1
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Mikolaj P, Zamora Yusti B, Nyulászi L, Bakker JM, Höltzl T, Lang SM. CO 2 activation by copper oxide clusters: size, composition, and charge state dependence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39253781 PMCID: PMC11385096 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of CO2 with copper oxide clusters of different size, composition, and charge is investigated via infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Laser ablation of a copper target in the presence of an O2/He mixture leads to the preferred formation of oxygen-rich copper oxide cluster cations, CuxOy+ (y > x; x ≤ 8), while the anionic cluster distribution is dominated by stoichiometric (x = y) and oxygen-deficient (y < x; x ≤ 8) species. Subsequent reaction of the clusters with CO2 in a flow tube reactor results in the preferred formation of near-stoichiometric CuxOy(CO2)+/- complexes. IR-MPD spectroscopy of the formed complexes reveals the non-activated binding of CO2 to all cations while CO2 is activated by all anions. The great resemblance of spectra for all sizes investigated demonstrates that CO2 activation is largely independent of cluster size and Cu/O ratio but mainly determined by the cluster charge state. Comparison of the IR-MPD spectra with DFT calculations of the model systems Cu2O4(CO2)- and Cu3O4(CO2)- shows that CO2 activation exclusively results in the formation of a CO3 unit. Subsequent CO2 dissociation to CO appears to be unfavorable due to the instability of CO on the copper oxide clusters indicating that potential hydrogenation reactions will most likely proceed via formate or bicarbonate intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Mikolaj
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany.
| | - Barbara Zamora Yusti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegytem rkp. 3, Budapest-1111, Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegytem rkp. 3, Budapest-1111, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry research group, Műegytem rkp. 3, Budapest-1111, Hungary
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry research group, Műegytem rkp. 3, Budapest-1111, Hungary
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Nanomaterials Science Group, Késmárk utca 28/A, Budapest 1158, Hungary.
| | - Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany.
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2
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Armentrout PB, Lushchikova OV, Schuurman JL, Nooteboom S, Ghiassee M, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Early 4d Transition Metal Carbene Cations, ZrCH 2+ and NbCH 2. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6658-6667. [PMID: 39083656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
IR multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy is combined with quantum chemical calculations to examine the [M,C,2H]+ species for the early 4d metals, M = Zr and Nb. These ions were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with cyclopropane (c-C3H6) in a molecular beam apparatus. Both IRMPD spectra exhibit one major band near 700 cm-1 and a second weaker band at about twice that wavenumber, more evident when irradiated in focus. The [Nb,C,2H]+ species also has a sharp band at 800 cm-1. Comparison with B3LYP calculations allow assignment of the [M,C,2H]+ structures to agostic carbenes, which is similar to the structures found for the 5d analogues, WCH2+ and TaCH2+. A molecular orbital analysis traces the reasons for the agostic deformation from a classic C2v symmetric carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Schuurman
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Nooteboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ghiassee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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de Donato A, Ghejan BA, Bakker JM, Bernhardt TM, Bromley ST, Lang SM. Gas-Phase Production of Hydroxylated Silicon Oxide Cluster Cations: Structure, Infrared Spectroscopy, and Astronomical Relevance. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1154-1164. [PMID: 38919856 PMCID: PMC11194846 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of free cationic silicon oxide clusters, Si x O y + (x = 2-5, y ≥ x), with dilute water vapor, was investigated in a flow tube reactor. Product mass distributions indicate cluster size-dependent dissociative water adsorption. To probe the structure and vibrational spectra of the resulting Si x O y H2 + (x = 2-4) clusters, we employed infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The planar rhombic cluster core of the disilicon oxides (x = 2) appears to be retained upon dissociative adsorption of one H2O unit, whereas a significant structural transformation of the tri- and tetra-silicon oxides (x = 3 and 4) is induced, resulting in an increased coordination of the Si atoms and more 3D cluster structures. In an astronomical context, we discuss the potential relevance of Si x O y H z + clusters as seeds for dust nucleation and catalysts for carbon-based chemistry in diffuse or translucent interstellar clouds, where all the necessary conditions for producing these species are found. In the produced clusters, the frequency of the isolated silanol Si-OH stretching vibrational mode is considerably blue-shifted compared to that in hydroxylated bulk silica and small inorganic compounds. This mode has a characteristic frequency range between 1200 cm-1 (8.3 μm) and 1090 cm-1 (9.2 μm) and is associated with the anomalously small Si-OH bond lengths in these ionised species. In infrared observations such high frequency Si-O stretching modes are usually associated with a pure bulk silica component of silicate cosmic dust. The presence of Si x O y H2 + clusters in low silica astrophysical environments could thus potentially be detected via their signature Si-O band using the James Webb space telescope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu
A. de Donato
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacio-nal (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud
University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan T. Bromley
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacio-nal (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Bar-celona E-08010, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute
of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University
of Ulm, Ulm 89069, Germany
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Xu J, Li YK, Janssens E, Hou GL. Multifacets of Fullerene-Metal Clusters: From Fundamental to Application. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1670-1683. [PMID: 38654495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusBuckminsterfullerene, C60, was discovered through a prominent mass peak containing 60 atoms produced from laser vaporization of graphite, driven by Kroto's interest in understanding the formation mechanisms of carbon-containing molecules in space. Inspired by the geodesic dome-shaped architecture designed by Richard Buckminster Fuller, after whom the particle was named, C60 was found to have a football-shaped structure comprising 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. It sparked worldwide interest in understanding this new carbon allotrope, resulting in the awarding of the Noble Prize in Chemistry to Smalley, Kroto, and Curl in 1996.Intrinsically, C60 is an exceptional species because of its high stability and electron-accepting ability and its structural tunability by decorating or substituting either on its exterior surface or interior hollow cavity. For example, metal-decorated fullerene complexes have found important applications ranging from superconductivity, nanoscale electronic devices, and organic photovoltaic cells to catalysis and biomedicine. Compared to the large body of studies on atoms and molecules encapsulated by C60, studies on the exteriorly modified fullerenes, i.e., exohedral fullerenes, are scarcer. Surprisingly, to date, uncertainty exists about a fundamental question: what is the preferable exterior binding site of different kinds of single atoms on the C60 surface?In recent years, we have developed an experimental protocol to synthesize the desired fullerene-metal clusters and to record their infrared spectra via messenger-tagged infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy. With complementary quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we determined that the most probable binding site of a metal, specifically a vanadium cation, on C60 is above a pentagonal center in an η5 fashion. We explored the bonding nature between C60 and V+ and revealed that the high thermal stability of this cluster originates from large orbital and electrostatic interactions. Through comparing the measured infrared spectra of [C60-Metal]+ with the observational Spitzer data of several fullerene-rich planetary nebulae, we proposed that the complexes formed by fullerene and cosmically abundant metals, for example, iron, are promising carriers of astronomical unidentified spectroscopic features. This opens the door for a real consideration of Kroto's 30-year-old hypothesis that complexes involving cosmically abundant elements and C60 exhibit strong charge-transfer bands, similar to those of certain unidentified astrophysical spectroscopic features. We compiled a VibFullerene database and extracted a set of vibrational frequencies and intensities for fullerene derivatives to facilitate their potential detection by the James Webb Space Telescope. In addition, we showed that upon infrared irradiation C60V+ can efficiently catalyze water splitting to generate H2. This finding is attributed to the novel geometric-electronic effects of C60, acting as "hydrogen shuttle" and "electron sponge", which illustrates the important role of carbon-based supports in single-atom catalysts. Our work not only unveils the basic structures and bonding nature of fullerene-metal clusters but also elucidates their potential importance in astrophysics, astrochemistry, and catalysis, showing the multifaceted character of this class of clusters. More exciting and interesting aspects of the fullerene-metal clusters, such as ultrafast charge-transfer dynamics between fullerene and metal and their relevance to designing hybrid fullerene-metal junctions for electronic devices, are awaiting exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-Ke Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China
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5
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Cluster size dependent coordination of formate to free manganese oxide clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32166-32172. [PMID: 37986571 PMCID: PMC10686260 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of free manganese oxide clusters, MnxOy+ (x = 1-9, y = 0-12), with formic acid was studied via infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy together with calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Clusters containing only one Mn atom, such as MnO2+ and MnO4+, bind formic acid as an intact molecule in both the cis- and trans-configuration. In contrast, all clusters containing two or more manganese atoms deprotonate the acid's hydroxyl group. The coordination of the resulting formate group is strongly cluster-size-dependent according to supporting DFT calculations for selected model systems. For Mn2O2+ the co-existence of two isomers with the formate bound in a bidentate bridging and chelating configurations, respectively, is found, whereas for Mn2O4+ the bidentate chelating configuration is preferred. In contrast, the bidentate bridging structure is energetically considerably more favorable for Mn4O4+. This binding motif stabilizes the 2D ring structure of the core of the Mn4O4+ cluster with respect to the 3D cubic geometry of the Mn4O4+ cluster core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
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6
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Xu J, Bakker JM, Lushchikova OV, Lievens P, Janssens E, Hou GL. Pentagon, Hexagon, or Bridge? Identifying the Location of a Single Vanadium Cation on Buckminsterfullerene Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22243-22251. [PMID: 37757468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Buckminsterfullerene C60 has received extensive research interest since its discovery. In addition to its interesting intrinsic properties of exceptional stability and electron-accepting ability, the broad chemical tunability by decoration or substitution on the C60-fullerene surface makes it a fascinating molecule. However, to date, there is uncertainty about the binding location of such decorations on the C60 surface, even for a single adsorbed metal atom. In this work, we report the gas-phase synthesis of the C60V+ complex and its in situ characterization by mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy with the help of quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. We identify the most probable binding position of a vanadium cation on C60 above a pentagon center in an η5-fashion, demonstrate a high thermal stability for this complex, and explore the bonding nature between C60 and the vanadium cation, revealing that large orbital and electrostatic interactions lie at the origin of the stability of the η5-C60V+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Lievens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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7
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Yoon B, Landman U. Vibrational spectroscopy of free di-manganese oxide cluster complexes with di-hydrogen. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2192306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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9
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Pento A, Kuzmin I, Kozlovskiy V, Li L, Laptinskaya P, Simanovsky Y, Sartakov B, Nikiforov S. Laser-Induced Ion Formation and Electron Emission from a Nanostructured Gold Surface at Laser Fluence below the Threshold for Plasma Formation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:600. [PMID: 36770561 PMCID: PMC9919040 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The laser formation of positive and negative ions on a nanostructured metal surface is observed at laser fluence below the plasma formation threshold. The laser radiation energy dependences of the yield of positive and negative Au ions and charged clusters as well as electrons from the laser-induced nanostructures on the surface of gold are obtained at laser fluence below the plasma formation threshold using a pulsed laser with a wavelength of 355 nm and a pulse duration of 0.37 ns. It is shown that the ratio of the signals of positive and negative ions is constant over the entire range of the laser radiation energies, while the ion signal dependence on the laser radiation energy is described by a power function with an exponent of 9. The role of gold nanoparticles with a size of less than 5 nm in the formation of Au ions and charged Au clusters is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Pento
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kuzmin
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Kozlovskiy
- Chernogolovka Branch of the N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Polina Laptinskaya
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Simanovsky
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Sartakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikiforov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Lushchikova OV, Szalay M, Höltzl T, Bakker JM. Tuning the degree of CO 2 activation by carbon doping Cu n- ( n = 3-10) clusters: an IR spectroscopic study. Faraday Discuss 2023; 242:252-268. [PMID: 36325973 PMCID: PMC9890493 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Copper clusters on carbide surfaces have shown a high catalytic activity towards methanol formation. To understand the interaction between CO2 and the catalytically active sites during this process and the role that carbon atoms could play in this, they are modeled by copper clusters, with carbon atoms incorporated. The formed clusters CunCm- (n = 3-10, m = 1-2) are reacted with CO2 and investigated by IR multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy to probe the degree of CO2 activation. IR spectra for the reaction products [CunC·CO2]-, (n = 6-10), and [CunC2·CO2]-, (n = 3-8) are compared to reference spectra recorded for products formed when reacting the same cluster sizes with CO, and with density functional theory (DFT) calculated spectra. The results reveal a size- and carbon load-dependent activation and dissociation of CO2. The complexes [CunC·CO2]- with n = 6 and 10 show predominantly molecular activation of CO2, while those with n = 7-9 show only dissociative adsorption. The addition of the second carbon to the cluster leads to the exclusive molecular activation of the CO2 on all measured cluster sizes, except for Cu5C2- where CO2 dissociates. Combining these findings with DFT calculations leads us to speculate that at lower carbon-to-metal ratios (CMRs), the C can act as an oxygen anchor facilitating the OCO bond rupture, whereas at higher CMRs the carbon atoms increasingly attract negative charge, reducing the Cu cluster's ability to donate electron density to CO2, and consequently its ability to activate CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX LaboratoryToernooiveld 76525 ED NijmegenThe Netherlands,Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020 InnsbruckAustria
| | - Máté Szalay
- Furukawa Electric Institute of TechnologyKésmárk Utca 28/A1158 BudapestHungary
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University ofTechnology and EconomicsMuegyetem rkp. 3Budapest 1111Hungary,Furukawa Electric Institute of TechnologyKésmárk Utca 28/A1158 BudapestHungary
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX LaboratoryToernooiveld 76525 ED NijmegenThe Netherlands
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11
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Mariñoso Guiu J, Ghejan BA, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Lang SM, Bromley ST. Cluster Beam Study of (MgSiO 3) +-Based Monomeric Silicate Species and Their Interaction with Oxygen: Implications for Interstellar Astrochemistry. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2465-2470. [PMID: 36303718 PMCID: PMC9589904 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicates are ubiquitously found as small dust grains throughout the universe. These particles are frequently subject to high-energy processes and subsequent condensation in the interstellar medium (ISM), where they are broken up into many ultrasmall silicate fragments. These abundant molecular-sized silicates likely play an important role in astrochemistry. By approximately mimicking silicate dust grain processing occurring in the diffuse ISM by ablation/cooling of a Mg/Si source material in the presence of O2, we observed the creation of stable clusters based on discrete pyroxene monomers (MgSiO3 +), which traditionally have only been considered possible as constituents of bulk silicate materials. Our study suggests that such pyroxene monomer-based clusters could be highly abundant in the ISM from the processing of larger silicate dust grains. A detailed analysis, by infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reveals the structures and properties of these monomeric silicate species. We find that the clusters interact strongly with oxygen, with some stable cluster isomers having a silicate monomeric core bound to an ozone-like moiety. The general high tendency of these monomeric silicate species to strongly adsorb O2 molecules also suggests that they could be relevant to the observed and unexplained depletion of oxygen in the ISM. We further find clusters where a Mg atom is bound to the MgSiO3 monomer core. These species can be considered as the simplest initial step in monomer-initiated nucleation, indicating that small ionized pyroxenic clusters could also assist in the reformation of larger silicate dust grains in the ISM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mariñoso Guiu
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bianca-Andreea Ghejan
- Institute
of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm
University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute
of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm
University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. Lang
- Institute
of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm
University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan T. Bromley
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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German E, Hou GL, Vanbuel J, Bakker JM, Alonso JA, Janssens E, López MJ. Infrared spectra and structures of C60Rhn+ complexes. CARBON 2022; 197:535-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
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13
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Lushchikova OV, Reijmer S, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of Methane Adsorption on Copper Clusters Cu n+ ( n = 2-4). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1393-1400. [PMID: 35411768 PMCID: PMC9354255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CH4 with cationic copper clusters has been studied with infrared-multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Cun+ (n = 2-4) formed by laser ablation were reacted with CH4. The formed complexes were irradiated with the IR light of the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE), and the fragments were mass-analyzed with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The structures of the Cun+-CH4 complexes are assigned on the basis of comparison between the resulting IRMPD spectra to spectra of different isomers calculated with density functional theory (DFT). For all sizes n, the structure found is one with molecularly adsorbed CH4. Only slight deformations of the CH4 molecule have been identified upon adsorption on the clusters, which results in redshifts of the spectroscopic bands. This deformation can be explained by charge transfer from the cluster to the adsorbed methane molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Lushchikova
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Li M, Yang T, Bakker JM, Janssens E, Hou GL. Unveiling the role of C60-supported vanadium single atoms for catalytic overall water splitting. CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
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15
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Ferrari P, Delgado-Callico L, Lushchikova OV, Bejide M, Wensink FJ, Bakker JM, Baletto F, Janssens E. Bonding Nature between Noble Gases and Small Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4309-4314. [PMID: 35533018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Noble gases are usually seen as utterly inert, likewise gold, which is typically conceived as the noblest of all metals. While one may expect that noble gases bind to gold via dispersion interactions only, strong bonds can be formed between noble gas atoms and small gold clusters. We combine mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations to address the bonding nature between Aun+ (n ≤ 4) clusters and Ar, Kr, and Xe. We unambiguously determine the geometries and quantitatively uncover the bonding nature in AunNgm+ (Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe) complexes. Each Au cluster can form covalent bonds with atop bound noble gas atoms, with strengths that increase with the noble gas atomic radius. This is demonstrated by calculated adsorption energies, Bader electron charges, and analysis of the electron density. The covalent bonding character, however, is limited to the atop-coordinated Ng atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matias Bejide
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Baletto
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
- Department of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Janssen T, Davies CS, Gidding M, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Kirilyuk A. Cavity-dumping a single infrared pulse from a free-electron laser for two-color pump-probe experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:043007. [PMID: 35489940 DOI: 10.1063/5.0081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation in the mid- to far-infrared spectral range represents an indispensable tool for the study of numerous types of collective excitations in solids and molecules. Short and intense pulses in this terahertz spectral range are, however, difficult to obtain. While wide wavelength-tunability is easily provided by free-electron lasers, the energies of individual pulses are relatively moderate, on the order of microjoules. Here, we demonstrate a setup that uses cavity-dumping of a free-electron laser to provide single, picosecond-long pulses in the mid- to far-infrared frequency range. The duration of the Fourier-limited pulses can be varied by cavity detuning, and their energy was shown to exceed 100 µJ. Using the aforementioned infrared pulse as a pump, we have realized a two-color pump-probe setup facilitating single-shot time-resolved imaging of magnetization dynamics. We demonstrate the capabilities of the setup first on thermally induced demagnetization and magnetic switching of a GdFeCo thin film and second by showing a single-shot time-resolved detection of resonant phononic switching of the magnetization in a magnetic garnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Janssen
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C S Davies
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Gidding
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - V Chernyy
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Kirilyuk
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Lushchikova OV, Szalay M, Tahmasbi H, Juurlink LBF, Meyer J, Höltzl T, Bakker JM. IR spectroscopic characterization of the co-adsorption of CO 2 and H 2 onto cationic Cu n+ clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26661-26673. [PMID: 34709259 PMCID: PMC8653698 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To understand elementary reaction steps in the hydrogenation of CO2 over copper-based catalysts, we experimentally study the adsorption of CO2 and H2 onto cationic Cun+ clusters. For this, we react Cun+ clusters formed by laser ablation with a mixture of H2 and CO2 in a flow tube-type reaction channel and characterize the products formed by IR multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy employing the IR free-electron laser FELICE. We analyze the spectra by comparing them to literature spectra of Cun+ clusters reacted with H2 and with new spectra of Cun+ clusters reacted with CO2. The latter indicate that CO2 is physisorbed in an end-on configuration when reacted with the clusters alone. Although the spectra for the co-adsorption products evidence H2 dissociation, no signs for CO2 activation or reduction are observed. This lack of reactivity for CO2 is rationalized by density functional theory calculations, which indicate that CO2 dissociation is hindered by a large reaction barrier. CO2 reduction to formate should energetically be possible, but the lack of formate observation is attributed to kinetic hindering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Máté Szalay
- MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Hossein Tahmasbi
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ludo B F Juurlink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest 1111, Hungary
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Késmárk utca 28/A 1158, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Hansen K. DECAY DYNAMICS IN MOLECULAR BEAMS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:725-740. [PMID: 32362024 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of power law decays in molecular beams is reviewed. The transition from a canonical to a microcanonical description of the decay is analyzed, and the appearance of the power law decay derived. Deviations from a power law often contain information on parallel competing processes. This is illustrated with examples where thermal radiation or dark unimolecular channels are the competing processes. Also corrections to the power law due to finite heat capacities and from nonideal energy distributions are derived. Finally, the consequences for the interpretation of action spectroscopy data are reviewed. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klavs Hansen
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
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19
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Ferrari P, Delgado-Callico L, Lushchikova OV, Hou GL, Baletto F, Bakker JM, Janssens E. The size-dependent influence of palladium doping on the structures of cationic gold clusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6197-6205. [PMID: 34765870 PMCID: PMC8548875 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of small metal clusters strongly depend on their precise geometry. Determining such geometries, however, is challenging, particularly for clusters formed by multiple elements. In this work, we combine infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to investigate the lowest-energy structures of Pd doped gold clusters, PdAu n-1 + (n ≤ 10). The high-quality experimental spectra allow for an unambiguous determination of the structures adopted by the clusters. Our results show that the Pd-Au interaction is so large that the structures of PdAu n-1 + and Au n + are very different. Pd doping induces a 2D to 3D transition at much smaller cluster sizes than for pure Au n + clusters. PdAu n-1 + clusters are three-dimensional from n = 4, whereas for Au n + this transition only takes place at n = 7. Despite the strong Au-Pd interaction, the Au n-1 + cluster geometries remain recognizable in PdAu n-1 + up to n = 7. This is particularly clear for PdAu6 +. In PdAu8 + and PdAu9 +, Pd triggers major rearrangements of the Au clusters, which adopt pyramidal shapes. For PdAu4 + we find a geometry that was not considered in previous studies, and the geometry found for PdAu8 + does not correspond to the lowest-energy structure predicted by DFT, suggesting kinetic trapping during formation. This work demonstrates that even with the continuous improvement of computational methods, unambiguous assignment of cluster geometries still requires a synergistic approach, combining experiment and computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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20
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Yamaguchi M, Zhang Y, Lushchikova OV, Bakker JM, Mafuné F. Structures of Nitrogen Oxides Attached to Anionic Gold Clusters Au 4- Revealed by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9040-9047. [PMID: 34636578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption forms of NO and NO2 on anionic Au4- clusters were investigated by a combination of IR multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For all three species investigated (Au4NO-, Au4N2O2-, and Au4NO2-), the spectra were found to be consistent with a Y-shaped Au4- cluster with triangular Au3 and one Au atom sticking out, on which NO and NO2 molecules adsorb molecularly. These species are considered as intermediates of the Au4--mediated disproportionation reaction of NO, Au4(NO)3- → Au4(NO2)(N2O)-. We discuss the reaction path on the basis of the found geometries and energies and conclude that the disproportionation reaction of NO can occur catalytically on the Au4- cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamaguchi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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21
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Cluster Size Dependent Interaction of Free Manganese Oxide Clusters with Acetic Acid and Methyl Acetate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4435-4445. [PMID: 33988993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have employed infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the interaction of series of subnanometer sized manganese oxide clusters, MnxOy+ (x = 1-6, y = 0-9) with acetic acid (HOAc) and methyl acetate (MeOAc). Reaction with HOAc leads to strongly cluster size and composition dependent IR-MPD spectra, indicating molecular adsorption on MnOx+ clusters and thermodynamically favorable but kinetically hampered HOAc dissociation (deprotonation) on Mn2O4+ and Mn3O5+. Other cluster sizes exhibit the preferred formation of a dissociative bidentate chelating structure. In contrast to HOAc, all clusters bind MeOAc via the carbonyl group as an intact molecule, and dissociation appears to be kinetically hindered under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
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22
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Lushchikova OV, Tahmasbi H, Reijmer S, Platte R, Meyer J, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of H 2 Adsorption on Cationic Cu n+ ( n = 4-7) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2836-2848. [PMID: 33787276 PMCID: PMC8054246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
IR spectra of cationic
copper clusters Cun+ (n = 4–7) complexed with hydrogen molecules are recorded
via IR multiple-photon
dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. To this end, the copper clusters
are generated via laser ablation and reacted with H2 and
D2 in a flow-tube-type reaction channel. The complexes
formed are irradiated using IR light provided by the free-electron
laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE). The spectra are interpreted
by making use of isotope-induced shifts of the vibrational bands and
by comparing them to density functional theory calculated spectra
for candidate structures. The structural candidates have been obtained
from global sampling with the minima hopping method, and spectra are
calculated at the semilocal (PBE) and hybrid (PBE0) functional level.
The highest-quality spectra have been recorded for [5Cu, 2H/2D]+, and we find that the semilocal functional provides better
agreement for the lowest-energy isomers. The interaction of hydrogen
with the copper clusters strongly depends on their size. Binding energies
are largest for Cu5+, which goes hand in hand
with the observed predominantly dissociative adsorption. Due to smaller
binding energies for dissociated H2 and D2 for
Cu4+, also a significant amount of molecular
adsorption is observed as to be expected according to the Evans–Polanyi
principle. This is confirmed by transition-state calculations for
Cu4+ and Cu5+, which show
that hydrogen dissociation is not hindered by an endothermic reaction
barrier for Cu5+ and by a slightly endothermic
barrier for Cu4+. For Cu6+ and Cu7+, it was difficult to draw clear conclusions
because the IR spectra could not be unambiguously assigned to structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Tahmasbi
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Platte
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Benchmarking density functional theory methods for modelling cationic metal–argon complexes. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Wiersma SD, Candian A, Bakker JM, Berden G, Eyler JR, Oomens J, Tielens AGGM, Petrignani A. IR photofragmentation of the phenyl cation: spectroscopy and fragmentation pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4334-4343. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the gas-phase infrared spectra of the phenyl cation, phenylium, in its perprotio (C6H5+) and perdeutero (C6D5+) forms, in the 260–1925 cm−1 (5.2–38 μm) spectral range, and investigate the observed photofragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Wiersma
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Radboud University
| | - Alessandra Candian
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - John R. Eyler
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke Petrignani
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory
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25
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbide Dihydrides: Carbonaceous Species Identified in Ta 4 + -Mediated Methane Dehydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23631-23635. [PMID: 32966698 PMCID: PMC7814672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The products of methane dehydrogenation by gas‐phase Ta4+ clusters are structurally characterized using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. The obtained spectra of [4Ta,C,2H]+ reveal a dominance of vibrational bands of a H2Ta4C+ carbide dihydride structure over those indicative for a HTa4CH+ carbyne hydride one, as is unambiguously verified by studies employing various methane isotopologues. Because methane dehydrogenation by metal cations M+ typically leads to the formation of either MCH2+ carbene or HMCH+ carbyne hydride structures, the observation of a H2MC+ carbide dihydride structure implies that it is imperative to consider this often‐neglected class of carbonaceous intermediates in the reaction of metals with hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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26
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbid‐Dihydride: kohlenstoffhaltige Spezies identifiziert in der Ta
4
+
‐vermittelten Methandehydrierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Frank J. Wensink
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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27
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Energetic Stabilization of Carboxylic Acid Conformers by Manganese Atoms and Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4990-4997. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
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Ferrari P, Hou GL, Lushchikova OV, Calvo F, Bakker JM, Janssens E. The structures of cationic gold clusters probed by far-infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11572-11577. [PMID: 32400803 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Determining the precise structures of small gold clusters is an essential step towards understanding their chemical and physical properties. Due to the relativistic nature of gold, its clusters remain planar (2D) up to appreciable sizes. Ion mobility experiments have suggested that positively charged gold clusters adopt three-dimensional (3D) structures from n = 8 onward. Computations predict, depending on the level of theory, 2D or 3D structures as putative energy-minimum for n = 8. In this work, far-infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy, using Ar as tagging element, is combined with density-functional theory calculations to determine the structures of Aun+ (n≤ 9) clusters formed by laser ablation. While the Au frameworks in Au6Arm+ and Au7Arm+ complexes are confirmed to be planar and that in Au9Arm+ three-dimensional, we demonstrate the coexistence of 3D and planar Au8Arm+ (m = 1-3) isomers. Thus, it is revealed that at finite temperatures, the formal 2D to 3D transition takes place at n = 8 but is not sharp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Solid-State Physics, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Zimmermann N, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U, Lang SM. Infrared Spectroscopy of Gas-Phase Mn xO y(CO 2) z+ Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1561-1566. [PMID: 31994885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of manganese oxide clusters MnxOy+ (x = 2-5, y ≥ x) with CO2 is studied via infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy (IR-MPD) in the spectral region of 630-1860 cm-1. Along with vibrational modes of the manganese oxide cluster core, two bands are observed around 1200-1450 cm-1 and they are assigned to the characteristic Fermi resonance of CO2 arising from anharmonic coupling between the symmetric stretch vibration and the overtone of the bending mode. The spectral position of the lower frequency band depends on the cluster size and the number of adsorbed CO2 molecules, whereas the higher frequency band is largely unaffected. Despite these effects, the observation of the Fermi dyad indicates only a small perturbation of the CO2 molecule. This finding is confirmed by the theoretical investigation of Mn2O2(CO2)+ revealing only small orbital mixing between the dimanganese oxide cluster and CO2, indicative of mainly electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zimmermann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University , Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0430 , United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0430 , United States
| | - Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm , Germany
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Zimmermann N, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Landman U, Lang SM. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of di-manganese oxide cluster cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23922-23930. [PMID: 31661104 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to elucidate the geometric structure of a series of di-manganese oxide clusters Mn2Ox+ (x = 4-7). The theoretical exploration predicts that all investigated clusters contain a rhombus-like Mn2O2 core with up to four, terminally bound, oxygen atoms. The short Mn-O bond length of the terminal oxygen atoms of ≤1.58 Å indicates triple bond character instead of oxyl radical formation. However, the IR-MPD spectra reveal that higher energy isomers with up to two O2 molecules η2-coordinated to the cluster core can be kinetically trapped under the given experimental conditions. In these complexes, all O2 units are activated to superoxide species. In addition, the sequential increase of the oxygen content in the cluster allows for a controlled increase of the positive charge localized on the Mn atoms reaching a maximum for Mn2O7+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zimmermann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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31
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Cremers T, Chefdeville S, Bakker JM, Leo Meerts W, van de Meerakker SYT. Direct excitation of the spin-orbit forbidden X2π 3/2 ← X2π 1/2 transition in NO using the intra-cavity free electron laser FELICE. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1589008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Cremers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simon Chefdeville
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - W. Leo Meerts
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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32
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Armentrout PB, Stevenson BC, Yang F, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopy of Gold Carbene Cation (AuCH 2+): Covalent or Dative Bonding? J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8932-8941. [PMID: 31542925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work explores the structure of the gold carbene cation, AuCH2+, using infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Unlike several other 5d transition-metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Os+, Ir+, and Pt+) that react with methane by dehydrogenation to form MCH2+ species, gold cations are unreactive with methane at thermal energies. Instead, the metal carbene is formed by reacting atomic gold cations formed in a laser ablation source with ethylene oxide (cC2H4O) pulsed into a reaction channel downstream. The resulting [Au,C,2H]+ product photofragmented by loss of H2 as induced by radiation provided by the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Comparison of the experimental spectrum, obtained by monitoring the appearance of AuC+, and DFT calculated spectra leads to the identification of the ground-state carbene, AuCH2+ (1A1), as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Unlike the covalent double bonds formed by the lighter, open-shell 5d transition metals, the closed-shell Au+ (1S, 5d10) atom binds to methylene by donation of a pair of electrons from CH2(1A1) into the empty 6s orbital of gold coupled with π back-bonding, i.e., dative bonding, as explored computationally. Contributions to the AuC+ appearance spectrum from larger complexes are also considered, and H2CAu+(c-C2H4O) seems likely to contribute one band observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Brandon C Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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33
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Yoon B, Landman U. Co-adsorption of O 2 and C 2H 4 on a Free Gold Dimer Probed via Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1895-1905. [PMID: 31300975 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations has been employed to study the activation of molecular oxygen and ethylene co-adsorbed on a free gold dimer cation Au2+. Both studied complexes, Au2O2(C2H4)+ and Au2O2(C2H4)2+, show distinct features of both intact O2 and ethylene co-adsorbed on the cluster. However, the ethylene C=C double bond is activated, increasing in length by up to 0.07 Å compared with the free molecule, and the red shift of the O-O vibration frequency increases with the number of adsorbed ethylene molecules, indicating a small but increasing activation of the O-O bond. The small O2 activation and the rather weak interaction between O2 and C2H4 are also reflected in the calculated electronic structure of the co-adsorption complexes which shows only a small occupation of the empty anti-bonding O2 2π*2p orbital as well as the localization of most of the Kohn-Sham orbitals on O2 and C2H4, respectively, with only limited mixing between O2 and C2H4 orbitals. The results are compared with theoretical studies on neutral AuxO2(C2H4) (x = 3, 5, 7, 9) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA.
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Yoon B, Landman U. Methanol C–O Bond Activation by Free Gold Clusters Probed via Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy. Z PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2018-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The activation of methanol (CD3OD and CD3OH) by small cationic gold clusters has been investigated via infrared multiphoton dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy in the 615–1760 cm−1 frequency range. The C–O stretch mode around 925 cm−1 and a coupled CD3 deformation/C–O stretch mode around 1085 cm−1 are identified to be sensitive to the interaction between methanol and the gold clusters, whereas all other modes in the investigated spectral region remain unaffected. Based on the spectral shift of these modes, the largest C–O bond activation is observed for the mono-gold Au(CD3OD)+ cluster. This activation decreases with increasing the cluster size (number of gold atoms) and the number of adsorbed methanol molecules. Supporting density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the C–O bond activation is caused by a methanol to gold charge donation, whereas the C–D and O–D bonds are not significantly activated by this process. The results are discussed with respect to previous experimental and theoretical investigations of neutral and cationic gold-methanol complexes focusing on the C–O stretch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332-0430, USA
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Bokwon Yoon
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332-0430, USA
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Bakker JM, Yoon B, Landman U. The interaction of ethylene with free gold cluster cations: infrared photodissociation spectroscopy combined with electronic and vibrational structure calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:504001. [PMID: 30465551 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaeafd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ethylene with free gold clusters of different sizes and charge states has been previously shown theoretically to involve two different adsorption modes of the C2H4 molecule, namely: the di-σ- and π-bonded ethylene adsorption configurations. Here, we present the first experimental investigation of the structure of a series of gas-phase gold-ethylene complexes, [Formula: see text]. By employing infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy in conjunction with first-principles calculations it is revealed that up to three C2H4 molecules preferably bind to gold cations in a π-bonded configuration. The binding of all ethylene molecules is found to be dominated by partial electron donation from the ethylene molecules to the gold clusters leading to an activation of the C-C bond. The cooperative action of multiple coadsorbed C2H4 on [Formula: see text] is shown to enable additional charge back-donation and an enhanced C-C bond activation. In contrast, the strong C-H bond is not weakened and the experimental spectra do not give any indication for C-H bond dissociation. The possible correlations of the C-C bond stretch vibration with the C-C bond length and the net charge transfer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany. School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, United States of America
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36
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Bakker JM, Jalink J, Dieleman D, Kirilyuk A. Structural determination of neutral Co n clusters (n = 4-10,13) through IR-UV two-color vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:494003. [PMID: 30451159 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaebf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We recorded IR spectra for neutral cobalt clusters via two-color IR-UV ionization, using the Free Electron Laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE). Well-resolved IR spectra are presented for [Formula: see text] (n = 4-10, 13) and analyzed with the help of Density Functional Theory calculations using two different correlation exchange functionals: the revisited Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria (revTPSS) and the frequently used Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) approaches. Although we have not performed an extensive structure search, we tentatively assign the spectra for all cluster sizes except for n = 7, and n = 10. We find that neither of the two functionals chosen clearly outperforms the other in predicting IR spectra, and that relatively low scaling factors of 0.82 (PBE) and 0.8 (revTPSS) are required. In contrast to the magnetic moments, the calculated electric dipole moments fluctuate strongly as a function of cluster size and could therefore be used as an indirect probe to the cluster structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Armentrout PB, Kuijpers SEJ, Lushchikova OV, Hightower RL, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Spectroscopic Identification of the Carbyne Hydride Structure of the Dehydrogenation Product of Methane Activation by Osmium Cations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1781-1790. [PMID: 29633220 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work explores the structures of species formed by dehydrogenation of methane (CH4) and perdeuterated methane (CD4) by the 5d transition metal cation osmium (Os+). Using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT), the structures of the [Os,C,2H]+ and [Os,C,2D]+ products are explored. This study complements previous work on the related species formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four other 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Osmium cations are formed in a laser ablation source, react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the Free-Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE) in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of H2/D2. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to identification of the ground state carbyne hydride, HOsCH+ (2A') as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Further, a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy, is achieved. A full rotational contour analysis explains the observed linewidths as well as the observation of doublet structures in several bands, consistent with previous observations for HIrCH+ (2A'). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stach E J Kuijpers
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Hightower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Owen CJ, Boles GC, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. Structures of the dehydrogenation products of methane activation by 5d transition metal cations revisited: Deuterium labeling and rotational contours. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044307. [PMID: 29390852 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) study explored the structures of the [M,C,2H]+ products formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four, gas-phase 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Complicating the analysis of these spectra for Ir and Pt was observation of an extra band in both spectra, not readily identified as a fundamental vibration. In an attempt to validate the assignment of these additional peaks, the present work examines the gas phase [M,C,2D]+ products of the same four metal ions formed by reaction with perdeuterated methane (CD4). As before, metal cations are formed in a laser ablation source and react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products are spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 350-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of D for [Ta,C,2D]+ and [W,C,2D]+ and of D2 in the case of [Pt,C,2D]+ and [Ir,C,2D]+. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to structural assignments for all [M,C,2H/2D]+ systems that are consistent with previous identifications and allows a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy. Further, full rotational contours are simulated for each vibrational band and explain several observations in the present spectra, such as doublet structures in several bands as well as the observed linewidths. The prominent extra bands in the [Pt,C,2D/2H]+ spectra appear to be most consistent with an overtone of the out-of-plane bending vibration of the metal carbene cation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C−H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C-H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13406-13410. [PMID: 28869784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methane represents the major constituent of natural gas. It is primarily used only as a source of energy by means of combustion, but could also serve as an abundant hydrocarbon feedstock for high quality chemicals. One of the major challenges in catalysis research nowadays is therefore the development of materials that selectively cleave one of the four C-H bonds of methane and thus make it amenable for further chemical conversion into valuable compounds. By employing infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations it is uncovered herein that the interaction of methane with small gold cluster cations leads to selective C-H bond dissociation and the formation of hydrido methyl complexes, H-Aux+ -CH3 . The distinctive selectivity offered by these gold clusters originates from a fine interplay between the closed-shell nature of the d states and relativistic effects in gold. Such fine balance in fundamental interactions could prove to be a tunable feature in the rational design of a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
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42
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Chernyy V, Logemann R, Bakker JM, Kirilyuk A. Determination of the geometric structure of neutral niobium carbide clusters via infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Chernyy
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Logemann
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Kirilyuk
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wheeler OW, Salem M, Gao A, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. Activation of C-H Bonds in Pt(+) + x CH4 Reactions, where x = 1-4: Identification of the Platinum Dimethyl Cation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6216-27. [PMID: 27438025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of C-H bonds in the sequential reactions of Pt(+) + x(CH4/CD4), where x = 1-4, have been investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Pt(+) cations are formed by laser ablation and exposed to controlled amounts of CH4/CD4 leading to [Pt,xC,(4x-2)H/D](+) dehydrogenation products. Irradiation of these products in the 400-2100 cm(-1) range leads to CH4/CD4 loss from the x = 3 and 4 products, whereas PtCH2(+)/PtCD2(+) products do not decompose at all, and x = 2 products dissociate only when formed from a higher order product. The structures of these complexes were explored theoretically at several levels of theory with three different basis sets. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical results indicate that the species formed have a Pt(CH3)2(+)(CH4)x-2/Pt(CD3)2(+)(CD4)x-2 binding motif for x = 2-4. Thus, reaction of Pt(+) with methane occurs by C-H bond activation to form PtCH2(+), which reacts with an additional methane molecule by C-H bond activation to form the platinum dimethyl cation. This proposed reaction mechanism is consistent with theoretical explorations of the potential energy surface for reactions of Pt(+) with one and two methane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Michelle Salem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Amanda Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Armentrout PB. Methane Activation by 5 d Transition Metals: Energetics, Mechanisms, and Periodic Trends. Chemistry 2016; 23:10-18. [PMID: 27466065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been known for almost three decades that several 5d transition-metal cations will activate methane at room temperature, a more detailed examination of these reactions across the periodic table has only recently been completed. In this Minireview, we compare and contrast studies of the kinetic energy dependence of these reactions as studied using guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometry. Thermochemistry for the various products observed (MH+ , MH2+ , MC+ , MCH+ , MCH2+ , and MCH3+ ) are collected and periodic trends evaluated and discussed. The mechanisms for the reactions as elucidated by synergistic quantum chemical calculations are also reviewed. Recent spectroscopic evidence for the structures of the MCH2+ dehydrogenation products are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Chernyy V, Logemann R, Bakker JM, Kirilyuk A. The repopulation of electronic states upon vibrational excitation of niobium carbide clusters. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:024313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4955198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Chernyy
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Logemann
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Kirilyuk
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jalink J, Bakker JM, Rasing T, Kirilyuk A. Channeling Vibrational Energy To Probe the Electronic Density of States in Metal Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:750-754. [PMID: 26262498 DOI: 10.1021/jz502669s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic density of states (DOS) of isolated neutral cobalt clusters by probing the temperature-modulated population of electronic states through UV photoionization. The temperature is controlled via resonant excitation of lattice vibrations using the free-electron laser FELICE, after which the vibrational and electronic systems equilibrate through the electron-phonon coupling, redistributing the population of electronic states. The data are analyzed by surface photoemission theory, modified to incorporate the realistic DOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Jalink
- †Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- ‡Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rasing
- †Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andrei Kirilyuk
- †Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Lapoutre VJF, Haertelt M, Meijer G, Fielicke A, Bakker JM. Communication: IR spectroscopy of neutral transition metal clusters through thermionic emission. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:121101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4822324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Lapoutre VJF, Redlich B, van der Meer AFG, Oomens J, Bakker JM, Sweeney A, Mookherjee A, Armentrout PB. Structures of the dehydrogenation products of methane activation by 5d transition metal cations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4115-26. [PMID: 23586839 DOI: 10.1021/jp400305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The activation of methane by gas-phase transition metal cations (M(+)) has been studied extensively, both experimentally and using density functional theory (DFT). Methane is exothermically dehydrogenated by several 5d metal ions to form [M,C,2H](+) and H2. However, the structure of the dehydrogenation product has not been established unambiguously. Two types of structures have been considered: a carbene structure where an intact CH2 fragment is bound to the metal (M(+)-CH2) and a carbyne (hydrido-methylidyne) structure with both a CH and a hydrogen bound to the metal separately (H-M(+)-CH). For metal ions with empty d-orbitals, an agostic interaction can occur that could influence the competition between carbene and carbyne structures. In this work, the gas phase [M,C,2H](+) (M = Ta, W, Ir, Pt) products are investigated by infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy using the Free-Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE). Metal cations are formed in a laser ablation source and react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream. IR-MPD spectra of the [M,C,2H](+) species are measured in the 300-3500 cm(-1) spectral range by monitoring the loss of H (2H in the case of [Ir,C,2H](+)). For each system, the experimental spectrum closely resembles the calculated spectrum of the lowest energy structure calculated using DFT: for Pt, a classic C(2v) carbene structure; for Ta and W, carbene structures that are distorted by agostic interactions; and a carbyne structure for the Ir complex. The Ir carbyne structure was not considered previously. To obtain this agreement, the calculated harmonic frequencies are scaled with a scaling factor of 0.939, which is fairly low and can be attributed to the strong redshift induced by the IR multiple-photon excitation process of these small molecules. These four-atomic species are among the smallest systems studied by IR-FEL based IR-MPD spectroscopy, and their spectra demonstrate the power of IR spectroscopy in resolving long-standing chemical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J F Lapoutre
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Cauchy C, Bakker JM, Huismans Y, Rouzée A, Redlich B, van der Meer AFG, Bordas C, Vrakking MJJ, Lépine F. Single-size thermometric measurements on a size distribution of neutral fullerenes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:193401. [PMID: 23705704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.193401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the velocity distribution of electrons emitted from mass-selected neutral fullerenes, performed at the intracavity free electron laser FELICE. We make use of mass-specific vibrational resonances in the infrared domain to selectively heat up one out of a distribution of several fullerene species. Efficient energy redistribution leads to decay via thermionic emission. Time-resolved electron kinetic energy distributions measured give information on the decay rate of the selected fullerene. This method is generally applicable to all neutral species that exhibit thermionic emission and provides a unique tool to study the stability of mass-selected neutral clusters and molecules that are only available as part of a size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cauchy
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5306, 10 rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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50
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Qian DB, Ma X, Chen Z, Zhang DC, Zhang SF, Li B, Zhu XL, Liu HP, Wen WQ. Determining excitation temperature of fragmented C60via momentum distributions of fragments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3328-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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