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Ortiz-Rivero E, González-Gómez CD, Rica RA, Haro-González P. Effect of the Photoexcitation Wavelength and Polarization on the Generated Heat by a Nd-Doped Microspinner at the Microscale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2308534. [PMID: 38573943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermal control at small scales is critical for studying temperature-dependent biological systems and microfluidic processes. Concerning this, optical trapping provides a contactless method to remotely study microsized heating sources. This work introduces a birefringent luminescent microparticle of NaLuF4:Nd3+ as a local heater in a liquid system. When optically trapped with a circularly polarized laser beam, the microparticle rotates and heating is induced through multiphonon relaxation of the Nd3+ ions. The temperature increment in the surrounding medium is investigated, reaching a maximum heating of ≈5 °C within a 30 µm radius around the static particle under 51 mW laser excitation at 790 nm. Surprisingly, this study reveals that the particle's rotation minimally affects the temperature distribution, contrary to the intuitive expectation of liquid stirring. The influence of the microparticle rotation on the reduction of heating transfer is analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm that the thermal distribution remains consistent regardless of spinning. Instead, the orientation-dependence of the luminescence process emerges as a key factor responsible for the reduction in heating. The anisotropy in particle absorption and the lag between the orientation of the particle and the laser polarization angle contribute to this effect. Therefore, caution must be exercised when employing spinning polarization-dependent luminescent particles for microscale thermal analysis using rotation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ortiz-Rivero
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos D González-Gómez
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics II, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Raúl A Rica
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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2
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Madadelahi M, Agarwal R, Martinez-Chapa SO, Madou MJ. A roadmap to high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR): COVID-19 as a technology accelerator. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115830. [PMID: 38039729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The limit of detection (LOD), speed, and cost of crucial COVID-19 diagnostic tools, including lateral flow assays (LFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and polymerase chain reactions (PCR), have all improved because of the financial and governmental support for the epidemic. The most notable improvement in overall efficiency among them has been seen with PCR. Its significance for human health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it emerged as the commonly used approach for identifying the virus. However, because of problems with speed, complexity, and expense, PCR deployment in point-of-care settings continues to be difficult. Microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution by enabling the development of smaller, more affordable, and faster PCR systems. In this review, we delve into the engineering challenges associated with the advancement of high-speed microfluidic PCR equipment. We introduce criteria that facilitate the evaluation and comparison of factors such as speed, LOD, cycling efficiency, and multiplexing capacity, considering sample volume, fluidics, PCR reactor geometry and materials, as well as heating/cooling methods. We also provide a comprehensive list of commercially available PCR devices and conclude with projections and a discussion regarding the current obstacles that need to be addressed in order to progress further in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Madadelahi
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Marc J Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Autonomous Medical Devices Incorporated (AMDI), Santa Ana, CA, 92704, USA.
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3
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Wan L, Li M, Law MK, Mak PI, Martins RP, Jia Y. Sub-5-Minute Ultrafast PCR using Digital Microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115711. [PMID: 37797533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is crucial for the timely identification of pathogens. Microfluidics, which involves the manipulation of small volumes of fluidic samples, has been shown to be an ideal approach for POC analysis. Among the various microfluidic platforms available, digital microfluidics (DMF) offers high degree of configurability in manipulating μL/nL-scale liquid and achieving automation. However, the successful implementation of ultrafast PCR on DMF platforms presents challenges due to inherent system instability. In this study, we developed a robust and ultrafast PCR in 3.7-5 min with a detection sensitivity comparable to conventional PCR. Specifically, the implementation of the pincer heating scheme homogenises the temperature within a drop. The utilization of a μm-scale porous hydrophobic membrane suppresses the formation of bubbles under high temperatures. The design of a groove around the high-temperature zone effectively mitigates the temperature interference. The integration of a soluble sensor into the droplets provides an accurate and instant in-drop temperature sensing. We envision that the fast, robust, sensitive, and automatic DMF system will empower the POC testing for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingzhong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China; Silergy Semiconductor (Macau) Limited, Macao, China
| | - Man-Kay Law
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China; Faculty of Science and Technology - Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Pui-In Mak
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China; Faculty of Science and Technology - Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Rui P Martins
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China; Faculty of Science and Technology - Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, China; On Leave from Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yanwei Jia
- The State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macao, China; Faculty of Science and Technology - Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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4
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Khosla NK, Lesinski JM, Colombo M, Bezinge L, deMello AJ, Richards DA. Simplifying the complex: accessible microfluidic solutions for contemporary processes within in vitro diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3340-3360. [PMID: 35984715 PMCID: PMC9469643 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) form the cornerstone of modern medicine. They are routinely employed throughout the entire treatment pathway, from initial diagnosis through to prognosis, treatment planning, and post-treatment surveillance. Given the proven links between high quality diagnostic testing and overall health, ensuring broad access to IVDs has long been a focus of both researchers and medical professionals. Unfortunately, the current diagnostic paradigm relies heavily on centralized laboratories, complex and expensive equipment, and highly trained personnel. It is commonly assumed that this level of complexity is required to achieve the performance necessary for sensitive and specific disease diagnosis, and that making something affordable and accessible entails significant compromises in test performance. However, recent work in the field of microfluidics is challenging this notion. By exploiting the unique features of microfluidic systems, researchers have been able to create progressively simple devices that can perform increasingly complex diagnostic assays. This review details how microfluidic technologies are disrupting the status quo, and facilitating the development of simple, affordable, and accessible integrated IVDs. Importantly, we discuss the advantages and limitations of various approaches, and highlight the remaining challenges within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Khosla
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Jake M Lesinski
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Léonard Bezinge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
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5
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Thermodynamic Characterization of a Highly Transparent Microfluidic Chip with Multiple On-Chip Temperature Control Units. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a functional material with great transparency, machinability, electrical conductivity and thermo–sensitivity. Based on its excellent thermoelectric performance, we designed and fabricated a multilayer transparent microfluidic chip with multiple sets of on–chip heating, local temperature measurement and positive on–chip cooling function units. Temperature control plays a significant role in microfluidic approaches, especially in the devices that are designed for bioengineering, chemical synthesis and disease detection. The transparency of the chip contributes to achieve the real–time observation of fluid flow and optical detection. The chip consists of a temperature control layer made with an etched ITO deposited glass, a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) fluid layer, a PDMS cooling and flow control layer. The performances of the ITO on–chip microheaters, ITO on–chip temperature sensors and two coolants were tested and analyzed in different working conditions. The positive on–chip heating and cooling were proved to be area-specific under a large temperature–regulating range. This PDMS–ITO–glass based chip could be applied to both temporal and spatial stable temperature–regulating principles for various purposes.
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6
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Gharizadeh B, Yue J, Yu M, Liu Y, Zhou M, Lu D, Zhang J. Navigating the Pandemic Response Life Cycle: Molecular Diagnostics and Immunoassays in the Context of COVID-19 Management. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:30-47. [PMID: 32356761 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.2991444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To counter COVID-19 spreading, an infrastructure to provide rapid and thorough molecular diagnostics and serology testing is the cornerstone of outbreak and pandemic management. We hereby review the clinical insights with regard to using molecular tests and immunoassays in the context of COVID-19 management life cycle: the preventive phase, the preparedness phase, the response phase and the recovery phase. The spatial and temporal distribution of viral RNA, antigens and antibodies during human infection is summarized to provide a biological foundation for accurate detection of the disease. We shared the lessons learned and the obstacles encountered during real world high-volume screening programs. Clinical needs are discussed to identify existing technology gaps in these tests. Leverage technologies, such as engineered polymerases, isothermal amplification, and direct amplification from complex matrices may improve the productivity of current infrastructure, while emerging technologies like CRISPR diagnostics, visual end point detection, and PCR free methods for nucleic acid sensing may lead to at-home tests. The lessons learned, and innovations spurred from the COVID-19 pandemic could upgrade our global public health infrastructure to better combat potential outbreaks in the future.
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7
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Progress in molecular detection with high-speed nucleic acids thermocyclers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Veltkamp HW, Akegawa Monteiro F, Sanders R, Wiegerink R, Lötters J. Disposable DNA Amplification Chips with Integrated Low-Cost Heaters. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E238. [PMID: 32106462 PMCID: PMC7143804 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fast point-of-use detection of, for example, early-stage zoonoses, e.g., Q-fever, bovine tuberculosis, or the Covid-19 coronavirus, is beneficial for both humans and animal husbandry as it can save lives and livestock. The latter prevents farmers from going bankrupt after a zoonoses outbreak. This paper describes the development of a fabrication process and the proof-of-principle of a disposable DNA amplification chip with an integrated heater. Based on the analysis of the milling process, metal adhesion studies, and COMSOL MultiPhysics heat transfer simulations, the first batch of chips has been fabricated and successful multiple displacement amplification reactions are performed inside these chips. This research is the first step towards the development of an early-stage zoonoses detection device. Tests with real zoonoses and DNA specific amplification reactions still need to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Willem Veltkamp
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (F.A.M.); (R.S.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Fernanda Akegawa Monteiro
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (F.A.M.); (R.S.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Remco Sanders
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (F.A.M.); (R.S.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Remco Wiegerink
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (F.A.M.); (R.S.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Joost Lötters
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (F.A.M.); (R.S.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
- Bronkhorst High-Tech BV, Nijverheidsstraat 1A, 7261 AK Ruurlo, The Netherlands
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9
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Ultrafast Photonic PCR Based on Photothermal Nanomaterials. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:637-649. [PMID: 31918858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, PCR has been the gold standard for detecting nucleic acids (NAs) in various biomedical fields. However, there are several limitations associated with conventional PCR, such as complicated operation, need for bulky equipment, and, in particular, long thermocycling time. Emerging nanomaterials with photothermal effects have shown great potential for developing a new generation of PCR: ultrafast photonic PCR. Here, we review recent applications of photothermal nanomaterials in ultrafast photonic PCR. First, we introduce emerging photothermal nanomaterials and their light-to-heat energy conversion process in photonic PCR. We then review different photothermal nanomaterial-based photonic PCRs and compare their merits and drawbacks. Finally, we summarize existing challenges with photonic PCR and hypothesize its promising future research directions.
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10
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Pardy T, Sink H, Koel A, Rang T. Development of a Low-Cost, Wireless Smart Thermostat for Isothermal DNA Amplification in Lab-On-A-Chip Devices. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E437. [PMID: 31262090 PMCID: PMC6680506 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are widely used for the detection of living organisms, recently applied in Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices to make portable DNA analysis platforms. While portable LoC-NAAT can provide definitive test results on the spot, it requires specialized temperature control equipment. This work focuses on delivering a generalized low-cost, wireless smart thermostat for isothermal NAAT protocols in 2 cm × 3 cm LoC cartridges. We report on the design, prototyping, and evaluation results of our smart thermostat. The thermostat was evaluated by experimental and simulated thermal analysis using 3D printed LoC cartridges, in order to verify its applicability to various isothermal NAAT protocols. Furthermore, it was tested at the boundaries of its operating ambient temperature range as well as its battery life was evaluated. The prototype thermostat was proven functional in 20-30 °C ambient range, capable of maintaining the required reaction temperature of 12 isothermal NAAT protocols with 0.7 °C steady-state error in the worst case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Pardy
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Henri Sink
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ants Koel
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Rang
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
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11
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Lee SH, Park SM, Kim BN, Kwon OS, Rho WY, Jun BH. Emerging ultrafast nucleic acid amplification technologies for next-generation molecular diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111448. [PMID: 31252258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were an indispensable methodology for diagnosing cancers, viral and bacterial infections owing to their high sensitivity and specificity. Because the NAATs can recognize and discriminate even a few copies of nucleic acid (NA) and species-specific NA sequences, NAATs have become the gold standard in a wide range of applications. However, limitations of NAAT approaches have recently become more apparent by reason of their lengthy run time, large reaction volume, and complex protocol. To meet the current demands of clinicians and biomedical researchers, new NAATs have developed to achieve ultrafast sample-to-answer protocols for the point-of-care testing (POCT). In this review, ultrafast NA-POCT platforms are discussed, outlining their NA amplification principles as well as delineating recent advances in ultrafast NAAT applications. The main focus is to provide an overview of NA-POCT platforms in regard to sample preparation of NA, NA amplification, NA detection process, interpretation of the analysis, and evaluation of the platform design. Increasing importance will be given to innovative, ultrafast amplification methods and tools which incorporate artificial intelligence (AI)-associated data analysis processes and mobile-healthcare networks. The future prospects of NA POCT platforms are promising as they allow absolute quantitation of NA in individuals which is essential to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian N Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Yep Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, South Korea.
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12
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Geitenbeek RG, Vollenbroek JC, Weijgertze HMH, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Kennedy CL, Weckhuysen BM, Lohse D, van Blaaderen A, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Meijerink A. Luminescence thermometry for in situ temperature measurements in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1236-1246. [PMID: 30815644 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature control for lab-on-a-chip devices has resulted in the broad applicability of microfluidics to, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), temperature gradient focusing for electrophoresis, and colloidal particle synthesis. However, currently temperature sensors on microfluidic chips either probe temperatures outside the channel (resistance temperature detector, RTD) or are limited in both the temperature range and sensitivity in the case of organic dyes. In this work, we introduce ratiometric bandshape luminescence thermometry in which thermally coupled levels of Er3+ in NaYF4 nanoparticles are used as a promising method for in situ temperature mapping in microfluidic systems. The results, obtained with three types of microfluidic devices, demonstrate that temperature can be monitored inside a microfluidic channel accurately (0.34 °C) up to at least 120 °C with a spot size of ca. 1 mm using simple fiber optics. Higher spatial resolution can be realized by combining luminescence thermometry with confocal microscopy, resulting in a spot size of ca. 9 μm. Further improvement is anticipated to enhance the spatial resolution and allow for 3D temperature profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin G Geitenbeek
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M H Weijgertze
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corentin B M Tregouet
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands and Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris L Kennedy
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Lee SH, Song J, Cho B, Hong S, Hoxha O, Kang T, Kim D, Lee LP. Bubble-free rapid microfluidic PCR. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:725-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Hassibi A, Manickam A, Singh R, Bolouki S, Sinha R, Jirage KB, McDermott MW, Hassibi B, Vikalo H, Mazarei G, Pei L, Bousse L, Miller M, Heshami M, Savage MP, Taylor MT, Gamini N, Wood N, Mantina P, Grogan P, Kuimelis P, Savalia P, Conradson S, Li Y, Meyer RB, Ku E, Ebert J, Pinsky BA, Dolganov G, Van T, Johnson KA, Naraghi-Arani P, Kuimelis RG, Schoolnik G. Multiplexed identification, quantification and genotyping of infectious agents using a semiconductor biochip. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:738-745. [PMID: 30010676 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of pathogens resistant to existing antimicrobial drugs is a growing worldwide health crisis that threatens a return to the pre-antibiotic era. To decrease the overuse of antibiotics, molecular diagnostics systems are needed that can rapidly identify pathogens in a clinical sample and determine the presence of mutations that confer drug resistance at the point of care. We developed a fully integrated, miniaturized semiconductor biochip and closed-tube detection chemistry that performs multiplex nucleic acid amplification and sequence analysis. The approach had a high dynamic range of quantification of microbial load and was able to perform comprehensive mutation analysis on up to 1,000 sequences or strands simultaneously in <2 h. We detected and quantified multiple DNA and RNA respiratory viruses in clinical samples with complete concordance to a commercially available test. We also identified 54 drug-resistance-associated mutations that were present in six genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, all of which were confirmed by next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruma Sinha
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | | | - Babak Hassibi
- Electrical Engineering Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Haris Vikalo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lei Pei
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Luc Bousse
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Li
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | - Edmond Ku
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Tran Van
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary Schoolnik
- InSilixa, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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15
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Pardy T, Tulp I, Kremer C, Rang T, Stewart R. Integrated self-regulating resistive heating for isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189968. [PMID: 29267339 PMCID: PMC5739446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in a Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) format promise to bring high-accuracy, non-instrumented rapid tests to the point of care. Reliable rapid tests for infectious diseases allow for early diagnosis and treatment, which in turn enables better containment of potential outbreaks and fewer complications. A critical component to LoC NAATs is the heating element, as all NAAT protocols require incubation at elevated temperatures. We propose a cheap, integrated, self-regulating resistive heating solution that uses 2xAAA alkaline batteries as the power source, can maintain temperatures in the 60-63°C range for at least 25 minutes, and reaches the target range from room temperature in 5 minutes. 4 heating element samples with different electrical characteristics were evaluated in a thermal mock-up for a LoC NAAT device. An optimal heating element candidate was chosen based on temperature profiling. The optimal candidate was further evaluated by thermal modelling via finite element analysis of heat transfer and demonstrated suitable for isothermal nucleic acid amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Pardy
- Selfdiagnostics Deutschland GmbH, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Institute of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Indrek Tulp
- Selfdiagnostics Deutschland GmbH, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Clemens Kremer
- Selfdiagnostics Deutschland GmbH, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Toomas Rang
- Thomas Johann Seebeck Institute of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ray Stewart
- Bay Materials LLC (in commercial partnership with Heatron LLC), Fremont, California, United States of America
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16
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Houssin T, Cramer J, Grojsman R, Bellahsene L, Colas G, Moulet H, Minnella W, Pannetier C, Leberre M, Plecis A, Chen Y. Ultrafast, sensitive and large-volume on-chip real-time PCR for the molecular diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1401-11. [PMID: 26952334 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To control future infectious disease outbreaks, like the 2014 Ebola epidemic, it is necessary to develop ultrafast molecular assays enabling rapid and sensitive diagnoses. To that end, several ultrafast real-time PCR systems have been previously developed, but they present issues that hinder their wide adoption, notably regarding their sensitivity and detection volume. An ultrafast, sensitive and large-volume real-time PCR system based on microfluidic thermalization is presented herein. The method is based on the circulation of pre-heated liquids in a microfluidic chip that thermalize the PCR chamber by diffusion and ultrafast flow switches. The system can achieve up to 30 real-time PCR cycles in around 2 minutes, which makes it the fastest PCR thermalization system for regular sample volume to the best of our knowledge. After biochemical optimization, anthrax and Ebola simulating agents could be respectively detected by a real-time PCR in 7 minutes and a reverse transcription real-time PCR in 7.5 minutes. These detections are respectively 6.4 and 7.2 times faster than with an off-the-shelf apparatus, while conserving real-time PCR sample volume, efficiency, selectivity and sensitivity. The high-speed thermalization also enabled us to perform sharp melting curve analyses in only 20 s and to discriminate amplicons of different lengths by rapid real-time PCR. This real-time PCR microfluidic thermalization system is cost-effective, versatile and can be then further developed for point-of-care, multiplexed, ultrafast and highly sensitive molecular diagnoses of bacterial and viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Houssin
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France. and École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Jérémy Cramer
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France. and Cherry Biotech, Université de Rennes 1, Campus Santé, Bât8, Et2, 2 Av. du Pr. Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Rébecca Grojsman
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Lyes Bellahsene
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Colas
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Hélène Moulet
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Walter Minnella
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | | | - Maël Leberre
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Adrien Plecis
- Elvesys - Innovation Center, 83 avenue Philippe Auguste, 75011, Paris, France.
| | - Yong Chen
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
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17
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Yang K, Peretz-Soroka H, Liu Y, Lin F. Novel developments in mobile sensing based on the integration of microfluidic devices and smartphones. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:943-58. [PMID: 26899264 PMCID: PMC5142836 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Portable electronic devices and wireless communication systems enable a broad range of applications such as environmental and food safety monitoring, personalized medicine and healthcare management. Particularly, hybrid smartphone and microfluidic devices provide an integrated solution for the new generation of mobile sensing applications. Such mobile sensing based on microfluidic devices (broadly defined) and smartphones (MS(2)) offers a mobile laboratory for performing a wide range of bio-chemical detection and analysis functions such as water and food quality analysis, routine health tests and disease diagnosis. MS(2) offers significant advantages over traditional platforms in terms of test speed and control, low cost, mobility, ease-of-operation and data management. These improvements put MS(2) in a promising position in the fields of interdisciplinary basic and applied research. In particular, MS(2) enables applications to remote in-field testing, homecare, and healthcare in low-resource areas. The marriage of smartphones and microfluidic devices offers a powerful on-chip operating platform to enable various bio-chemical tests, remote sensing, data analysis and management in a mobile fashion. The implications of such integration are beyond telecommunication and microfluidic-related research and technology development. In this review, we will first provide the general background of microfluidic-based sensing, smartphone-based sensing, and their integration. Then, we will focus on several key application areas of MS(2) by systematically reviewing the important literature in each area. We will conclude by discussing our perspectives on the opportunities, issues and future directions of this emerging novel field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, P.R. China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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18
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Sueki A, Matsuda K, Yamaguchi A, Uehara M, Sugano M, Uehara T, Honda T. Evaluation of saliva as diagnostic materials for influenza virus infection by PCR-based assays. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 453:71-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Romsos EL, Vallone PM. Rapid PCR of STR markers: Applications to human identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 18:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Bartsch MS, Edwards HS, Lee D, Moseley CE, Tew KE, Renzi RF, Van de Vreugde JL, Kim H, Knight DL, Sinha A, Branda SS, Patel KD. The rotary zone thermal cycler: a low-power system enabling automated rapid PCR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118182. [PMID: 25826708 PMCID: PMC4380418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology, microfluidics, and laboratory automation continue to expand the accessibility and applicability of these methods beyond the confines of conventional, centralized laboratory facilities and into point of use roles in clinical, military, forensic, and field-deployed applications. As a result, there is a growing need to adapt the unit operations of molecular biology (e.g., aliquoting, centrifuging, mixing, and thermal cycling) to compact, portable, low-power, and automation-ready formats. Here we present one such adaptation, the rotary zone thermal cycler (RZTC), a novel wheel-based device capable of cycling up to four different fixed-temperature blocks into contact with a stationary 4-microliter capillary-bound sample to realize 1-3 second transitions with steady state heater power of less than 10 W. We demonstrate the utility of the RZTC for DNA amplification as part of a highly integrated rotary zone PCR (rzPCR) system that uses low-volume valves and syringe-based fluid handling to automate sample loading and unloading, thermal cycling, and between-run cleaning functionalities in a compact, modular form factor. In addition to characterizing the performance of the RZTC and the efficacy of different online cleaning protocols, we present preliminary results for rapid single-plex PCR, multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) amplification, and second strand cDNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Bartsch
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Karen E. Tew
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald F. Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Hanyoup Kim
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Anupama Sinha
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Kamlesh D. Patel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
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21
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Weidemaier K, Carrino J, Curry A, Connor JH, Liebmann-Vinson A. Advancing rapid point-of-care viral diagnostics to a clinical setting. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We discuss here critical factors in ensuring the success of a viral diagnostic at the point of care. Molecular and immunoassay approaches are reviewed with a focus on their ability to meet the infrastructure and workflow limitations in clinical settings in both the developed and developing world. In addition to being low cost, easy-to-use, accurate and adapted for the intended laboratory and healthcare environment, viral diagnostics must also provide information that appropriately directs clinical treatment decisions. We discuss the challenges and implications of linking diagnostics to clinical decision-making at the point of care using three examples: respiratory viruses in the developed world, differential fever diagnosis in the developing world and HPV detection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Weidemaier
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John Carrino
- BD Diagnostics, 10865 Road to the Cure, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Adam Curry
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrea Liebmann-Vinson
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND PCR is a key technology in molecular biology and diagnostics that typically amplifies and quantifies specific DNA fragments in about an hour. However, the kinetic limits of PCR are unknown. METHODS We developed prototype instruments to temperature cycle 1- to 5-μL samples in 0.4-2.0 s at annealing/extension temperatures of 62 °C-76 °C and denaturation temperatures of 85 °C-92 °C. Primer and polymerase concentrations were increased 10- to 20-fold above typical concentrations to match the kinetics of primer annealing and polymerase extension to the faster temperature cycling. We assessed analytical specificity and yield on agarose gels and by high-resolution melting analysis. Amplification efficiency and analytical sensitivity were demonstrated by real-time optical monitoring. RESULTS Using single-copy genes from human genomic DNA, we amplified 45- to 102-bp targets in 15-60 s. Agarose gels showed bright single bands at the expected size, and high-resolution melting curves revealed single products without using any "hot start" technique. Amplification efficiencies were 91.7%-95.8% by use of 0.8- to 1.9-s cycles with single-molecule sensitivity. A 60-bp genomic target was amplified in 14.7 s by use of 35 cycles. CONCLUSIONS The time required for PCR is inversely related to the concentration of critical reactants. By increasing primer and polymerase concentrations 10- to 20-fold with temperature cycles of 0.4-2.0 s, efficient (>90%), specific, high-yield PCR from human DNA is possible in <15 s. Extreme PCR demonstrates the feasibility of while-you-wait testing for infectious disease, forensics, and any application where immediate results may be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Farrar
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Current affiliation: MD-PhD Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Carl T Wittwer
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT;
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23
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The influence of nucleotide sequence and temperature on the activity of thermostable DNA polymerases. J Mol Diagn 2014; 16:305-13. [PMID: 24607271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extension rates of a thermostable, deletion-mutant polymerase were measured from 50°C to 90°C using a fluorescence activity assay adapted for real-time PCR instruments. Substrates with a common hairpin (6-base loop and a 14-bp stem) were synthesized with different 10-base homopolymer tails. Rates for A, C, G, T, and 7-deaza-G incorporation at 75°C were 81, 150, 214, 46, and 120 seconds(-1). Rates for U were half as fast as T and did not increase with increasing concentration. Hairpin substrates with 25-base tails from 0% to 100% GC content had maximal extension rates near 60% GC and were predicted from the template sequence and mononucleotide incorporation rates to within 30% for most sequences. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide at 7.5% increased rates to within 1% to 17% of prediction for templates with 40% to 90% GC. When secondary structure was designed into the template region, extension rates decreased. Oligonucleotide probes reduced extension rates by 65% (5'-3' exo-) and 70% (5'-3' exo+). When using a separate primer and a linear template to form a polymerase substrate, rates were dependent on both the primer melting temperature (Tm) and the annealing/extension temperature. Maximum rates were observed from Tm to Tm - 5°C with little extension by Tm + 5°C. Defining the influence of sequence and temperature on polymerase extension will enable more rapid and efficient PCR.
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24
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Jiang L, Mancuso M, Lu Z, Akar G, Cesarman E, Erickson D. Solar thermal polymerase chain reaction for smartphone-assisted molecular diagnostics. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4137. [PMID: 24553130 PMCID: PMC3929917 DOI: 10.1038/srep04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based diagnostic techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used extensively in medical diagnostics due to their high sensitivity, specificity and quantification capability. In settings with limited infrastructure and unreliable electricity, however, access to such devices is often limited due to the highly specialized and energy-intensive nature of the thermal cycling process required for nucleic acid amplification. Here we integrate solar heating with microfluidics to eliminate thermal cycling power requirements as well as create a simple device infrastructure for PCR. Tests are completed in less than 30 min, and power consumption is reduced to 80 mW, enabling a standard 5.5 Wh iPhone battery to provide 70 h of power to this system. Additionally, we demonstrate a complete sample-to-answer diagnostic strategy by analyzing human skin biopsies infected with Kaposi's Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) through the combination of solar thermal PCR, HotSHOT DNA extraction and smartphone-based fluorescence detection. We believe that exploiting the ubiquity of solar thermal energy as demonstrated here could facilitate broad availability of nucleic acid-based diagnostics in resource-limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Matthew Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Zhengda Lu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Gunkut Akar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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25
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Hartman MR, Ruiz RCH, Hamada S, Xu C, Yancey KG, Yu Y, Han W, Luo D. Point-of-care nucleic acid detection using nanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10141-54. [PMID: 24057263 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have led to significant advancements in point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid detection. The ability to sense DNA and RNA in a portable format leads to important applications for a range of settings, from on-site detection in the field to bedside diagnostics, in both developing and developed countries. We review recent innovations in three key process components for nucleic acid detection: sample preparation, target amplification, and read-out modalities. We discuss how the advancements realized by nanotechnology are making POC nucleic acid detection increasingly applicable for decentralized and accessible testing, in particular for the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hartman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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26
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Miralles V, Huerre A, Malloggi F, Jullien MC. A Review of Heating and Temperature Control in Microfluidic Systems: Techniques and Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2013; 3:33-67. [PMID: 26835667 PMCID: PMC4665581 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the different techniques developed over the last decade to regulate the temperature within microfluidic systems. A variety of different approaches has been adopted, from external heating sources to Joule heating, microwaves or the use of lasers to cite just a few examples. The scope of the technical solutions developed to date is impressive and encompasses for instance temperature ramp rates ranging from 0.1 to 2,000 °C/s leading to homogeneous temperatures from -3 °C to 120 °C, and constant gradients from 6 to 40 °C/mm with a fair degree of accuracy. We also examine some recent strategies developed for applications such as digital microfluidics, where integration of a heating source to generate a temperature gradient offers control of a key parameter, without necessarily requiring great accuracy. Conversely, Temperature Gradient Focusing requires high accuracy in order to control both the concentration and separation of charged species. In addition, the Polymerase Chain Reaction requires both accuracy (homogeneous temperature) and integration to carry out demanding heating cycles. The spectrum of applications requiring temperature regulation is growing rapidly with increasingly important implications for the physical, chemical and biotechnological sectors, depending on the relevant heating technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Miralles
- Gulliver CNRS ESPCI, UMR7083, MMN, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Axel Huerre
- Gulliver CNRS ESPCI, UMR7083, MMN, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Florent Malloggi
- SIS2M-LIONS CEA CNRS, UMR 3299, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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27
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Evaluating the thermostability of commercial fast real-time PCR master mixes. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:261-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Wheeler EK, Hara CA, Frank J, Deotte J, Hall SB, Benett W, Spadaccini C, Beer NR. Under-three minute PCR: probing the limits of fast amplification. Analyst 2011; 136:3707-12. [PMID: 21796289 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification is enormously useful to the biotechnology and clinical diagnostic communities; however, to date point-of-use PCR has been hindered by thermal cycling architectures and protocols that do not allow for near-instantaneous results. In this work we demonstrate PCR amplification of synthetic SARS respiratory pathogenic targets and bacterial genomic DNA in less than three minutes in a hardware configuration utilizing convenient sample loading and disposal. Instead of sample miniaturization techniques, near-instantaneous heating and cooling of 5 μL reaction volumes is enabled by convective heat transfer of a thermal fluid through porous media combined with an integrated electrical heater. This method of rapid heat transfer has enabled 30 cycles of PCR amplification to be completed in as little as two minutes and eighteen seconds. Surprisingly, multiple enzymes have been shown to work at these breakthrough speeds on our system. A tool for measuring enzyme kinetics now exists and can allow polymerase optimization through directed evolution studies. Pairing this instrument technology with modified polymerases should result in a new paradigm for high-throughput, ultra-fast PCR and will hopefully improve our ability to quickly respond to the next viral pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Wheeler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Center for Micro and Nano Technology, Livermore, CA, USA
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