1
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Myers CA, Miyazaki K, Trepl T, Isborn CM, Ananth N. GPU-accelerated on-the-fly nonadiabatic semiclassical dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:084114. [PMID: 39193942 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
GPU-accelerated on-the-fly nonadiabatic dynamics is enabled by interfacing the linearized semiclassical dynamics approach with the TeraChem electronic structure program. We describe the computational workflow of the "PySCES" code interface, a Python code for semiclassical dynamics with on-the-fly electronic structure, including parallelization over multiple GPU nodes. We showcase the abilities of this code and present timings for two benchmark systems: fulvene solvated in acetonitrile and a charge transfer system in which a photoexcited zinc-phthalocyanine donor transfers charge to a fullerene acceptor through multiple electronic states on an ultrafast timescale. Our implementation paves the way for an efficient semiclassical approach to model the nonadiabatic excited state dynamics of complex molecules, materials, and condensed phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Ken Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Trepl
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christine M Isborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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2
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Curchod BFE, Orr-Ewing AJ. Perspective on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6613-6635. [PMID: 39021090 PMCID: PMC11331530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Research that explores the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere is central to the current understanding of global challenges such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and poor air quality in urban areas. This research is a synergistic combination of three established domains: earth observation, for example, using satellites, and in situ field measurements; computer modeling of the atmosphere and its chemistry; and laboratory measurements of the properties and reactivity of gas-phase molecules and aerosol particles. The complexity of the interconnected chemical and photochemical reactions which determine the composition of the atmosphere challenges the capacity of laboratory studies to provide the spectroscopic, photochemical, and kinetic data required for computer models. Here, we consider whether predictions from computational chemistry using modern electronic structure theory and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are becoming sufficiently accurate to supplement quantitative laboratory data for wavelength-dependent absorption cross-sections, photochemical quantum yields, and reaction rate coefficients. Drawing on presentations and discussions from the CECAM workshop on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry held in March 2024, we describe key concepts in the theory of photochemistry, survey the state-of-the-art in computational photochemistry methods, and compare their capabilities with modern experimental laboratory techniques. From such considerations, we offer a perspective on the scope of computational (photo)chemistry methods based on rigorous electronic structure theory to become a fourth core domain of research in atmospheric chemistry.
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3
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Mehmood A, Silfies MC, Durden AS, Allison TK, Levine BG. Simulating ultrafast transient absorption spectra from first principles using a time-dependent configuration interaction probe. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:044107. [PMID: 39041880 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) is among the most common ultrafast photochemical experiments, but its interpretation remains challenging. In this work, we present an efficient and robust method for simulating TAS signals from first principles. Excited-state absorption and stimulated emission (SE) signals are computed using time-dependent complete active space configuration interaction (TD-CASCI) simulations, leveraging the robustness of time-domain simulation to minimize electronic structure failure. We demonstrate our approach by simulating the TAS signal of 1'-hydroxy-2'-acetonapthone (HAN) from ab initio multiple spawning nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Our results are compared to gas-phase TAS data recorded from both jet-cooled (T ∼ 40 K) and hot (∼403 K) molecules via cavity-enhanced TAS (CE-TAS). Decomposition of the computed spectrum allows us to assign a rise in the SE signal to excited-state proton transfer and the ultimate decay of the signal to relaxation through a twisted conical intersection. The total cost of computing the observable signal (∼1700 graphics processing unit hours for ∼4 ns of electron dynamics) was markedly less than that of performing the ab initio multiple spawning calculations used to compute the underlying nonadiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Myles C Silfies
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Andrew S Durden
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Thomas K Allison
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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4
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Nunes JPF, Williams M, Yang J, Wolf TJA, Rankine CD, Parrish R, Moore B, Wilkin K, Shen X, Lin MF, Hegazy K, Li R, Weathersby S, Martinez TJ, Wang XJ, Centurion M. Photo-induced structural dynamics of o-nitrophenol by ultrafast electron diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17991-17998. [PMID: 38764355 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The photo-induced dynamics of o-nitrophenol, particularly its photolysis, has garnered significant scientific interest as a potential source of nitrous acid in the atmosphere. Although the photolysis products and preceding photo-induced electronic structure dynamics have been investigated extensively, the nuclear dynamics accompanying the non-radiative relaxation of o-nitrophenol on the ultrafast timescale, which include an intramolecular proton transfer step, have not been experimentally resolved. Herein, we present a direct observation of the ultrafast nuclear motions mediating photo-relaxation using ultrafast electron diffraction. This work spatiotemporally resolves the loss of planarity which enables access to a conical intersection between the first excited state and the ground state after the proton transfer step, on the femtosecond timescale and with sub-Angstrom resolution. Our observations, supported by ab initio multiple spawning simulations, provide new insights into the proton transfer mediated relaxation mechanism in o-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P F Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
| | - M Williams
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - J Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - T J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - C D Rankine
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - R Parrish
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - B Moore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
| | - K Wilkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - K Hegazy
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - R Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - S Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - T J Martinez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
- Physics Department, Universität Duisburg Essen, 47052 Duisburg, Research Center Chemical Sciences and Sustainability, Research Alliance Ruhr, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Physics Department, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Research Center Chemical Sciences and Sustainability, Research Alliance Ruhr, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
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5
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Choudhury A, Santra S, Ghosh D. Understanding the Photoprocesses in Biological Systems: Need for Accurate Multireference Treatment. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4951-4964. [PMID: 38864715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction is crucial to life itself and revolves around many of the central processes in biology. The need for understanding these photochemical and photophysical processes cannot be overemphasized. Interaction of light with biological systems starts with the absorption of light and subsequent phenomena that occur in the excited states of the system. However, excited states are typically difficult to understand within the mean field approximation of quantum chemical methods. Therefore, suitable multireference methods and methodologies have been developed to understand these phenomena. In this Perspective, we will describe a few methods and methodologies suitable for these descriptions and discuss some persisting difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Choudhury
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supriyo Santra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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6
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Suchan J, Liang F, Durden AS, Levine BG. Prediction challenge: First principles simulation of the ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum of cyclobutanone. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134310. [PMID: 38573851 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Computer simulation has long been an essential partner of ultrafast experiments, allowing the assignment of microscopic mechanistic detail to low-dimensional spectroscopic data. However, the ability of theory to make a priori predictions of ultrafast experimental results is relatively untested. Herein, as a part of a community challenge, we attempt to predict the signal of an upcoming ultrafast photochemical experiment using state-of-the-art theory in the context of preexisting experimental data. Specifically, we employ ab initio Ehrenfest with collapse to a block mixed quantum-classical simulations to describe the real-time evolution of the electrons and nuclei of cyclobutanone following excitation to the 3s Rydberg state. The gas-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (GUED) signal is simulated for direct comparison to an upcoming experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory. Following initial ring-opening, dissociation via two distinct channels is observed: the C3 dissociation channel, producing cyclopropane and CO, and the C2 channel, producing CH2CO and C2H4. Direct calculations of the GUED signal indicate how the ring-opened intermediate, the C2 products, and the C3 products can be discriminated in the GUED signal. We also report an a priori analysis of anticipated errors in our predictions: without knowledge of the experimental result, which features of the spectrum do we feel confident we have predicted correctly, and which might we have wrong?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Fangchun Liang
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Andrew S Durden
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Morreale D, Persico M. Topology of Conical Intersection Seams and the Geometric Phase. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1707-1714. [PMID: 38408203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate two topological properties of crossing seams, that is, the sets of points in the N-dimensional space of nuclear coordinates where two electronic eigenstates are degenerate. We shall examine the typical case of states of the same spin with accidental degeneracies, whereby the crossing seam is of dimension N - 2. The first property we demonstrate is that a crossing seam has no boundary, therefore, it must either extend asymptotically to infinite values of one or more coordinates or wrap on itself. The second property is that two (or more) crossing seams can intersect each other but in such a way that neither of them ends at the intersection. When N = 3, the crossing seam is a line in a 3D space; this is so in triatomic molecules but also in reduced dimensionality treatments of larger polyatomics. The above-mentioned rules then mean that the crossing seam is a line of infinite length or a closed loop and can split into three branches but not in two. The example of the first two excited 1A' states of H2Cl+ illustrates these rules and shows their usefulness for computational search and characterization of crossing seams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morreale
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, v. G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, v. G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56126, Italy
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8
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Rivero Santamaría A, Piris M. Time evolution of natural orbitals in ab initio molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:071102. [PMID: 38364005 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This work combines for the first time ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation with a global natural orbital functional (GNOF), an approximate functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. The most prominent feature of GNOF-AIMD is its ability to display the real-time evolution of natural orbitals, providing detailed information on the time-dependent electronic structure of complex systems and processes, including reactive collisions. The quartet ground-state reaction N(4S) + H2(1Σ) → NH(3Σ) + H(2S) is taken as a validation test. Collision energy influences on integral cross sections for different initial rovibrational states of H2 and rotational-state distributions of the NH product are discussed, showing a good agreement with previous high-quality theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Piris
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain; Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), PK 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain; and Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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9
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Rana B, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Simulating the Excited-State Dynamics of Polaritons with Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:139-151. [PMID: 38110364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in polaritonic chemistry, where the formation of hybrid light-matter states (polaritons) can alter the course of photochemical reactions. These hybrid states are created by strong coupling between molecules and photons in resonant optical cavities and can even occur in the absence of light when the molecule is strongly coupled with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum field. We present a first-principles model to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics of such polaritonic states inside optical cavities by leveraging graphical processing units (GPUs). Our first implementation of this model is specialized for a single molecule coupled to a single-photon mode confined inside the optical cavity but with any number of excited states computed using complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) and a Jaynes-Cummings-type Hamiltonian. Using this model, we have simulated the excited-state dynamics of a single salicylideneaniline (SA) molecule strongly coupled to a cavity photon with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method. We demonstrate how the branching ratios of the photodeactivation pathways for this molecule can be manipulated by coupling to the cavity. We also show how one can stop the photoreaction from happening inside of an optical cavity. Finally, we also investigate cavity-based control of the ordering of two excited states (one optically bright and the other optically dark) inside a cavity for a set of molecules, where the dark and bright states are close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Janoš J, Slavíček P. What Controls the Quality of Photodynamical Simulations? Electronic Structure Versus Nonadiabatic Algorithm. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8273-8284. [PMID: 37939301 PMCID: PMC10688183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of nonadiabatic dynamics has matured over the last decade with a range of algorithms and electronic structure methods available at the moment. While the community currently focuses more on developing and benchmarking new nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, the underlying electronic structure controls the outcome of nonadiabatic simulations. Yet, the electronic-structure sensitivity analysis is typically neglected. In this work, we present a sensitivity analysis of the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclopropanone to electronic structure methods and nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms. In particular, we compare wave function-based CASSCF, FOMO-CASCI, MS- and XMS-CASPT2, density-functional REKS, and semiempirical MRCI-OM3 electronic structure methods with the Landau-Zener surface hopping, fewest switches surface hopping, and ab initio multiple spawning with informed stochastic selection algorithms. The results clearly demonstrate that the electronic structure choice significantly influences the accuracy of nonadiabatic dynamics for cyclopropanone even when the potential energy surfaces exhibit qualitative and quantitative similarities. Thus, selecting the electronic structure solely on the basis of the mapping of potential energy surfaces can be misleading. Conversely, we observe no discernible differences in the performance of the nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms across the various methods. Based on the above results, we discuss the present-day practice in computational photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Janoš J, Vinklárek IS, Rakovský J, Mukhopadhyay DP, Curchod BFE, Fárník M, Slavíček P. On the Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of the Atmospheric Molecule CF 3COCl. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2275-2286. [PMID: 38026808 PMCID: PMC10658617 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength control of photochemistry usually results from ultrafast dynamics following the excitation of different electronic states. Here, we investigate the CF3COCl molecule, exhibiting wavelength-dependent photochemistry both via (i) depositing increasing internal energy into a single state and (ii) populating different electronic states. We reveal the mechanism behind the photon-energy dependence by combining nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics techniques with the velocity map imaging experiment. We describe a consecutive mechanism of photodissociation where an immediate release of Cl taking place in an excited electronic state is followed by a slower ground-state dissociation of the CO fragment. The CO release is subject to an activation barrier and is controlled by excess internal energy via the excitation wavelength. Therefore, a selective release of CO along with Cl can be achieved. The mechanism is fully supported by both the measured kinetic energy distributions and anisotropies of the angular distributions. Interestingly, the kinetic energy of the released Cl atom is sensitively modified by accounting for spin-orbit coupling. Given the atmospheric importance of CF3COCl, we discuss the consequences of our findings for atmospheric photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo S. Vinklárek
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rakovský
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deb Pratim Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Basile F. E. Curchod
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Michal Fárník
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
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12
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Pracht P, Bannwarth C. Finding Excited-State Minimum Energy Crossing Points on a Budget: Non-Self-Consistent Tight-Binding Methods. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4440-4448. [PMID: 37144783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The automated exploration and identification of minimum energy conical intersections (MECIs) is a valuable computational strategy for the study of photochemical processes. Due to the immense computational effort involved in calculating non-adiabatic derivative coupling vectors, simplifications have been introduced focusing instead on minimum energy crossing points (MECPs), where promising attempts were made with semiempirical quantum mechanical methods. A simplified treatment for describing crossing points between almost arbitrary diabatic states based on a non-self-consistent extended tight-binding method, GFN0-xTB, is presented. Involving only a single diagonalization of the Hamiltonian, the method can provide energies and gradients for multiple electronic states, which can be used in a derivative coupling-vector-free scheme to calculate MECPs. By comparison with high-lying MECIs of benchmark systems, it is demonstrated that the identified geometries are good starting points for further MECI refinement with ab initio methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pracht
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Matveeva R, Folkestad SD, Høyvik IM. Particle-Breaking Hartree-Fock Theory for Open Molecular Systems. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1329-1341. [PMID: 36720055 PMCID: PMC9923758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the particle-breaking Hartree-Fock (PBHF) model which is a mean-field approach to open molecular systems. The interaction of a system with the environment is parametrized through a particle-breaking term in the molecular Hamiltonian. The PBHF wave function is constructed through an exponential unitary transformation of a Slater determinant with a given number of electrons. We consider only the closed-shell formalism. The parametrization results in a linear combination of Slater determinants with different numbers of electrons, i.e., the PBHF wave function is not an eigenfunction of the number operator. As a result, the density matrix may have fractional occupations which are, because of the unitary parametrization, always between 0.0 and 2.0. The occupations are optimized simultaneously with the orbitals, using the trust-region optimization procedure. In the limit of a particle-conserving Hamiltonian, the PBHF optimization will converge to a standard Hartree-Fock wave function. We show that the average number of electrons may be decreased or increased depending on whether the particle-breaking term affects occupied or virtual orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Matveeva
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
| | - Sarai Dery Folkestad
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
| | - Ida-Marie Høyvik
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim7491, Norway
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14
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Cruzeiro VWD, Wang Y, Pieri E, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. TeraChem protocol buffers (TCPB): Accelerating QM and QM/MM simulations with a client-server model. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044801. [PMID: 36725506 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The routine use of electronic structures in many chemical simulation applications calls for efficient and easy ways to access electronic structure programs. We describe how the graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated electronic structure program TeraChem can be set up as an electronic structure server, to be easily accessed by third-party client programs. We exploit Google's protocol buffer framework for data serialization and communication. The client interface, called TeraChem protocol buffers (TCPB), has been designed for ease of use and compatibility with multiple programming languages, such as C++, Fortran, and Python. To demonstrate the ease of coupling third-party programs with electronic structures using TCPB, we have incorporated the TCPB client into Amber for quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations. The TCPB interface saves time with GPU initialization and I/O operations, achieving a speedup of more than 2× compared to a prior file-based implementation for a QM region with ∼250 basis functions. We demonstrate the practical application of TCPB by computing the free energy profile of p-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone (p-HBDI-)-a model chromophore in green fluorescent proteins-on the first excited singlet state using Hamiltonian replica exchange for enhanced sampling. All calculations in this work have been performed with the non-commercial freely-available version of TeraChem, which is sufficient for many QM region sizes in common use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elisa Pieri
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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15
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Ovad T, Sapunar M, Sršeň Š, Slavíček P, Mašín Z, Jones NC, Hoffmann SV, Ranković M, Fedor J. Excitation and fragmentation of the dielectric gas C 4F 7N: Electrons vs photons. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014303. [PMID: 36610949 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C4F7N is a promising candidate for the replacement of sulfur hexafluoride as an insulating medium, and it is important to understand the chemical changes initiated in the molecule by collision with free electrons, specifically the formation of neutral fragments. The first step of neutral fragmentation is electronic excitation, yet neither the absorption spectrum in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region nor the electron energy loss spectrum have previously been reported. Here, we experimentally probed the excited states by VUV photoabsorption spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). We found that the distribution of states populated upon electron impact with low-energy electrons is significantly different from that following photoabsorption. This difference was confirmed and interpreted with ab initio modeling of both VUV and EELS spectra. We propose here a new computational protocol for the simulation of EELS spectra combining the Born approximation with approximate forms of correlated wave functions, which allows us to calculate the (usually very expensive) scattering cross sections at a cost similar to the calculation of oscillator strengths. Finally, we perform semi-classical non-adiabatic dynamics simulations to investigate the possible neutral fragments of the molecule formed through electron-induced neutral dissociation. We show that the product distribution is highly non-statistical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Ovad
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marin Sapunar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Sršeň
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Mašín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Miloš Ranković
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Fedor
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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16
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Pracht P, Bannwarth C. Fast Screening of Minimum Energy Crossing Points with Semiempirical Tight-Binding Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6370-6385. [PMID: 36121838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of photochemical processes is a highly active field in computational chemistry. One research direction is the automated exploration and identification of minimum energy conical intersection (MECI) geometries. However, due to the immense technical effort required to calculate nonadiabatic potential energy landscapes, the routine application of such computational protocols is severely limited. In this study, we will discuss the prospect of combining adiabatic potential energy surfaces from semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations with specialized confinement potential and metadynamics simulations to identify S0/T1 minimum energy crossing point (MECP) geometries. It is shown that MECPs calculated at the GFN2-xTB level can provide suitable approximations to high-level S0/S1ab initio conical intersection geometries at a fraction of the computational cost. Reference MECIs of benzene are studied to illustrate the basic concept. An example application of the presented protocol is demonstrated for a set of photoswitch molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pracht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52056Aachen, Germany
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17
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Kratz T, Steinbach P, Breitenlechner S, Storch G, Bannwarth C, Bach T. Photochemical Deracemization of Chiral Alkenes via Triplet Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10133-10138. [PMID: 35658423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated, enantioselective approach to axially chiral alkenes is described. Starting from a racemic mixture, a major alkene enantiomer is formed due to selective triplet energy transfer from a catalytically active chiral sensitizer. A catalyst loading of 2 mol % was sufficient to guarantee consistently high enantioselectivities and yields (16 examples, 51%-quant., 81-96% ee). NMR studies and DFT computations revealed that triplet energy transfer is more rapid within the substrate-catalyst complex of the minor alkene enantiomer. Since this enantiomer is continuously racemized, the major enantiomer is enriched in the photostationary state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kratz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Pit Steinbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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18
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Wang Y, Seritan S, Lahana D, Ford JE, Valentini A, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. InteraChem: Exploring Excited States in Virtual Reality with Ab Initio Interactive Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3308-3317. [PMID: 35649124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
InteraChem is an ab initio interactive molecular dynamics (AI-IMD) visualizer that leverages recent advances in virtual reality hardware and software, as well as the graphical processing unit (GPU)-accelerated TeraChem electronic structure package, in order to render quantum chemistry in real time. We introduce the exploration of electronically excited states via AI-IMD using the floating occupation molecular orbital-complete active space configuration interaction method. The optimization tools in InteraChem enable identification of excited state minima as well as minimum energy conical intersections for further characterization of excited state chemistry in small- to medium-sized systems. We demonstrate that finite-temperature Hartree-Fock theory is an efficient method to perform ground state AI-IMD. InteraChem allows users to track electronic properties such as molecular orbitals and bond order in real time, resulting in an interactive visualization tool that aids in the interpretation of excited state chemistry data and makes quantum chemistry more accessible for both research and educational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stefan Seritan
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dean Lahana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jason E Ford
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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19
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Raucci U, Weir H, Bannwarth C, Sanchez DM, Martínez TJ. Chiral photochemistry of achiral molecules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2091. [PMID: 35440559 PMCID: PMC9019051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a molecular property governed by the topography of the potential energy surface (PES). Thermally achiral molecules interconvert rapidly when the interconversion barrier between the two enantiomers is comparable to or lower than the thermal energy, in contrast to thermally stable chiral configurations. In principle, a change in the PES topography on the excited electronic state may diminish interconversion, leading to electronically prochiral molecules that can be converted from achiral to chiral by electronic excitation. Here we report that this is the case for two prototypical examples – cis-stilbene and cis-stiff stilbene. Both systems exhibit unidirectional photoisomerization for each enantiomer as a result of their electronic prochirality. We simulate an experiment to demonstrate this effect in cis-stilbene based on its interaction with circularly polarized light. Our results highlight the drastic change in chiral behavior upon electronic excitation, opening up the possibility for asymmetric photochemistry from an effectively nonchiral starting point. The authors report non-adiabatic first principles molecular dynamics to show how an achiral molecule can be converted to a chiral one upon photoexcitation. These results demonstrate the possibility of asymmetric photochemistry starting from achiral reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Raucci
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, GE, Italy
| | - Hayley Weir
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Design Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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20
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Cornetta LM, Martinez TJ, Varella MTDN. Dissociative electron attachment to 5-bromo-uracil: non-adiabatic dynamics on complex-valued potential energy surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6845-6855. [PMID: 35253036 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05663h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Electron induced dissociation reactions are relevant to many fields, ranging from prebiotic chemistry to cancer treatments. However, the simulation of dissociation electron attachment (DEA) dynamics is very challenging because the auto-ionization widths of the transient negative ions must be accounted for. We propose an adaptation of the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method for complex-valued potential energy surfaces, along the lines of recent developments based on surface hopping dynamics. Our approach combines models for the energy dependence of the auto-ionization widths, obtained from scattering calculations, with survival probabilities computed for the trajectory basis functions employed in the AIMS dynamics. The method is applied to simulate the DEA dynamics of 5-bromo-uracil in full dimensionality, i.e., taking all the vibrational modes into consideration. The propagation starts on the resonance state and describes the formation of Br- anions mediated by non-adiabatic couplings. The potential energies, gradients and non-adiabatic couplings were computed with the fractional-occupancy molecular orbital complete-active-space configuration-interaction method, and the calculated DEA cross section are consistent with the observed DEA intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Cornetta
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 777 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marcio T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508-090, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Poštulka J, Slavíček P, Pysanenko A, Poterya V, Fárník M. Bimolecular reactions on sticky and slippery clusters: Electron-induced reactions of hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:054306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0079283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Poštulka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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22
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Schleper AL, Goushi K, Bannwarth C, Haehnle B, Welscher PJ, Adachi C, Kuehne AJC. Hot exciplexes in U-shaped TADF molecules with emission from locally excited states. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6179. [PMID: 34702836 PMCID: PMC8548444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast emission and high color purity are essential characteristics of modern opto-electronic devices, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). These properties are currently not met by the latest generation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Here, we present an approach, called "hot exciplexes" that enables access to both attributes at the same time. Hot exciplexes are produced by coupling facing donor and acceptor moieties to an anthracene bridge, yielding an exciplex with large T1 to T2 spacing. The hot exciplex model is investigated using optical spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations. Reverse intersystem crossing is found to occur preferentially from the T3 to the S1 state within only a few nanoseconds. Application and practicality of the model are shown by fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes with up to 32 % hot exciplex contribution and low efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lennart Schleper
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kenichi Goushi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bastian Haehnle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp J Welscher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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Sand AM, Malme JT, Hoy EP. A multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory-based approach to molecular junctions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:114115. [PMID: 34551556 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their small size and unique properties, single-molecule electronics have long seen research interest from experimentalists and theoreticians alike. From a theoretical standpoint, modeling these systems using electronic structure theory can be difficult due to the importance of electron correlation in the determination of molecular properties, and this electron correlation can be computationally expensive to consider, particularly multiconfigurational correlation energy. In this work, we develop a new approach for the study of single-molecule electronic systems, denoted NEGF-MCPDFT, which combines multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MCPDFT) with the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF). The use of MCPDFT with NEGF allows for the efficient inclusion of both static and dynamic electron correlations in the description of the junction's electronic structure. Complete active space self-consistent field wave functions are used as references in the MCPDFT calculation, and as with any active space method, effort must be made to determine the proper orbital character to include in the active space. We perform conductance and transmission calculations on a series of alkanes (predominantly single-configurational character) and benzyne (multiconfigurational character), exploring the role that active space selection has on the computed results. For the alkane junctions explored (where dynamic electron correlation dominates), the MCPDFT-NEGF results agree well with the DFT-NEGF results. For the benzyne junction (which has a significant static correlation), we see clear differences in the MCPDFT-NEGF and DFT-NEGF results and evidence that NEGF-MCPDFT is capturing additional electron correlation effects beyond those provided by the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Sand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, USA
| | - Justin T Malme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
| | - Erik P Hoy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
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24
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Jones CM, List NH, Martínez TJ. Resolving the ultrafast dynamics of the anionic green fluorescent protein chromophore in water. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11347-11363. [PMID: 34667545 PMCID: PMC8447926 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromophore of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is critical for probing environmental influences on fluorescent protein behavior. Using the aqueous system as a bridge between the unconfined vacuum system and a constricting protein scaffold, we investigate the steric and electronic effects of the environment on the photodynamical behavior of the chromophore. Specifically, we apply ab initio multiple spawning to simulate five picoseconds of nonadiabatic dynamics after photoexcitation, resolving the excited-state pathways responsible for internal conversion in the aqueous chromophore. We identify an ultrafast pathway that proceeds through a short-lived (sub-picosecond) imidazolinone-twisted (I-twisted) species and a slower (several picoseconds) channel that proceeds through a long-lived phenolate-twisted (P-twisted) intermediate. The molecule navigates the non-equilibrium energy landscape via an aborted hula-twist-like motion toward the one-bond-flip dominated conical intersection seams, as opposed to following the pure one-bond-flip paths proposed by the excited-state equilibrium picture. We interpret our simulations in the context of time-resolved fluorescence experiments, which use short- and long-time components to describe the fluorescence decay of the aqueous GFP chromophore. Our results suggest that the longer time component is caused by an energetically uphill approach to the P-twisted intersection seam rather than an excited-state barrier to reach the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer species. Irrespective of the location of the nonadiabatic population events, the twisted intersection seams are inefficient at facilitating isomerization in aqueous solution. The disordered and homogeneous nature of the aqueous solvent environment facilitates non-selective stabilization with respect to I- and P-twisted species, offering an important foundation for understanding the consequences of selective stabilization in heterogeneous and rigid protein environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chey M Jones
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Nanna H List
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
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25
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Matsika S. Electronic Structure Methods for the Description of Nonadiabatic Effects and Conical Intersections. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9407-9449. [PMID: 34156838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic effects are ubiquitous in photophysics and photochemistry, and therefore, many theoretical developments have been made to properly describe them. Conical intersections are central in nonadiabatic processes, as they promote efficient and ultrafast nonadiabatic transitions between electronic states. A proper theoretical description requires developments in electronic structure and specifically in methods that describe conical intersections between states and nonadiabatic coupling terms. This review focuses on the electronic structure aspects of nonadiabatic processes. We discuss the requirements of electronic structure methods to describe conical intersections and nonadiabatic couplings, how the most common excited state methods perform in describing these effects, and what the recent developments are in expanding the methodology and implementing nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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26
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Plaza M, Großkopf J, Breitenlechner S, Bannwarth C, Bach T. Photochemical Deracemization of Primary Allene Amides by Triplet Energy Transfer: A Combined Synthetic and Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11209-11217. [PMID: 34279085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical deracemization of 2,4-disubstituted 2,3-butadienamides (allene amides) was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The reaction was catalyzed by a thioxanthone which is covalently linked to a chiral 1,5,7-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-2-one skeleton providing a U-shaped arrangement of the sensitizing unit relative to a potential hydrogen-bonding site. Upon irradiation at λ = 420 nm in the presence of the sensitizer (2.5 mol %), the amides reached at -10 °C a photostationary state in which one enantiomer prevailed. The enantioenriched allene amides (70-93% ee) were isolated in 74% to quantitative yield (19 examples). Based on luminescence data and DFT calculations, energy transfer from the thioxanthone to the allene amides is thermodynamically feasible, and the achiral triplet allene intermediate was structurally characterized. Hydrogen bonding of the amide enantiomers to the sensitizer was monitored by NMR titration. The experimental association constants (Ka) were similar (59.8 vs 25.7 L·mol-1). DFT calculations, however, revealed a significant difference in the binding properties of the two enantiomers. The major product enantiomer exhibits a noncovalent dispersion interaction of its arylmethyl group to the external benzene ring of the thioxanthone, thus moving away the allene from the carbonyl chromophore. The minor enantiomer displays a CH-π interaction of the hydrogen atom at the terminal allene carbon atom to the same benzene ring, thus forcing the allene into close proximity to the chromophore. The binding behavior explains the observed enantioselectivity which, as corroborated by additional calculations, is due to a rapid triplet energy transfer within the substrate-catalyst complex of the minor enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Plaza
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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27
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Williams M, Forbes R, Weir H, Veyrinas K, MacDonell RJ, Boguslavskiy AE, Schuurman MS, Stolow A, Martinez TJ. Unmasking the cis-Stilbene Phantom State via Vacuum Ultraviolet Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6363-6369. [PMID: 34231356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present the first vacuum ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (VUV-TRPES) study of photoisomerization dynamics in the paradigmatic molecule cis-stilbene. A key reaction intermediate in its dynamics, known as the phantom state, has often been invoked but never directly detected in the gas phase. We report direct spectral signatures of the phantom state in isolated cis-stilbene, observed and characterized through a combination of VUV-TRPES and ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of the channel-resolved observable. The high VUV probe photon energy tracks the complete excited-state dynamics via multiple photoionization channels, from initial excitation to its return to the "hot" ground state. The TRPES was compared with AIMS simulations of the dynamics from initial excitation, to the phantom-state intermediate (an S1 minimum), through to the ultimate electronic decay to the ground state. This combination revealed the unique spectral signatures and time-dependent dynamics of the phantom-state intermediate, permitting us to report here its direct observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Williams
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hayley Weir
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Kévin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ryan J MacDonell
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics, NRC-University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics, NRC-University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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28
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Pieri E, Lahana D, Chang AM, Aldaz CR, Thompson KC, Martínez TJ. The non-adiabatic nanoreactor: towards the automated discovery of photochemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7294-7307. [PMID: 34163820 PMCID: PMC8171323 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ab initio nanoreactor has previously been introduced to automate reaction discovery for ground state chemistry. In this work, we present the nonadiabatic nanoreactor, an analogous framework for excited state reaction discovery. We automate the study of nonadiabatic decay mechanisms of molecules by probing the intersection seam between adiabatic electronic states with hyper-real metadynamics, sampling the branching plane for relevant conical intersections, and performing seam-constrained path searches. We illustrate the effectiveness of the nonadiabatic nanoreactor by applying it to benzene, a molecule with rich photochemistry and a wide array of photochemical products. Our study confirms the existence of several types of S0/S1 and S1/S2 conical intersections which mediate access to a variety of ground state stationary points. We elucidate the connections between conical intersection energy/topography and the resulting photoproduct distribution, which changes smoothly along seam space segments. The exploration is performed with minimal user input, and the protocol requires no previous knowledge of the photochemical behavior of a target molecule. We demonstrate that the nonadiabatic nanoreactor is a valuable tool for the automated exploration of photochemical reactions and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pieri
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Dean Lahana
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Alexander M Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Cody R Aldaz
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Keiran C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
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29
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Abstract
Kohn-Sham density functional theory with the available exchange-correlation functionals is less accurate for strongly correlated systems, which require a multiconfigurational description as a zero-order function, than for weakly correlated systems, and available functionals of the spin densities do not accurately predict energies for many strongly correlated systems when one uses multiconfigurational wave functions with spin symmetry. Furthermore, adding a correlation functional to a multiconfigurational reference energy can lead to double counting of electron correlation. Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) overcomes both obstacles, the second by calculating the quantum mechanical part of the electronic energy entirely by a functional, and the first by using a functional of the total density and the on-top pair density rather than the spin densities. This allows one to calculate the energy of strongly correlated systems efficiently with a pair-density functional and a suitable multiconfigurational reference function. This article reviews MC-PDFT and related background information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Jie J Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, and Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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30
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Levine BG, Durden AS, Esch MP, Liang F, Shu Y. CAS without SCF-Why to use CASCI and where to get the orbitals. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:090902. [PMID: 33685182 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method has seen broad adoption due to its ability to describe the electronic structure of both the ground and excited states of molecules over a broader swath of the potential energy surface than is possible with the simpler Hartree-Fock approximation. However, it also has a reputation for being unwieldy, computationally costly, and un-black-box. Here, we discuss a class of alternatives, complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) methods, paying particular attention to their application to electronic excited states. The goal of this Perspective is fourfold. First, we argue that CASCI is not merely an approximation to CASSCF, in that it can be designed to have important qualitative advantages over CASSCF. Second, we present several insights drawn from our experience experimenting with different schemes for computing orbitals to be employed in CASCI. Third, we argue that CASCI is well suited for application to nanomaterials. Finally, we reason that, with the rise in new low-scaling approaches for describing multireference systems, there is a greater need than ever to develop new methods for defining orbitals that provide an efficient and accurate description of both static correlation and electronic excitations in a limited active space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Levine
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Andrew S Durden
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Michael P Esch
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Fangchun Liang
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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31
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Foley JJ, Xing Y, Inoa J, Dominici G, Eldabagh R. Synthetic Applications and Computational Perspectives on Eosin Y Induced Direct HAT Process. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1385-9398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, advancements in photocatalysis have allowed for a plethora of chemical transformations under milder conditions. Many of these photochemical reactions utilize hydrogen atom transfer processes to obtain desired products. Hydrogen atom transfer processes can follow one of two unique pathways: the first, a direct path and the second, an indirect path. In this paper, we highlight the ability of eosin Y to act as a direct hydrogen atom transfer catalyst from both synthetic and computational chemistry perspectives.
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32
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Yang X, Zheng X, Yang W. Density Functional Prediction of Quasiparticle, Excitation, and Resonance Energies of Molecules With a Global Scaling Correction Approach. Front Chem 2020; 8:588808. [PMID: 33425848 PMCID: PMC7793789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.588808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular quasiparticle and excitation energies determine essentially the spectral characteristics measured in various spectroscopic experiments. Accurate prediction of these energies has been rather challenging for ground-state density functional methods, because the commonly adopted density function approximations suffer from delocalization error. In this work, by presuming a quantitative correspondence between the quasiparticle energies and the generalized Kohn–Sham orbital energies, and employing a previously developed global scaling correction approach, we achieve substantially improved prediction of molecular quasiparticle and excitation energies. In addition, we also extend our previous study on temporary anions in resonant states, which are associated with negative molecular electron affinities. The proposed approach does not require any explicit self-consistent field calculation on the excited-state species, and is thus highly efficient and convenient for practical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weitao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Teh HH, Subotnik JE. Analytic gradients and derivative couplings for configuration interaction with all single excitations and one double excitation-En route to nonadiabatic dynamics. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184106. [PMID: 33187425 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present analytic gradients and derivative couplings for the simplest possible multireference configuration interaction method, CIS-1D, an electronic structure Ansatz that includes all single excitations and one lone double excitation on top of a Hartree-Fock reference state. We show that the resulting equations are numerically stable and require the evaluation of a similar number of integrals as compared to standard CIS theory; one can easily differentiate the required frontier orbitals (h and l) with minimal cost. The resulting algorithm has been implemented within the Q-Chem electronic structure package and should be immediately useful for understanding photochemistry with S0-S1 crossings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsuan Teh
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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34
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Peters LDM, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. A Fermi smearing variant of the Tamm–Dancoff approximation for nonadiabatic dynamics involving S 1–S 0 transitions: Validation and application to azobenzene. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:094104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0016487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens D. M. Peters
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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35
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Tran LN, Neuscamman E. Improving Excited-State Potential Energy Surfaces via Optimal Orbital Shapes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8273-8279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Nguyen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Ho Chi Minh City Institute of Physics, VAST, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Eric Neuscamman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Yeh SH, Manjanath A, Cheng YC, Chai JD, Hsu CP. Excitation energies from thermally assisted-occupation density functional theory: Theory and computational implementation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084120. [PMID: 32872866 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been broadly used to investigate the excited-state properties of various molecular systems. However, the current TDDFT heavily relies on outcomes from the corresponding ground-state DFT calculations, which may be prone to errors due to the lack of proper treatment in the non-dynamical correlation effects. Recently, thermally assisted-occupation DFT (TAO-DFT) [J.-D. Chai, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 154104 (2012)], a DFT with fractional orbital occupations, was proposed, explicitly incorporating the non-dynamical correlation effects in the ground-state calculations with low computational complexity. In this work, we develop TDTAO-DFT, which is a TD, linear-response theory for excited states within the framework of TAO-DFT. With tests on the excited states of H2, the first triplet excited state (13Σu +) was described well, with non-imaginary excitation energies. TDTAO-DFT also yields zero singlet-triplet gap in the dissociation limit for the ground singlet (11Σg +) and the first triplet state (13Σu +). In addition, as compared to traditional TDDFT, the overall excited-state potential energy surfaces obtained from TDTAO-DFT are generally improved and better agree with results from the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Yeh
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Da Chai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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37
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Fedorov DA, Seritan S, Fales BS, Martínez TJ, Levine BG. PySpawn: Software for Nonadiabatic Quantum Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5485-5498. [PMID: 32687710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method enables nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations in an arbitrary number of dimensions, with potential energy surfaces provided by electronic structure calculations performed on-the-fly. However, the intricacy of the AIMS algorithm complicates software development, deployment on modern shared computer resources, and postsimulation data analysis. PySpawn is a nonadiabatic molecular dynamics software package that addresses these issues. The program is designed to be easily interfaced with electronic structure software, and an interface to the TeraChem software package is described here. PySpawn introduces a task-based reorganization of the AIMS algorithm, allowing fine-grained restart capability and setting the stage for efficient parallelization in a future release. PySpawn includes a user-friendly and interactive Python analysis module that will enable novice users to painlessly adopt AIMS. As a demonstration of PySpawn's simulation capability and analysis module, we report complete active space self-consistent field-based AIMS simulations of the 1,2-dithienyl-1,2-dicyanoethene molecule, a promising molecular photoswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stefan Seritan
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - B Scott Fales
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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38
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Yu JK, Bannwarth C, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Hole–Hole Tamm–Dancoff Approximated Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5499-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K. Yu
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G. Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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39
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Suchan J, Janoš J, Slavíček P. Pragmatic Approach to Photodynamics: Mixed Landau–Zener Surface Hopping with Intersystem Crossing. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5809-5820. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Yoshikawa T, Doi T, Nakai H. Finite-temperature-based time-dependent density-functional theory method for static electron correlation systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244111. [PMID: 32610978 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) with a finite-temperature (FT) scheme, denoted as FT-TDDFT. We introduced the concept of fractional occupation numbers for random phase approximation equation and evaluated the excited-state electronic entropy terms with excited-state occupation number. The orbital occupation numbers for the excited state were evaluated from the change in the ground-state electron configuration with excitation and deexcitation coefficients. Furthermore, we extended the FT formulation to the time-dependent density-functional tight-binding (TDDFTB) method for larger systems, denoted as FT-TDDFTB. Numerical assessment for the FT-(TD)DFT method showed smooth potential curves for double-bond rotation of ethylene in both ground and excited states. Excited-state calculations based on the FT-TDDFTB method were applied to the uniform π-stacking columns composed of trioxotriangulene, possessing neutral radicals in strong correlation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Doi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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41
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Liekhus-Schmaltz C, Zhu X, McCracken GA, Cryan JP, Martinez TJ, Bucksbaum PH. Strictly non-adiabatic quantum control of the acetylene dication using an infrared field. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Liekhus-Schmaltz
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gregory A. McCracken
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Todd J. Martinez
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip H. Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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42
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Chattopadhyay S. Investigation of Multiple-Bond Dissociation Using Brillouin–Wigner Perturbation with Improved Virtual Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1444-1463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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43
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Fales BS, Martínez TJ. Efficient Treatment of Large Active Spaces through Multi-GPU Parallel Implementation of Direct Configuration Interaction. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1586-1596. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Scott Fales
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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44
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Ibele LM, Nicolson A, Curchod BFE. Excited-state dynamics of molecules with classically driven trajectories and Gaussians. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1665199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Ibele
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Manna S, Ray SS, Chattopadhyay S, Chaudhuri RK. A simplified account of the correlation effects to bond breaking processes: The Brillouin-Wigner perturbation theory using a multireference formulation. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5097657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Suvonil Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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Thongyod W, Buranachai C, Pengpan T, Punwong C. Fluorescence quenching by photoinduced electron transfer between 7-methoxycoumarin and guanine base facilitated by hydrogen bonds: an in silico study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16258-16269. [PMID: 31304496 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of hydrogen bond (H-bond) formation on fluorescence quenching of 7-methoxycoumarin (7MC) via photo-induced electron transfer from a guanine base (Gua) are investigated using a combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulation. The electronic structure is calculated by the floating occupation molecular orbital complete active space configuration interaction modification on a semiempirical method. Then the full multiple spawning method is employed for the dynamics simulations on multiple electronic states. The methods employed here are validated by simulating direct dynamics of 7MC (without Gua) and compared with available experimental results. Our computational results are in good agreement with the previously reported experimental results in terms of spectroscopic properties of 7MC. In the case of a H-bonded 7MC-Gua complex, the results from constrained dynamics simulations and single-point calculations suggest that the electron transfer occurs on the second excited state and it depends not only on the H-bond length but also on the intermolecular planarity between 7MC and Gua. Moreover, a proton coupled electron transfer can occur at ≈1 Å of H-bond length, where a proton from Gua is also transferred together with the electron to 7MC. The obtained simulations are expected to be greatly beneficial for designing effective fluorescently labeled nucleotide probes as well as providing information for precise fluorescence signal interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wutthinan Thongyod
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand. and Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Chittanon Buranachai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand. and Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Teparksorn Pengpan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Chutintorn Punwong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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Liu J, Sun H, Glover WJ, He X. Prediction of Excited-State Properties of Oligoacene Crystals Using Fragment-Based Quantum Mechanical Method. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5407-5417. [PMID: 31187994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the excited-state properties of molecular crystals is of central importance for their optoelectronics applications. In this study, we developed the electrostatically embedded generalized molecular fractionation (EE-GMF) method for the quantitative characterization of the excited-state properties of locally excited molecular clusters. The accuracy of the EE-GMF method is systematically assessed for oligoacene crystals. Our result demonstrates that the EE-GMF method is capable of providing the lowest vertical singlet (S1) and triplet excitation energies (T1), in excellent agreement with the full-system quantum mechanical calculations. Using this method, we also investigated the performance of different density functionals in predicting the excited-state properties of the oligoacene crystals. Among the 13 tested functionals, B3LYP and MN15 give the two lowest overall mean unsigned errors with reference to the experimental S1 and T1 excitation energies. The EE-GMF approach can be readily utilized for studying the excited-state properties of large-scale organic solids at diverse ab initio levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | | | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200122 , China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Xiao He
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China
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Teh HH, Subotnik JE. The Simplest Possible Approach for Simulating S 0- S 1 Conical Intersections with DFT/TDDFT: Adding One Doubly Excited Configuration. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3426-3432. [PMID: 31135162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple combination of density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TDDFT) and configuration interaction is presented to fix the incorrect topology of the S0- S1 conical intersection (CI) and allow a description of bond making and bond breaking in photoinduced dynamics. The proposed TDDFT-1D method includes one lone optimized doubly excited configuration in addition to the DFT/TDDFT singly excited states within the context of a large configuration interaction Hamiltonian. Results for ethylene and stilbene are provided to demonstrate that this ansatz can yield physically meaningful potential energy surfaces near S0- S1 avoided crossings without changing the vertical excitation energies far from the relevant crossings. We also investigate the famous linear water example to show that the algorithm calculates the correct topology of the S0- S1 CI and yields the correct geometric phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsuan Teh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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Levine BG, Esch MP, Fales BS, Hardwick DT, Peng WT, Shu Y. Conical Intersections at the Nanoscale: Molecular Ideas for Materials. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 70:21-43. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict and describe nonradiative processes in molecules via the identification and characterization of conical intersections is one of the greatest recent successes of theoretical chemistry. Only recently, however, has this concept been extended to materials science, where nonradiative recombination limits the efficiencies of materials for various optoelectronic applications. In this review, we present recent advances in the theoretical study of conical intersections in semiconductor nanomaterials. After briefly introducing conical intersections, we argue that specific defects in materials can induce conical intersections between the ground and first excited electronic states, thus introducing pathways for nonradiative recombination. We present recent developments in theoretical methods, computational tools, and chemical intuition for the prediction of such defect-induced conical intersections. Through examples in various nanomaterials, we illustrate the significance of conical intersections for nanoscience. We also discuss challenges facing research in this area and opportunities for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Michael P. Esch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B. Scott Fales
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dylan T. Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Wei-Tao Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Levine BG, Peng WT, Esch MP. Locality of conical intersections in semiconductor nanomaterials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10870-10878. [PMID: 31106323 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A predictive theory connecting atomic structure to the rate of recombination would enable the rational design of semiconductor nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications. Recently our group has demonstrated that the theoretical study of conical intersections can serve this purpose. Here we review recent work in this area, focusing on the thesis that low-energy conical intersections in nanomaterials share a common feature: locality. We define a conical intersection as local if (a) the intersecting states differ by the excitation of an electron between spatially local orbitals, and (b) the intersection is accessed when the energies of these orbitals are tuned by local distortions of the geometry. After illustrating the locality of the conical intersection responsible for recombination at dangling bond defects in silicon, we demonstrate the locality of low-energy conical intersections in cases where locality may be a surprise. First, we demonstrate the locality of low-energy self-trapped conical intersections in a pristine silicon nanocrystal, which has no defects that one would expect to serve as the center of a local intersection. Second, we demonstrate that the lowest energy intersection in a silicon system with two neighboring dangling bond defects localizes to a single defect site. We discuss the profound implications of locality for predicting the rate of recombination and suggest that the locality of intersections could be exploited in the experimental study of recombination, where spectroscopic studies of molecular models of defects could provide new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Wei-Tao Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Michael P Esch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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