1
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Iliasova MV, Mirfayzi SR, Rajput M, Chandrasekhar K, Fontana M, Hoffman D, O'Gorman T, Kamal G, McNamara SAM, Sertoli M, Sridhar S, Varje J, Wilson C, Zakhar D, Naylor G. Characterization of diamond and organic scintillation detectors utilizing radiation sources for continuous plasma operation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083556. [PMID: 39194346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive study of neutron calibration methodologies, specifically highlighting the capabilities for n-γ discrimination in diamond and EJ-309, and stilbene scintillation detectors. The calibration process detailed in this study includes pulse height analysis and pulse shape discrimination, relying on the analysis of charge deposition resulting from both γ and neutron interactions. Utilizing 60Co and 252Cf radiation sources, the energy spectra of these sources are obtained. The characterized detectors were used in ST40 experiments and allowed acquiring neutron signal during a plasma shot with good agreement among diamond and scintillation detectors. Then, the diamond detector was cross-calibrated against indium activation foils placed at the same location in proximity to the ST40 during plasma shots: both detectors measured a neutron flux of ≈106 cm-2 s-1 at ≈1 m distance from the tokamak center, and the discrepancy between the diamond detector and the activation foils is ≈25%.
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2
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Molin AD, Guiotto F, Putignano O, Rosa MD, Franz P, Grosso G, Monguzzi A, Cippo EP, Pollice L, Rigamonti D, Tedoldi LG, Zuin M, Tardocchi M. Development of fast 2.5 MeV neutron detectors for high-intensity stray magnetic field environments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083544. [PMID: 39171980 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Several small to medium-scale magnetic confinement fusion devices operate using deuterium as fuel. These low neutron rate (108-1010 n/s) devices rely on 2.45 MeV neutron measurements to validate physical models and to assess their performance. Given the modest rate, neutron monitors have to be placed as close as possible to the machine to maximize data gathering. In these regions, intense stray magnetic fields could affect the detector's performance. In this work, the development of a neutron detector based on an EJ-276D scintillator crystal coupled with a SiPM and a custom-made readout system is presented. The detector has particle discrimination capability and is insensitive to magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Molin
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - F Guiotto
- Università degli Studi di Padova - Centro Ricerche Fusione (CRF), Padua, Italy
- Consorzio RFX, Padua, Italy
| | - O Putignano
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - M Dalla Rosa
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - G Grosso
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - A Monguzzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali, Milan, Italy
| | - E Perelli Cippo
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - L Pollice
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali, Milan, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - L G Tedoldi
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zuin
- Consorzio RFX, Padua, Italy
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Padua, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Milan, Italy
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3
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Yuan G, Wen Z, Feng L, Luo X, Wei L, Zhang J, Zhao W, Yang Q, Liu Y. Development of a D-D neutron spectrum detector based on helium-3 proportional counter. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:113503. [PMID: 37921520 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium-deuterium (D-D) neutron spectrum diagnostics in tokamaks are a challenging task with current technologies. To address this issue, we designed and tested a fast and compact helium-3 proportional counter with a diameter of 2.5 cm and an effective length of 15 cm and using Kr as a stopping gas. The detector achieved a resolution of 96 keV for 2.406 MeV neutrons with a pulse shaping of 2 µs. Test results indicate that this detector has the potential to form a D-D neutron spectrometer for tokamaks, composed of detector arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yuan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuowei Wen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingfeng Wei
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
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4
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Iliasova MV, Shevelev AE, Khilkevitch EM, Lebedev SV, Askinazi LG, Kornev VA, Minaev VB, Tukachinsky AS, Doinikov DN, Polunovsky IA, Naidenov VO, Gin DB. Measurements of neutron fluxes from tokamak plasmas using a compact neutron spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043560. [PMID: 34243451 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A compact neutron spectrometer based on the BC-501A liquid organic scintillator was applied to neutron measurements at the TUMAN-3M tokamak. The spectrometer was calibrated using measurements from the ion beam of the cyclotron accelerator. Neutron spectra were measured during discharges using a neutral deuterium beam injection into the TUMAN-3M D-plasma. An energy distribution of the neutrons from the plasma that hit the spectrometer was obtained from the measured BC-501A instrumental spectra by the DeGaSum code using detector response functions obtained in the course of the calibration. This allowed for the estimation of the 2.45 MeV neutron yield and the evaluation of both the time evolution of the DD fusion rate and the characteristic time of the injected deuterium slowing down in discharges with neutral beam injection heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Iliasova
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A E Shevelev
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | | | - S V Lebedev
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - L G Askinazi
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - V A Kornev
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - V B Minaev
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | | | - D N Doinikov
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - I A Polunovsky
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - V O Naidenov
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - D B Gin
- Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
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5
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Giacomelli L, Belli F, Binda F, Conroy SW, Eriksson J, Milocco A, Popovicev S, Syme DB. Neutron emission spectroscopy of D plasmas at JET with a compact liquid scintillating neutron spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10I113. [PMID: 30399806 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutron emission spectroscopy is a diagnostic technique that allows for energy measurements of neutrons born in nuclear reactions. The JET tokamak fusion experiment (Culham, UK) has a special role in this respect as advanced spectrometers for 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons have been developed here for the first time for measurements of the neutron emission spectrum from D and DT plasmas with unprecedented accuracy. Twin liquid scintillating neutron spectrometers were built and calibrated at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) (Braunschweig, Germany) and installed on JET in the recent years with tangential-equatorial (KM12) and vertical-radial (KM13) view lines, with the latter only recently operational. This article reports on the performance of KM12 and on the development of the data analysis methods in order to extract physics information upon D ions kinematics in JET auxiliary-heated D plasmas from 2.5 MeV neutron measurements. The comparison of these results with the correspondents from other JET neutron spectrometers is also presented: their agreement allows for JET unique capability of multi-lines of sight neutron spectroscopy and for benchmarking other 14 MeV neutron spectrometers installed on the same lines of sight in preparation for the DT experimental campaign at JET.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - F Belli
- Dipartimento FSN, ENEA CR Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - F Binda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S W Conroy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Milocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - S Popovicev
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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6
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Jo J, Cheon M, Kim J, Lim S, Isobe M, Ogawa K, Nishitani T, Park S, Murata I, Chung KJ, Hwang YS. Initial operation results of NE213 scintillation detector for time-resolved measurements on triton burnup in KSTAR. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10I118. [PMID: 30399758 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In time-resolved measurement for triton burnup in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) deuterium plasmas, an NE213 liquid scintillation detector was installed and operated during the 2017 KSTAR campaign. The detector is composed of an NE213 scintillator (50 mm in diameter and 10 mm in thickness) and a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The PMT anode signal was processed under a data acquisition system which contains a field programmable gate array circuit and pulse processing software that is capable of discriminating gamma-ray and neutron pulse signals. In order to determine an appropriate threshold level for the 14 MeV neutron signal resulting from triton burnup, the NE213 scintillation detector was calibrated by using d-d and d-t neutron generators at the National Fusion Research Institute and Intense 14 MeV Neutron Source Facility, OKTAVIAN, Osaka University, Japan. The detector was installed on KSTAR with a 10 mm thick soft-iron stray magnetic field shield and a radiation shield which consists of 100 mm thick lead blocks and 200 mm thick borated polyethylene blocks. A discrimination range for d-t neutron was determined based on test results from neutron generators and KSTAR. Data points selected from the discrimination range were consistent with the classical triton confinement characteristics. In conclusion, under condition of an input counting rate of 1.9 × 105 counts per second (CPS), the detector is able to measure triton burnup signals up to 500 CPS for various plasma parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - MunSeong Cheon
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Junghee Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soobin Lim
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - M Isobe
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki-shi, Japan
| | - K Ogawa
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki-shi, Japan
| | - T Nishitani
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki-shi, Japan
| | - Seugil Park
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - I Murata
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoung-Jae Chung
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Y S Hwang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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7
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Jacobsen AS, Binda F, Cazzaniga C, Eriksson J, Hjalmarsson A, Nocente M, Salewski M, Tardini G. Velocity-space sensitivities of neutron emission spectrometers at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade in deuterium plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:073506. [PMID: 28764505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Future fusion reactors are foreseen to be heated by the energetic alpha particles produced in fusion reactions. For this to happen, it is important that the energetic ions are sufficiently confined. In present day fusion experiments, energetic ions are primarily produced using external heating systems such as neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. In order to diagnose these fast ions, several different fast-ion diagnostics have been developed and implemented in the various experiments around the world. The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are given by so-called weight functions. Here instrument-specific weight functions are derived for neutron emission spectrometry detectors at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade for the 2.45 MeV neutrons produced in deuterium-deuterium reactions in deuterium plasmas. Using these, it is possible to directly determine which part of velocity space each detector observes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jacobsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
| | - F Binda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Cazzaniga
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Hjalmarsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Nocente
- Dipartimento di Fisca "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Tardini
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
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8
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Giacomelli L, Nocente M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Milocco A, Tardocchi M, Chen ZJ, Du TF, Fan TS, Hu ZM, Peng XY, Hjalmarsson A, Gorini G. Neutron emission spectroscopy of DT plasmas at enhanced energy resolution with diamond detectors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D822. [PMID: 27910679 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents measurements done at the Peking University Van de Graaff neutron source of the response of single crystal synthetic diamond (SD) detectors to quasi-monoenergetic neutrons of 14-20 MeV. The results show an energy resolution of 1% for incoming 20 MeV neutrons, which, together with 1% detection efficiency, opens up to new prospects for fast ion physics studies in high performance nuclear fusion devices such as SD neutron spectrometry of deuterium-tritium plasmas heated by neutral beam injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Milocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Z J Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T F Du
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T S Fan
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Z M Hu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Y Peng
- School of Physics, State Key Lab of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - A Hjalmarsson
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Gorini
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
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9
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Rebai M, Giacomelli L, Milocco A, Nocente M, Rigamonti D, Tardocchi M, Camera F, Cazzaniga C, Chen ZJ, Du TF, Fan TS, Giaz A, Hu ZM, Marchi T, Peng XY, Gorini G. Response function of single crystal synthetic diamond detectors to 1-4 MeV neutrons for spectroscopy of D plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D823. [PMID: 27910604 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Single-crystal Diamond (SD) detector prototype was installed at Joint European Torus (JET) in 2013 and the achieved results have shown its spectroscopic capability of measuring 2.5 MeV neutrons from deuterium plasmas. This paper presents measurements of the SD response function to monoenergetic neutrons, which is a key point for the development of a neutron spectrometer based on SDs and compares them with Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis procedure allows for a good reconstruction of the experimental results. The good pulse height energy resolution (equivalent FWHM of 80 keV at 2.5 MeV), gain stability, insensitivity to magnetic field, and compact size make SDs attractive as compact neutron spectrometers of high flux deuterium plasmas, such as for instance those needed for the ITER neutron camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rebai
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - L Giacomelli
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - A Milocco
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Nocente
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - D Rigamonti
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - F Camera
- INFN Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cazzaniga
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma "P. Caldirola," CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Z J Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T F Du
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T S Fan
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - A Giaz
- INFN Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Z M Hu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T Marchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - X Y Peng
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - G Gorini
- University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
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10
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Tardini G, Gagnon-Moisan F, Zimbal A. Characterisation of a BC501A compact neutron spectrometer for fusion research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:103504. [PMID: 27802709 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The compact neutron spectrometer used at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak is characterised to obtain its response matrix. This paper describes the characterisation procedure and the derived response matrix, based on a campaign at the PTB ion accelerator facility (PIAF) and on the subsequent time-of-flight (TOF) analysis of neutrons from a field with a broad energy distribution. The response of mono-energetic neutrons generated at the PIAF is used as reference for the TOF analysis. The detector's response functions for spectrum deconvolution are obtained by Gaussian broadening of the simulated responses to fit the experimental ones, using a maximum-entropy ansatz. In this way, the response functions are smooth enough to ensure a reliable unfolding of pulse height spectra into neutron emission spectra, which provide information on the fast ion velocity distribution in neutral beam heated tokamak plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tardini
- MPI für Plasmaphysik, Euratom Association, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Gagnon-Moisan
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Zimbal
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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High Rate Measurements of the Neutron Camera and Broadband Neutron Spectrometer at JET. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Cazzaniga C, Sundén EA, Binda F, Croci G, Ericsson G, Giacomelli L, Gorini G, Griesmayer E, Grosso G, Kaveney G, Nocente M, Perelli Cippo E, Rebai M, Syme B, Tardocchi M. Single crystal diamond detector measurements of deuterium-deuterium and deuterium-tritium neutrons in Joint European Torus fusion plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043506. [PMID: 24784606 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
First simultaneous measurements of deuterium-deuterium (DD) and deuterium-tritium neutrons from deuterium plasmas using a Single crystal Diamond Detector are presented in this paper. The measurements were performed at JET with a dedicated electronic chain that combined high count rate capabilities and high energy resolution. The deposited energy spectrum from DD neutrons was successfully reproduced by means of Monte Carlo calculations of the detector response function and simulations of neutron emission from the plasma, including background contributions. The reported results are of relevance for the development of compact neutron detectors with spectroscopy capabilities for installation in camera systems of present and future high power fusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cazzaniga
- Department of Physics "G. Occhialini," University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano, Italy
| | - E Andersson Sundén
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, EURATOM-VR Association, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Binda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, EURATOM-VR Association, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Croci
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
| | - G Ericsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, EURATOM-VR Association, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Giacomelli
- Department of Physics "G. Occhialini," University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano, Italy
| | - G Gorini
- Department of Physics "G. Occhialini," University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano, Italy
| | - E Griesmayer
- Atominstitut, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - G Grosso
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
| | - G Kaveney
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham OX143DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Nocente
- Department of Physics "G. Occhialini," University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano, Italy
| | - E Perelli Cippo
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
| | - M Rebai
- Department of Physics "G. Occhialini," University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, Milano, Italy
| | - B Syme
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham OX143DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Tardocchi
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Associazione EURATOM-ENEA-CNR, via Roberto Cozzi 53, Milano, Italy
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13
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Giacomelli L, Conroy S, Gorini G, Horton L, Murari A, Popovichev S, Syme DB. Tomographic analysis of neutron and gamma pulse shape distributions from liquid scintillation detectors at Joint European Torus. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:023505. [PMID: 24593359 DOI: 10.1063/1.4864122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Joint European Torus (JET, Culham, UK) is the largest tokamak in the world devoted to nuclear fusion experiments of magnetic confined Deuterium (D)/Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. Neutrons produced in these plasmas are measured using various types of neutron detectors and spectrometers. Two of these instruments on JET make use of organic liquid scintillator detectors. The neutron emission profile monitor implements 19 liquid scintillation counters to detect the 2.45 MeV neutron emission from D plasmas. A new compact neutron spectrometer is operational at JET since 2010 to measure the neutron energy spectra from both D and DT plasmas. Liquid scintillation detectors are sensitive to both neutron and gamma radiation but give light responses of different decay time such that pulse shape discrimination techniques can be applied to identify the neutron contribution of interest from the data. The most common technique consists of integrating the radiation pulse shapes within different ranges of their rising and/or trailing edges. In this article, a step forward in this type of analysis is presented. The method applies a tomographic analysis of the 3-dimensional neutron and gamma pulse shape and pulse height distribution data obtained from liquid scintillation detectors such that n/γ discrimination can be improved to lower energies and additional information can be gained on neutron contributions to the gamma events and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomelli
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S Conroy
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - G Gorini
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - L Horton
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Murari
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S Popovichev
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - D B Syme
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Yuan X, Xie X, Chen Z, Peng X, Chen J, Zhang G, Li X, Fan T, Zhong G, Hu L, Wan B. A compact stilbene crystal neutron spectrometer for EAST D-D plasma neutron diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:033506. [PMID: 23556820 DOI: 10.1063/1.4797623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new compact stilbene crystal neutron spectrometer has been investigated and applied in the neutron emission spectroscopy on the EAST tokamak. A new components analysis method is presented to study the anisotropic light output in the stilbene crystal detector. A Geant4 code was developed to simulate the neutron responses in the spectrometer. Based on both the optimal light output function and the fitted pulse height resolution function, a reliable neutron response matrix was obtained by Geant4 simulations and validated by 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutron measurements at a 4.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The spectrometer was used to diagnose the ion temperature in plasma discharges with lower hybrid wave injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating on the EAST tokamak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Chengfu Road 201, 100871 Beijing, China
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Xie X, Zhang X, Yuan X, Chen J, Li X, Zhang G, Fan T, Yuan G, Yang J, Yang Q. Digital discrimination of neutrons and gamma-rays in organic scintillation detectors using moment analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:093507. [PMID: 23020376 DOI: 10.1063/1.4754633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Digital discrimination of neutron and gamma-ray events in an organic scintillator has been investigated by moment analysis. Signals induced by an americium-beryllium (Am/Be) isotropic neutron source in a stilbene crystal detector have been sampled with a flash analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) of 1 GSamples/s sampling rate and 10-bit vertical resolution. Neutrons and gamma-rays have been successfully discriminated with a threshold corresponding to gamma-ray energy about 217 keV. Moment analysis has also been verified against the results assessed by a time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. It is shown that the classification of neutrons and gamma-rays afforded by moment analysis is consistent with that achieved by digital TOF measurement. This method has been applied to analyze the data acquired from the stilbene crystal detector in mixed radiation field of the HL-2A tokamak deuterium plasma discharges and the results are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Xie
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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