with increasing valency of buffer anions while the size and height of the beads increased. The pearl-necklace morphology of BMB was believed to be the result of microphase separation of the neutral PDEGEA and the charged PDEAEMA side chains along the brush backbone. Multivalent kosmotropic buffer anions formed bridging linkages between protonated tertiary amine moieties and thus "crosslinked" the charged PDEAEMA side chains, resulting in the shrinkage of BMB and enhanced microphase separation of two side chain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan W Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Evan M Lewoczko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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6
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Re-entrant swelling and redissolution of polyelectrolytes arises from an increased electrostatic decay length at high salt concentrations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 579:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Yuan H, Liu G. Ionic effects on synthetic polymers: from solutions to brushes and gels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4087-4104. [PMID: 32292998 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ionic effects on synthetic polymers have attracted extensive attention due to the crucial role of ions in the determination of the properties of synthetic polymers. This review places the focus on specific ion effects, multivalent ion effects, and ionic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity effects in synthetic polymer systems from solutions to brushes and gels. The specific ion effects on neutral polymers are determined by both the direct and indirect specific ion-polymer interactions, whereas the ion specificities of charged polymers are mainly dominated by the specific ion-pairing interactions. The ionic cross-linking effect exerted by the multivalent ions is widely used to tune the properties of polyelectrolytes, while the reentrant behavior of polyelectrolytes in the presence of multivalent ions still remains poorly understood. The ionic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity effects not only can be applied to make strong polyelectrolytes thermosensitive, but also can be used to prepare polymeric nano-objects and to control the wettability of polyelectrolyte brush-modified surfaces. The not well-studied ionic hydrogen bond effects are also discussed in the last section of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
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8
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Park H, Lim S, Yang J, Kwak C, Kim J, Kim J, Choi SS, Kim CB, Lee J. A Systematic Investigation on the Properties of Silica Nanoparticles "Multipoint"-Grafted with Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate- co-acrylic Acid) in Extreme Salinity Brines and Brine-Oil Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3174-3183. [PMID: 32101011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) may have great potential for various subsurface applications, including oil and gas recovery, reservoir imaging, and environmental remediation. One of the important challenges for these downhole applications is to achieve colloidal stability in subsurface media at high salinity and high temperature. It has been previously shown that several functional NPs "multipoint"-grafted with anionic poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate-co-acrylic acid; AMPS-co-AA) exhibited remarkable colloidal stabilities in specific environments mimicking the harsh subsurface aquatic media, such as the American Petroleum Institute (API) brine. However, many important properties of such particles, other than the colloidal stabilities, must be studied in a more systematic fashion for a wide range of salt concentrations (Cs). Herein, we investigate various properties of the silica (SiO2) NPs multipoint-grafted with poly(AMPS-co-AA), SiO2-g-poly(AMPS-co-AA), in NaCl and CaCl2 solutions across a range of salinities. The brush behavior of the grafted random copolymers was investigated in both salt solutions from salt-free conditions up to extreme salinities. The particles displayed brine-oil interfacial activity with increasing Cs, stabilizing oil-in-brine emulsions as Pickering emulsifiers. A high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) with an internal oil phase of up to 80 vol % could be formed in CaCl2 solutions at high Cs, which exhibited gel-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Sehyeong Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Jeewon Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Chaesu Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Shin Sik Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Chae Bin Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
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9
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Swain P, Ronghe A, Bhutani U, Majumdar S. Physicochemical Response of Gelatin in a Coulombic Soup of Monovalent Salt: A Molecular Simulation and Experimental Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1186-1194. [PMID: 30640463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of salt on the static properties of aqueous solution of gelatin is studied by molecular dynamics simulation at pH = 1.2, 7, and 10. At the isoelectric point (pH = 7), a monotonic increase in size of the polymer is obtained with the addition of sodium chloride ions. In the positive polyelectrolyte regime (pH = 1.2), collapse of gelatin is observed with increase in salt concentration. In the negative polyelectrolyte regime, we observe an interesting collapse-reexpansion behavior. This is due to the screening of repulsion between the excess charges followed by the screening of attraction of oppositely charged ions as the salt concentration is increased. This mechanism is very different from the charge inversion mechanism which causes the reexpansion in the presence of multivalent ions. The location of salt concentration corresponding to the minimum size of the chain is comparable to the theoretical estimate. The shift in the peak of radial distribution function calculated between monomers and salt ions confirms this spatial reorganization. The predictions from the simulation are verified by dynamic light scattering(DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The size of the hydrodynamic "clusters" obtained from DLS confirms the simulation predictions. Persistence length of the gelatin is calculated from SAXS to get single chain statistics, which also agrees well with the simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Swain
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Hyderabad 502205 , India
| | - Anshaj Ronghe
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Hyderabad 502205 , India
| | - Utkarsh Bhutani
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Hyderabad 502205 , India
| | - Saptarshi Majumdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Hyderabad 502205 , India
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10
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Xu G, Yang J, Zhao J. Molecular weight dependence of chain conformation of strong polyelectrolytes. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163329. [PMID: 30384707 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Using sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) and quarternized poly 4-vinylpyridine (QP4VP) as model systems, the chain conformation of polyelectrolytes under finite salt concentrations is investigated at a single molecular level. By fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), the hydrodynamic radius (R h) of the samples with the molecular weight ranging more than one order of magnitude was measured. The variations of R h as a function of molecular weight reveal the molecular weight dependence: under moderate salt concentrations (such as 10-4 and 0.1M), the shorter chains of both NaPSS and QP4VP take the rod-like conformation, while the longer chains take the coiled conformation (random coil or swelled random coil conformation, respectively). At high enough salt levels, both the charged chains take the coiled conformations. Photon counting histogram (PCH) measurements of the local pH value at the vicinity of the NaPSS chain expose the higher extent of counterion adsorption for longer chains as well as higher salt concentrations, telling that the charge regularization process is the major governing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China and The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Hansch M, Hämisch B, Schweins R, Prévost S, Huber K. Liquid-liquid phase separation in dilute solutions of poly(styrene sulfonate) with multivalent cations: Phase diagrams, chain morphology, and impact of temperature. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:014901. [PMID: 29306300 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dilute solution behavior of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) is studied in the presence of trivalent Al3+ and bivalent Ba2+ cations at various levels of excess NaCl. The study evaluates the phase behavior and the morphology of the polyelectrolyte chains with increasing extent of decoration with the Al3+ and Ba2+ cations and analyses the effect of temperature on these decorated chains. The phase behavior is presented in the form of the cation concentration versus the respective poly(styrene sulfonate) concentration, recorded at the onset of precipitation. Whereas poly(styrene sulfonate) with Al3+ exhibits a linear phase boundary, denoted as the "threshold line," which increases with increasing poly(styrene sulfonate) concentration, Ba2+ cations show a threshold line which is independent of the poly(styrene sulfonate) concentration. An additional re-entrant phase, at considerably higher cation content than those of the threshold lines, is observed with Al3+ cations but not with Ba2+ cations. The threshold line and the re-entrant phase boundary form parts of the liquid-liquid phase boundary observed at the limit of low polymer concentration. The dimensions of the polyelectrolyte chains shrink considerably while approaching the respective threshold lines on increase of the Al3+ and Ba2+ cation content. However, subtle differences occur between the morphological transformation induced by Al3+ and Ba2+. Most strikingly, coils decorated with Al3+ respond very differently to temperature variations than coils decorated with Ba2+ do. As the temperature increases, the poly(styrene sulfonate) chains decrease their size in the presence of Al3+ cations but increase in size in the presence of Ba2+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hansch
- Universität Paderborn, Physikalische Chemie, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hämisch
- Universität Paderborn, Physikalische Chemie, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group (LSS), ILL-Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Complex Systems and Biomedical Sciences Group (CBS), ESRF-The European Synchrotron, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus Huber
- Universität Paderborn, Physikalische Chemie, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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12
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Ren W, Zheng K, Liao C, Yang J, Zhao J. Charge evolution during the unfolding of a single DNA i-motif. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:916-924. [PMID: 29230450 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effective charge and evolution of single chains of a DNA i-motif during its unfolding process are investigated at the single molecule level. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photon counting histograms, the single chain dimensions and electrical potential of cytosine-rich human telomeric oligonucleotides are monitored, during their unfolding from the i-motif to the random coil state. It is discovered that the effective charge density of the DNA chain is very sensitive to conformation changes and the results remarkably expose the existence of an intermediate state of the unfolding process. A huge difference in pH value exists in the vicinity of the DNA chain and the bulk solution, depending on the salt concentration, as reflected by a down-shift in the pH value of unfolding. The presence of an external salt in the solution helps to stabilize the i-motif structure at low pH values due to the reduction of the effective charge density. It can also destabilize the folded structure in the pH range of the conformation transition due to the elevation of the local pH value, encouraging the deprotonation of the cytosine groups. These results provide new information for understanding the structure and stability of i-motif DNA, and its biological function, as well as the building blocks for smart nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Ren
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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13
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Lee J, Moesari E, Dandamudi CB, Beniah G, Chang B, Iqbal M, Fei Y, Zhou N, Ellison CJ, Johnston KP. Behavior of Spherical Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) Polyelectrolyte Brushes on Silica Nanoparticles up to Extreme Salinity with Weak Divalent Cation Binding at Ambient and High Temperature. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joohyung Lee
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ehsan Moesari
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chola Bhargava Dandamudi
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Goliath Beniah
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Behzad Chang
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Michelman Inc., 9080 Shell Rd, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Yunping Fei
- Intel Corporation, 9750
Goethe Rd, Sacramento, California 95827, United States
| | - Nijia Zhou
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- The
McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Jianlong Z, Congde Q, Weiliang L, Qinze L. Gelation, Network Structure and Properties of Physically Crosslinked Gelatin Gels: Effect of Salt Cation Valence. J MACROMOL SCI B 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2017.1381000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Jianlong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qiao Congde
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liu Weiliang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liu Qinze
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, PR China
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15
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16
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Xu G, Luo S, Yang Q, Yang J, Zhao J. Single chains of strong polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions at extreme dilution: Conformation and counterion distribution. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:144903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuangjiang Luo
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingbo Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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18
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Sultan Kedir A, Seland JG, Skauge A, Skauge T. Re-entrant transition of aluminum-crosslinked partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide in a high salinity solvent by rheology and NMR. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abduljelil Sultan Kedir
- Uni Research, Realfagbygget; Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research (CIPR); Allégaten 41 Bergen 5007 Norway
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bergen, Realfagbygget; Allégaten 41 Bergen 5007 Norway
| | - John Georg Seland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bergen, Realfagbygget; Allégaten 41 Bergen 5007 Norway
| | - Arne Skauge
- Uni Research, Realfagbygget; Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research (CIPR); Allégaten 41 Bergen 5007 Norway
| | - Tormod Skauge
- Uni Research, Realfagbygget; Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research (CIPR); Allégaten 41 Bergen 5007 Norway
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19
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Comeau PA, Filiaggi MJ. Structural analysis of xSrO-(50 - x)CaO-50P2O5 glasses with x=0, 5, or 10 mol% for potential use in a local delivery system for osteomyelitis treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:639-47. [PMID: 26478355 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of ions into a local delivery matrix is one method of managing degradation and subsequent release of the incorporated therapeutic agents. Of interest in this study was whether we could modify the structural nature of calcium polyphosphate (CPP) glass and the subsequent therapeutic potential of this local delivery matrix with inclusion of strontium (Sr). We found that adding 10 mol% Sr significantly increased the density and chain length of the glass. There was no significant impact of Sr doping on the subsequent loading of vancomycin into the matrix, or the matrix porosity. The noted differences in structural stability, ion release, and vancomycin release between the un-doped CPP matrices and 10 mol% Sr-doped CPP matrices in vitro are likely a result of a decrease in glass disorder upon Sr addition to the glass and preferential retention of Sr over Ca during matrix degradation. This study has provided further evidence that Sr incorporation may serve to both manipulate antibiotic release from the amorphous CPP matrix and provide a potential source of therapeutic ions for enhanced bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Comeau
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - M J Filiaggi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada.
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20
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Xie J, Nakai K, Ohno S, Butt HJ, Koynov K, Yusa SI. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Monitors the Hydrophobic Collapse of pH-Responsive Hairy Nanoparticles at the Individual Particle Level. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Keita Nakai
- Graduate
School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ohno
- Graduate
School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Hans-Juergen Butt
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Graduate
School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
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21
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Wang F, Yang J, Zhao J. Understanding anti-polyelectrolyte behavior of a well-defined polyzwitterion at the single-chain level. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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22
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Wang T, Long Y, Liu L, Wang X, Craig VSJ, Zhang G, Liu G. Cation-specific conformational behavior of polyelectrolyte brushes: from aqueous to nonaqueous solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12850-12859. [PMID: 25300430 DOI: 10.1021/la5033493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated changes in the cation-specific conformational behavior of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) brushes as the solvent changes from water to methanol using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). A solvation to desolvation transition of the grafted chains accompanied by swelling to the collapse transition of the brushes is observed for Na(+). In the case of Cs(+), the brushes undergo solvation to desolvation to resolvation accompanied by swelling to collapse to reswelling transitions. The resolvation and reswelling transitions for Cs(+) are induced by the charge inversion of the brushes via van der Waals interactions between Cs(+) and the brushes. All of the transitions for monovalent cations become less obvious as the methanol content increases. For divalent Ca(2+) and trivalent La(3+), a solvation to desolvation to resolvation transition of the grafted chains accompanied by a swelling to collapse to reswelling transition of the brushes can be observed. The resolvation and reswelling of the brushes for the multivalent cations are induced by the charge inversion of the brushes via charge-image charge interactions. The extent of the transitions for the PSS brushes in the presence of multivalent cations is only slightly influenced by the methanol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, PR China 230026
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23
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Elmahdy MM, Drechsler A, Bittrich E, Uhlmann P, Stamm M. Interactions between silica particles and poly(2-vinylpyridine) brushes in aqueous solutions of monovalent and multivalent salts. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Feng L, Yang J, Zhao J, Wang D, Koynov K, Butt HJ. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of repulsive systems: Theory, simulation, and experiment. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:214902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Sing CE, Zwanikken JW, Olvera de la Cruz M. Effect of Ion–Ion Correlations on Polyelectrolyte Gel Collapse and Reentrant Swelling. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400372p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Sing
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jos W. Zwanikken
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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Alarcón F, Pérez-Hernández G, Pérez E, Gama Goicochea A. Coarse-grained simulations of the salt dependence of the radius of gyration of polyelectrolytes as models for biomolecules in aqueous solution. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 42:661-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Wang F, Shi Y, Luo S, Chen Y, Zhao J. Conformational Transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Single Chains in Its Cononsolvency Process: A Study by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Scaling Analysis. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301780f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuangjiang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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28
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Jia P, Gong Y, Wang S, Zhao J. Advantage of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for the Study of Polyelectrolytes. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Hua J, Mitra MK, Muthukumar M. Theory of volume transition in polyelectrolyte gels with charge regularization. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134901. [PMID: 22482584 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a theory for polyelectrolyte gels that allow the effective charge of the polymer backbone to self-regulate. Using a variational approach, we obtain an expression for the free energy of gels that accounts for the gel elasticity, free energy of mixing, counterion adsorption, local dielectric constant, electrostatic interaction among polymer segments, electrolyte ion correlations, and self-consistent charge regularization on the polymer strands. This free energy is then minimized to predict the behavior of the system as characterized by the gel volume fraction as a function of external variables such as temperature and salt concentration. We present results for the volume transition of polyelectrolyte gels in salt-free solvents, solvents with monovalent salts, and solvents with divalent salts. The results of our theoretical analysis capture the essential features of existing experimental results and also provide predictions for further experimentation. Our analysis highlights the importance of the self-regularization of the effective charge for the volume transition of gels in particular, and for charged polymer systems in general. Our analysis also enables us to identify the dominant free energy contributions for charged polymer networks and provides a framework for further investigation of specific experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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30
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Trotsenko O, Roiter Y, Minko S. Conformational transitions of flexible hydrophobic polyelectrolytes in solutions of monovalent and multivalent salts and their mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6037-6044. [PMID: 22413781 DOI: 10.1021/la300584k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conformations of cationic polyelectrolytes (PEs), a weak poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) and a strong poly(N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium iodide) (qP2VP), adsorbed on mica from saline solutions in the presence of counterions of different valences are studied using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Quantitative characteristics of chain conformations are analyzed using AFM images of the adsorbed molecules. The results of the statistical analysis of the chain contour reveal collapse of the PE coils when ionic strength is in a range from tens to hundreds of millimoles per kilogram and re-expansion of the coils with a further increase of ionic strength up to a region of the saturated saline solutions. The competition between monovalent and multivalent counterions simultaneously present in solutions strongly affects conformations of PE chains even at a very small fraction of multivalent counterions. Shrinkage of PE coils is steeper for multivalent counterions than for monovalent counterions. However, the re-expansion is only incremental in the presence of multivalent counterions. Extended adsorbed coils at low salt concentrations and at very high concentrations of monovalent salt exhibit conformation corresponding to a 2D coil with 0.95 fraction of bound segments (segments in "trains") in the regime of diluted surface concentration of the PE. Shrunken coils in the intermediate range of ionic strength resemble 3D-globules with 0.8 fraction of trains. The incrementally re-expanded PE coils at a high ionic strength remain unchanged at higher multivalent salt concentrations up to the solubility limit of the salt. The formation of a strong PE complex with multivalent counterions at high ionic strength is not well understood yet. A speculative explanation of the observed experimental result is based on possible stabilization of the complex due to hydrophobic interactions of the backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Trotsenko
- Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
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31
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Jia P, Yang Q, Gong Y, Zhao J. Dynamic exchange of counterions of polystyrene sulfonate. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:084904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3688082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Luo Z, Wang X, Zhang G. Ion-specific effect on dynamics of polyelectrolyte chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6812-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Hou Y, Liu G, Wu Y, Zhang G. Reentrant behavior of grafted poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) chains investigated with a quartz crystal microbalance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2880-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Roiter Y, Trotsenko O, Tokarev V, Minko S. Single Molecule Experiments Visualizing Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Molecules in the Full Range of Mono- and Divalent Counterion Concentrations. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13660-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Roiter
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Oleksandr Trotsenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Viktor Tokarev
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699
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35
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Jia P, Zhao J. Single chain contraction and re-expansion of polystyrene sulfonate: A study on its re-entrant condensation at single molecular level. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:231103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3276278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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