1
|
Wang Q, Khosropanah P, van der Kuur J, de Lange G, Audley MD, Aminaei A, Ilyas S, Ridder ML, van der Linden AJ, Bruijn MP, van der Tak F, Gao JR. Frequency division multiplexing readout of a transition edge sensor bolometer array with microstrip-type electrical bias lines. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:124901. [PMID: 36586892 DOI: 10.1063/5.0108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multiplexed readout of 43 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers operating at 90 mK using a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) readout chain with bias frequencies ranging from 1 to 3.5 MHz and a typical frequency spacing of 32 kHz. We improve the previously reported performance of our FDM system by two important steps. First, we replace the coplanar wires with microstrip wires, which minimize the cross talk from mutual inductance. From the measured electrical cross talk (ECT) map, the ECT of all pixels is carrier leakage dominated. Only five pixels show an ECT level higher than 1%. Second, we reduce the thermal response speed of the TES detectors by a factor of 20 by increasing the heat capacity of the TES, which allows us to bias all TES detectors below 50% in transition without oscillations. We compare the current-voltage curves and noise spectra of the TESs measured in single-pixel mode and multiplexing mode. We also compare the noise equivalent power (NEP) and the saturation power of the bolometers in both modes, where 38 pixels show less than 10% difference in NEP and 5% difference in saturation power when measured in the two different modes. The measured noise spectrum is in good agreement with the simulated noise based on measured parameters from an impedance measurement, confirming that our TES is dominated by phonon noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Khosropanah
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J van der Kuur
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G de Lange
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M D Audley
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Aminaei
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Ilyas
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M L Ridder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Linden
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M P Bruijn
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Tak
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J R Gao
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen and Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crowley KD, Dow P, Shroyer JE, Groh JC, Dober B, Spisak J, Galitzki N, Bhandarkar T, Devlin MJ, Dicker S, Gallardo PA, Harrington K, Iuliano J, Johnson BR, Johnson D, Kofman AM, Kusaka A, Lee A, Limon M, Nati F, Orlowski-Scherer J, Page L, Randall M, Teply G, Tsan T, Wollack EJ, Xu Z, Zhu N. The Simons Observatory: A large-diameter truss for a refracting telescope cooled to 1 K. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:055106. [PMID: 35649759 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory small aperture telescope. The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. Each strut consists of a central carbon fiber tube fitted with two aluminum end caps. We tested the performance of the strut and truss by (i) cryogenically cycling and destructively pull-testing strut samples, (ii) non-destructively pull-testing the final truss, and (iii) measuring the thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber tubes. We found that the strut strength is limited by the mounting fasteners and the strut end caps, not the epoxy adhesive or the carbon fiber tube. This result is consistent with our numerical predictions. Our thermal measurements suggest that the conductive heat load through the struts (from 4 to 1 K) will be less than 1 mW. This strut design may be a promising candidate for use in other cryogenic support structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Crowley
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Peter Dow
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jordan E Shroyer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - John C Groh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Bradley Dober
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jacob Spisak
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Galitzki
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Tanay Bhandarkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mark J Devlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Simon Dicker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patricio A Gallardo
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kathleen Harrington
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey Iuliano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bradley R Johnson
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Delwin Johnson
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Anna M Kofman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Akito Kusaka
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Lee
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michele Limon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Federico Nati
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milan (MI) 20126, Italy
| | - John Orlowski-Scherer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lyman Page
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Michael Randall
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Grant Teply
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Tran Tsan
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Edward J Wollack
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Zhilei Xu
- MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ningfeng Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Khosropanah P, van der Kuur J, de Lange G, Audley MD, Aminaei A, Hijmering R, Ridder ML, Ilyas S, van der Linden AJ, Bruijn MP, van der Tak F, Gao JR. Electrical cross talk of a frequency division multiplexing readout for a transition edge sensor bolometer array. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:014710. [PMID: 33514257 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized and mapped the electrical cross talk (ECT) of a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) system with a transition edge sensor (TES) bolometer array, which is intended for space applications. By adding a small modulation at 120 Hz to the AC bias voltage of one bolometer and measuring the cross talk response in the current noise spectra of the others simultaneously, we have for the first time mapped the ECT level of 61 pixels with a nominal frequency spacing of 32 kHz in a 61 × 61 matrix and a carrier frequency ranging from 1 MHz to 4 MHz. We find that about 94% of the pixels show an ECT level of less than 0.4%. Only the adjacent pixels reach this level, and the ECT for the rest of the pixels is less than 0.1%. We also observe higher ECT levels, up to 10%, between some of the pixels, which have bundled long, parallel coplanar wires connecting TES bolometers to inductor-capacitor filters. In this case, the high mutual inductances dominate. To mitigate this source of ECT, the coplanar wires should be replaced by microstrip wires in the array. Our study suggests that an FDM system can have a relatively low ECT level, e.g., around 0.4% if the frequency spacing is 30 kHz. Our results successfully demonstrate a low electrical cross talk for a space FDM technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Khosropanah
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J van der Kuur
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G de Lange
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M D Audley
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Aminaei
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Hijmering
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M L Ridder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Ilyas
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Linden
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Bruijn
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Tak
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Gao
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCarrick H, Flanigan D, Jones G, Johnson BR, Ade P, Araujo D, Bradford K, Cantor R, Che G, Day P, Doyle S, Leduc H, Limon M, Luu V, Mauskopf P, Miller A, Mroczkowski T, Tucker C, Zmuidzinas J. Horn-coupled, commercially-fabricated aluminum lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors for millimeter wavelengths. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:123117. [PMID: 25554282 DOI: 10.1063/1.4903855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the design, fabrication, and testing of prototype horn-coupled, lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) designed for cosmic microwave background studies. The LEKIDs are made from a thin aluminum film deposited on a silicon wafer and patterned using standard photolithographic techniques at STAR Cryoelectronics, a commercial device foundry. We fabricated 20-element arrays, optimized for a spectral band centered on 150 GHz, to test the sensitivity and yield of the devices as well as the multiplexing scheme. We characterized the detectors in two configurations. First, the detectors were tested in a dark environment with the horn apertures covered, and second, the horn apertures were pointed towards a beam-filling cryogenic blackbody load. These tests show that the multiplexing scheme is robust and scalable, the yield across multiple LEKID arrays is 91%, and the measured noise-equivalent temperatures for a 4 K optical load are in the range 26±6 μK√s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H McCarrick
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - D Flanigan
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - G Jones
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - B R Johnson
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - P Ade
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - D Araujo
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - K Bradford
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - R Cantor
- STAR Cryoelectronics, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87508, USA
| | - G Che
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - P Day
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - S Doyle
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - H Leduc
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - M Limon
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - V Luu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | - P Mauskopf
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - A Miller
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, USA
| | | | - C Tucker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - J Zmuidzinas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becker D, Gentry C, Smirnov I, Ade P, Beall J, Cho HM, Dicker S, Duncan W, Halpern M, Hilton G, Irwin K, Li D, Paulter N, Reintsema C, Schwall R, Tucker C. Standoff passive video imaging at 350 GHz with 251 superconducting detectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
6
|
Dobbs MA, Lueker M, Aird KA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clarke J, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Flanigan DI, de Haan T, George EM, Halverson NW, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Johnson BR, Joseph J, Keisler R, Kennedy J, Kermish Z, Lanting TM, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Montroy TE, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Richards PL, Ruhl JE, Schaffer KK, Schwan D, Shirokoff E, Spieler HG, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vu C, Westbrook B, Williamson R. Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:073113. [PMID: 22852677 DOI: 10.1063/1.4737629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A technological milestone for experiments employing transition edge sensor bolometers operating at sub-Kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s-1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is readout multiplexing: the ability to read out many sensors simultaneously on the same set of wires. This paper describes a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system which has been developed for and deployed on the APEX-SZ and South Pole Telescope millimeter wavelength receivers. In this system, the detector array is divided into modules of seven detectors, and each bolometer within the module is biased with a unique ∼MHz sinusoidal carrier such that the individual bolometer signals are well separated in frequency space. The currents from all bolometers in a module are summed together and pre-amplified with superconducting quantum interference devices operating at 4 K. Room temperature electronics demodulate the carriers to recover the bolometer signals, which are digitized separately and stored to disk. This readout system contributes little noise relative to the detectors themselves, is remarkably insensitive to unwanted microphonic excitations, and provides a technology pathway to multiplexing larger numbers of sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Dobbs
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|