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Ghabi A, Slama T, Hedhli A, Boubaker T, Guillemin JC. Primary α-Phosphino- and α-Arseno-Nitriles, Analogues of α-Aminonitriles. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11311-11316. [PMID: 38818931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
More than 170 years after the synthesis of α-aminonitriles by the reaction of Strecker, α-phosphinonitriles, and α-arsenonitriles have been prepared and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. For the simplest derivatives, the reaction was carried out by reaction of cyanomethyltributylstannane with phosphorus or arsenic trichloride, followed by a chemoselective reduction of the dichlorophosphine and dichloroarsine formed to the corresponding primary phosphine and arsine. The phosphinoacetonitrile can be stored at -80 °C for months in its pure state, but arsenoacetonitrile decomposes at this temperature. Chiral compounds can be synthesized from C-substituted cyano-1-alkyltributylstannanes. In 1H NMR spectroscopy, these chiral phosphines and arsines display diastereotopic protons for the PH2 and AsH2 groups, a property never observed for the NH2 group of α-aminonitriles. This work paves the way for further studies on the chemistry of these compounds, including a comparative chemistry of these phosphorus and arsenic derivatives with the well-known α-aminonitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Ghabi
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Université de Monastir, Avenue Taher Hadded B.P 56, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Takwa Slama
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Université de Monastir, Avenue Taher Hadded B.P 56, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Amel Hedhli
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Université de Monastir, Avenue Taher Hadded B.P 56, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Université de Monastir, Avenue Taher Hadded B.P 56, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemin
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Dana AG, Buesser B, Merchant SS, Green WH. Automated Reaction Mechanism Generation Including Nitrogen as a Heteroatom. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 United States
| | - Beat Buesser
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 United States
| | - Shamel S. Merchant
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 United States
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 United States
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Keane TC. Mechanism for the Coupled Photochemistry of Ammonia and Acetylene: Implications for Giant Planets, Comets and Interstellar Organic Synthesis. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2017; 47:223-248. [PMID: 28791552 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-017-9545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory studies provide a fundamental understanding of photochemical processes in planetary atmospheres. Photochemical reactions taking place on giant planets like Jupiter and possibly comets and the interstellar medium are the subject of this research. Reaction pathways are proposed for the coupled photochemistry of NH3 (ammonia) and C2H2 (acetylene) within the context Jupiter's atmosphere. We then extend the discussion to the Great Red Spot, Extra-Solar Giant Planets, Comets and Interstellar Organic Synthesis. Reaction rates in the form of quantum yields were measured for the decomposition of reactants and the formation of products and stable intermediates: HCN (hydrogen cyanide), CH3CN (acetonitrile), CH3CH = N-N = CHCH3 (acetaldazine), CH3CH = N-NH2 (acetaldehyde hydrazone), C2H5NH2 (ethylamine), CH3NH2 (methylamine) and C2H4 (ethene) in the photolysis of NH3/C2H2 mixtures. Some of these compounds, formed in our investigation of pathways for HCN synthesis, were not encountered previously in observational, theoretical or laboratory photochemical studies. The quantum yields obtained allowed for the formulation of a reaction mechanism that attempts to explain the observed results under varying experimental conditions. In general, the results of this work are consistent with the initial observations of Ferris and Ishikawa (1988). However, their proposed reaction pathway which centers on the photolysis of CH3CH = N-N = CHCH3 does not explain all of the results obtained in this study. The formation of CH3CH = N-N = CHCH3 by a radical combination reaction of CH3CH = N• was shown in this work to be inconsistent with other experiments where the CH3CH = N• radical is thought to form but where no CH3CH = N-N = CHCH3 was detected. The importance of the role of H atom abstraction reactions was demonstrated and an alternative pathway for CH3CH = N-N = CHCH3 formation involving nucleophilic reaction between N2H4 and CH3CH = NH is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Keane
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Studies and Emerging Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Russell Sage College, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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He Y, Cheng H. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in mineral micropores induced by microwave irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 94:305-314. [PMID: 26971806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water treatment poses a significant technical challenge due to its small molecular size, high polarity and water solubility, and poor biodegradability. Degradation of NDMA and its precursor, dimethylamine (DMA), was investigated by adsorbing them from aqueous solution using porous mineral sorbents, followed by destruction under microwave irradiation. Among the mineral sorbents evaluated, dealuminated ZSM-5 exhibited the highest sorption capacities for NDMA and DMA, which decreased with the density of surface cations present in the micropores. In contrast, the degradation rate of the sorbed NDMA increased with the density of surface cations under microwave irradiation. Evolutions of the degradation products and C/N ratio indicate that the sorbed NDMA and DMA could be eventually mineralized under continuous microwave irradiation. The degradation rate was strongly correlated with the bulk temperature of ZSM-5 and microwave power, which is consistent with the mechanism of pyrolysis caused by formation of micro-scale "hot spots" within the mineral micropores under microwave irradiation. Compared to existing treatment options for NDMA removal, microporous mineral sorption coupled with microwave-induced degradation has the unique advantages of being able to simultaneously remove NDMA and DMA and cause their full mineralization, and thus could serve as a promising alternative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Almatarneh MH, Barhoumi L, Al-Tayyem B, Abu-Saleh AAAA, AL-A’qarbeh MM, Abuorabi F, AlShamaileh E, Altarawneh M, Marashdeh A. Computational study for the second-stage cracking of the pyrolysis of ethylamine: Decomposition of methanimine, ethenamine, and ethanimine. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miranda MS, Esteves da Silva JCG, Castillo A, Frank AT, Greer A, Brown JA, Davis BC, Liebman JF. Amino, Ammonio and Aminioethenes: A Theoretical Study of their Structure and Energetics. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013; 26:613-625. [PMID: 24019594 DOI: 10.1002/poc.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have performed high level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations for aminoethene and the three isomeric 1,1- (Z)- or (E)-1,2-diaminoethenes as well as their singly and doubly charged cations derived by loss of electrons and/or upon protonation. Gas phase molecular structures were computed at the MP2/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. Standard molar enthalpies of formation in the gas phase, at T = 298.15 K were estimated using the G3 composite method and atomization, isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions. Other energetic parameters were also calculated at the G3 level: proton affinities, basicities and adiabatic ionization enthalpies. Theoretical and experimental data are compared. The reported experimental data refer only to aminoethene wherein the standard molar enthalpy of formation has a considerable uncertainty, although the molecular structure is well-established. There are no such data, neither structural nor thermochemical, for any of the three isomeric diaminoethenes. Isoelectronic comparisons are made. For example, the diprotonated diaminoethenes are isoelectronic to isobutene and (Z)- and (E)-butene, while the doubly ionized diaminoethenes are likewise related to trimethylenemethane and 1,3-butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida S Miranda
- Centro de Geologia da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Badawi HM. A comparative study of the structure and vibrational spectra of diphenylmethane, the carcinogen 4,4'-methylenedianiline and 4,4'-methylenebis(N,N-dimethylaniline). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 109:213-220. [PMID: 23528920 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The structural stability of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), 4,4'-methylenebis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (MBDMA) and their parent diphenylmethane (DPM) was investigated by the DFT-B3LYP and ab initio MP2 calculations with the 6-311G(**) basis set. From the calculations the three diphenylmethanes were predicted to exist predominantly in a non-planar structure with a near C2 molecular symmetry in agreement with X-ray studies. The CCCC angles in DPM and the two dianilines were calculated to be nearly equal of about 60° as compared to X-ray angles of 17° and 67° for MDA. The NH2 inversion barriers in MDA was estimated to be about 1-5 kcal/mol. On comparison of the Raman spectra of the three compounds, the line intensity and position of the characteristic ring breathing mode were shown to be sensitive to the amino substitution. The vibrational wavenumbers of the optimized structures of the two dianilines were computed at the DFT-B3LYP level of theory. Tentative vibrational assignments were made on the basis of combined DFT and experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman data of MDA and MBDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Badawi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Peteroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Lovas FJ, Lide DR, Suenram RD, Johnson DR. Evolution of Microwave Spectroscopy at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2012; 117:268-296. [PMID: 26900528 PMCID: PMC4553873 DOI: 10.6028/jres.117.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the beginning and evolution of microwave rotational spectroscopic research starting in 1954 at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), located at that time in Washington, DC, through the present at NIST in Gaithersburg, MD. David Lide was hired in 1954 to start this research employing Stark modulated waveguide septum cells. When Donald R. Johnson joined the lab in 1968, he developed parallel plate cells coupled with rf and DC discharge methods to study free radicals and transient species. In the mid 1980s Lovas and Suenram constructed a pulsed molecular beam Fourier Transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometer to study hydrogen bonded and van der Waals dimers and trimers. This article describes the types of molecules studied and the type molecular properties derived from these measurements as well as some of the instruments developed for these studies. The two major areas of application described are atmospheric chemistry and molecular radio astronomy.
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Waluyo I, Krooswyk JD, Yin J, Ren Y, Trenary M. Aminovinylidene: A Stable Surface Intermediate in the Dehydrogenation of Ethylamine on Pt(1 1 1). ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Moses JI, Visscher C, Keane TC, Sperier A. On the abundance of non-cometary HCN on Jupiter. Faraday Discuss 2011; 147:103-36; discussion 251-82. [PMID: 21302544 DOI: 10.1039/c003954c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using one-dimensional thermochemical/photochemical kinetics and transport models, we examine the chemistry of nitrogen-bearing species in the Jovian troposphere in an attempt to explain the low observational upper limit for HCN. We track the dominant mechanisms for interconversion of N2-NH3 and HCN-NH3 in the deep, high-temperature troposphere and predict the rate-limiting step for the quenching of HCN at cooler tropospheric altitudes. Consistent with some other investigations that were based solely on time-scale arguments, our models suggest that transport-induced quenching of thermochemically derived HCN leads to very small predicted mole fractions of hydrogen cyanide in Jupiter's upper troposphere. By the same token, photochemical production of HCN is ineffective in Jupiter's troposphere: CH4-NH3 coupling is inhibited by the physical separation of the CH4 photolysis region in the upper stratosphere from the NH3 photolysis and condensation region in the troposphere, and C2H2-NH3 coupling is inhibited by the low tropospheric abundance of C2H2. The upper limits from infrared and submillimetre observations can be used to place constraints on the production of HCN and other species from lightning and thundershock sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne I Moses
- Space Science Institute, 1602 Old Orchard Ln, Seabrook, TX 77586, USA.
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Møllendal H, Konovalov A. Microwave spectrum of 2-aminooxazole, a compound of potential prebiotic and astrochemical interest. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2151-6. [PMID: 20085358 DOI: 10.1021/jp910593q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum in the 26.6-80 GHz spectral range of 2-aminooxazole, which may have played a potential role in the prebiotic generation of pyrimidine ribonucleotides, is reported. A large number of transitions have been assigned, and accurate values of the rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants have been obtained for the four lowest vibrational states. The frequencies of the vibrationally excited states have been determined by relative intensity measurements. The microwave spectra should be useful for the identification of this compound in planetary atmospheres or in interstellar space. 2-Aminooxazole is nonplanar with the amino group bent 35(5) degrees out of the oxazole plane. Inversion of the amino group manifests itself in a characteristic doubling of the microwave transitions and the absence of c-type transitions. The microwave work has been augmented by quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) levels of theory. The spectroscopic constants obtained by these two methods are in good agreement with one another, as well as with their experimental counterparts. The B3LYP method predicts a more accurate value for the angle between the oxazole ring and the plane formed by the amino group than the MP2 procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Møllendal
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Durig JR, Zhou SX, Zhou CX, Durig NE. Structural parameters, vibrational spectra and centrifugal distortion constants of F(CN)CNX (X=H, F, Cl, Br) and CH3(Y)CNH (Y=H, CN). J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Conformational and isomerizational studies of 3-N,N-dimethylhydrazino-2-acetyl propenenitrile using X-ray analysis, NMR and vibrational spectra, and ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Badawi HM, Förner W, Al-Saadi AA. Structural stability, NH2 inversion and vibrational assignments of 2,4,6-trichloroaniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Conformational and isomerizational studies of 3-N,N-dimethylhydrazino-2-methylsulfonyl propenenitrile using NMR and vibrational spectra, X-ray analysis and ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gróf M, Gatial A, Milata V, Prónayová N, Sümmchen L, Salzer R. Conformational studies of 3-aminomethylene-2,4-pentanedione using vibrational and NMR spectra, and ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Badawi HM. Vibrational spectra and analysis of acetohydrazide CH3-CO-NH-NH2. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 67:592-7. [PMID: 16979937 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural stability of acetohydrazide CH(3)-CO-NH-NH(2) was investigated by DFT-B3LYP and ab initio MP2 calculations with 6-311+G** basis set. The C-N rotational barrier in the molecule was calculated to be about 26 kcal/mol that suggested the planar sp(2) nature of the nitrogen atom of the central NH moiety. The N atom of the terminal NH(2) group was predicted to highly prefer the pyramidal sp(3) structure with an inversion barrier of about 7-8 kcal/mol. The molecule was predicted to have a trans-syn (N-H bond is trans with respect to CO bond and NH(2) moiety is syn to C-N bond) conformation as the lowest energy structure. The vibrational frequencies were computed at B3LYP level of theory and normal coordinate calculations were carried out for the trans-syn acetohydrazide. Complete vibrational assignments were made on the basis of normal coordinate analyses and experimental infrared and Raman data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Badawi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Askeland E, Møllendal H, Uggerud E, Guillemin JC, Aviles Moreno JR, Demaison J, Huet TR. Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Quantum Chemical Studies of a Compound of Potential Astrochemical and Astrobiological Interest: Z-3-Amino-2-propenenitrile. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12572-84. [PMID: 17107106 DOI: 10.1021/jp064152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Z-3-Amino-2-propenenitrile, H2NCH=CHCN, a compound of astrochemical and astrobiological interest, has been studied by Stark and Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy along with eight of its isotopologues; the synthesis of five of these are reported. The spectra of the ground vibrational state and of three vibrationally excited states belonging to the two lowest normal modes were assigned for the parent species, whereas the ground states were assigned for the isotopologues. The frequency of the lowest in-plane bending fundamental vibration was determined to be 152(20) cm(-1) and the frequency of the lowest out-of-plane fundamental mode was found to be 176(20) cm(-1) by relative intensity measurements. A delicate problem is whether this compound is planar or slightly nonplanar. It was found that the rotational constants of the nine species cannot be used to conclude definitely whether the molecule is planar or not. The experimental dipole moment is mu(a) = 16.45(12), mu(b) = 2.86(6), mu(c) = 0 (assumed), and mu(tot.) = 16.70(12) x 10(-30) C m [5.01(4) D]. The quadrupole coupling constants of the two nitrogen nuclei are chi(aa) = -1.4917(21) and chi(cc) = 1.5644(24) MHz for the nitrogen atom of the cyano group and chi(aa) = 1.7262(18) and chi(cc) = -4.0591(17) MHz for the nitrogen atom of the amino group. Extensive quantum-chemical calculations have been performed, and the results obtained from these calculations have been compared with the experimental values. The equilibrium structures of vinylamine, vinyl cyanide, and Z-3-amino-2-propenenitrile have been calculated. These calculations have established that the equilibrium structure of the title compound is definitely nonplanar. However, the MP2/VQZ energy difference between the planar and nonplanar forms is small, only -423 J/mol. Z-Amino-2-propenenitrile and E-3-amino-2-propenenitrile are formed simply by mixing ammonia and cyanoacetylene at room temperature. A plausible reaction path has been modeled. G3 calculations indicate that the enthalpy (298.15 K, 1 atm) of the transition state is about 130 kJ/mol higher than the sum of the enthalpies of the reactants ammonia and cyanoacetylene. This energy difference is comparatively high, which indicates that both E- and Z-3-aminopropenenitrile are not likely to be formed in the gas phase in cold interstellar clouds via a collision between ammonia and cyanoacetylene. An alternative reaction between protonated cyanoacetylene (H-C[triple bond]C-C[triple bond]NH+) and ammonia is predicted to have a much lower activation energy than the reaction between the neutral molecules. Although protonated E- and Z-3-aminopropenenitrile in principle may be formed this way, it is more likely that a collision between NH3 and H-C[triple bond]C-C[triple bond]NH+ leads to NH4+ and H-C[triple bond]C-C[triple bond]N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Askeland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Post Office Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway, UMR CNRS 6226
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Badawi HM. Structural stability and vibrational analysis of aminoethylene CH2CH–NH2 and aminoketene OCCH–NH2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Müller K, Brown LD. Enamines I. Vinyl Amine, a Theoretical Study of its Structure, electrostatic potential, and proton affinity. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19780610425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Müller K, Previdoli F, Desilvestro H. Enamines. II. A theoretical and photoelectron spectroscopic study of the molecular and electronic structures of aliphatic enamines. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19810640802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Sacks GL, Brenna JT. High-Precision Position-Specific Isotope Analysis of 13C/12C in Leucine and Methionine Analogues. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5495-503. [PMID: 14710830 DOI: 10.1021/ac0344889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an automated method for high-precision position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) of carbon in amino acid analogues. Carbon isotope ratios are measured for gas-phase pyrolysis fragments from multiple sources of 3-methylthiopropylamine (3MTP) and isoamylamine (IAA), the decarboxylated analogues of methionine and leucine, using a home-built gas chromatography (GC)-pyrolysis-GC preparation system coupled to a combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry system. Over a temperature range of 620-900 degrees C, the characteristic pyrolysis products for 3MTP were CH4, C2H6, HCN, and CH3CN and for IAA products were propylene, isobutylene, HCN, and CH3CN. Fragment origin was confirmed by 13C-labeling, and fragments used for isotope analysis were generated from unique moieties with > 95% structural fidelity. Isotope ratios for the fragments were determined with an average precision of SD(delta13C) < 0.3% per thousand, and relative isotope ratios of fragments from different sources were determined with an average precision of SD(delta(delta)13C) < 0.5% per thousand. Delta(delta)13C values of fragments were invariant over a range of pyrolysis temperatures. The delta(delta)13C of complementary fragments in IAA was within 0.8% per thousand of the delta(delta)13C of the parent compounds, indicating that pyrolysis-induced isotopic fractionation is effectively taken into account with this calibration procedure. Using delta(delta)13C values of fragments, delta(delta)13C values were determined for all four carbon positions of 3MTP and for C1, C2, and the propyl moiety of IAA, either directly or indirectly by mass balance. Large variations in position-specific isotope ratios were observed in samples from different commercial sources. Most dramatically, two 3MTP sources differed by 16.30% per thousand at C1, 48.33% per thousand at C2, 0.37% per thousand at C3, and 5.36% per thousand at C(methyl). These PSIA techniques are suitable for studying subtle changes in intramolecular isotope ratios due to natural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin L Sacks
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Tishkov AA, Dilman AD, Faustov VI, Birukov AA, Lysenko KS, Belyakov PA, Ioffe SL, Strelenko YA, Antipin MY. Structure and stereodynamics of N,N-bis(silyloxy)enamines. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11358-67. [PMID: 12236751 DOI: 10.1021/ja026548i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure and stereodynamics of N,N-bis(silyloxy)enamines (1), a new class of enamines with extraordinary reactivity, have been simulated by the DFT PBE/TZP method. The computed pattern of dynamic behavior and structural peculiarities of 1 was shown to reflect adequately the results of the studies by a series of physical methods including X-ray analysis and dynamic NMR and UV spectroscopies, which provided evidence of a rather low barrier for rotation around the C,N single bond, a negligible contribution of the n-pi-conjugation, a high barrier of inversion, and high pyramidality of the nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tishkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninsky Prosp. 47, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Trautner F, Abe T, Oberhammer H. Effect of fluorination: gas-phase structures of N,N-dimethylvinylamine and perfluoro-N,N-dimethylvinylamine. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:2865-9. [PMID: 11456974 DOI: 10.1021/ja003942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase structures of N,N-dimethylvinylamine, (CH(3))(2)NC(H)=CH(2) (1), and perfluoro-N,N-dimethylvinylamine, (CF(3))(2)NC(F)=CF(2) (2), were determined by gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical methods (B3LYP and MP2 with 6-31G basis sets). The configuration around nitrogen is slightly pyramidal in both compounds, with the sum of the nitrogen bond angles 351.2(12) degrees and 354.8(6) degrees in 1 and 2, respectively. In the parent compound 1, the (CH(3))(2)N group lies nearly in the plane of the vinyl group, and the nitrogen lone pair (lp) is almost perpendicular to this plane (Phi(C=C-N-lp) = 98(6) degrees). In the perfluorinated species 2, however, the (CF(3))(2)N group is oriented perpendicular to the vinyl plane, and the lone pair is parallel to the C=C bond (Phi(C=C-N-lp) = 2(5) degrees). A natural bond orbital analysis provides a qualitative explanation for this conformational change upon fluorination. The sterically unfavorable in-plane orientation of the dimethylamino group in 1 is stabilized by conjugation between the nitrogen lone pair and the C=C pi-bond. The anomeric effect between the lone pair and the C(alpha)-F sigma-bond in addition to steric effects favors the perpendicular orientation of the (CF(3))(2)N group in 2. Both quantum chemical methods reproduce the experimental structures satisfactorily.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trautner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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26
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BAADEN M, GRANGER P, STRICH A. Dependence of NMR isotropic shift averages and nuclear shielding tensors on the internal rotation of the functional group X about the C-X bond in seven simple vinylic derivatives H2C=CH-X. Mol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970009483297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Gatial A, Sklenák Š, Milata V, Biskupič S, Salzer R, Scheller D, Woelki G. The vibrational and NMR spectra, conformations and ab initio calculations of 1-aminoethylidene propanedinitrile and its N -methyl derivatives. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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McNaughton D, Evans CJ. The High-Resolution FTIR Far-Infrared Spectrum of Vinylamine. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1999; 196:274-282. [PMID: 10409457 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1999.7861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The infrared spectrum of vinylamine, generated by pyrolysis of cyclobutylamine, has been investigated at low and high resolution. The rovibrational structure of the far infrared spectrum (0.002 cm(-1)) has been analyzed, and effective rotational and centrifugal distortion constants have been derived for eight vibration-rotation bands in the region 250-750 cm(-1). The rovibrational structure of two further bands has been assigned using combination differences, and some conclusions have been drawn about the vibrational energy levels involved. With the large amount of new data it is possible to achieve a vibrational analysis of the far infrared region, but not to totally exclude an alternative assignment. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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29
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Dréan P, Petitprez D, Demaison J, López JC, Alonso JL, Guillemin JC, Boggs JE. Rotational Spectrum of Vinylarsine. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1998; 190:365-371. [PMID: 9668028 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1998.7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of vinylarsine in the ground state has been studied in the range 7-320 GHz. The spectra of a syn conformer and a gauche conformer have been unambiguously assigned on the basis of the existence of a b-type or a c-type spectrum. Rotational constants, quartic, and some sextic centrifugal distortion constants were derived. For the syn form, measurements of low J aR0,1 transitions in a pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer (FTMWS) enabled the determination of the diagonal elements of the quadrupole tensor, as well as two spin-rotation constants. Ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 level using the 6-311++G(3df, 3pd) basis set reproduced experimental rotational constants within 0.2%. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dréan
- Centre d'Etudes et Recherches Lasers et Applications, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment P5, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, F-59655, France
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Maury F, Ossola F. Low-temperature MOCVD of chromium carbonitride coatings from tetrakis(diethylamido)chromium and pyrolysis mechanism of this single-source precursor. Appl Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199803)12:3<189::aid-aoc691>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lumbroso H, Amato M, Lombardo G, Grassi A. Mesomeric and π-moments in some hetero-conjugated compounds. J Mol Struct 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(97)00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Gatial A, Sklenák Š, Milata V, Klaeboe P, Biskupič S, Scheller D, Jurašková J. The vibrational and NMR spectra, conformations and ab initio calculations of aminomethylene, propanedinitrile and itsN-methyl derivatives. Struct Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02275447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fang J, Sim CW, Mok CY, Huang HH, Novak I. n,π-Conjugation in N-methylvinylamine. A photoelectron spectroscopic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p29950001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Allinger NL, Yan L, Chen K. Molecular mechanics calculations (MM2 and MM3) on enamines and aniline derivatives. J Comput Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540151202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sevin A, Masure D, Giessner-Prettre C, Pfau M. A Theoretical Investigation of Enantioselectivity:Michael Reaction of Secondary Enamines with Enones. Helv Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kao J. Theoretical studies of conjugated systems containing C?C and C?N fragments and their alkyl and amino derivatives. J Comput Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grela MA, Colussi AJ. Decomposition of methylamino and aminomethyl radicals. The heats of formation of methyleneimine (CH2?NH) and hydrazyl (N2H3) radical. INT J CHEM KINET 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Batyukhnova OC, Sadova NI, Vilkov LV, Ivshin VP, Pankrushev YA. Gas-phase electron diffraction study of structure of the molecule of methyl(Vinyl)-N-nitramine. J STRUCT CHEM+ 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00747828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodler M, Brown RD, Godfrey PD, Tack LM. Generation, microwave spectrum and dipole moment of ketenimine. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)87068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Albrecht B, Allan M, Haselbach E, Neuhaus L, Carrupt PA. Molecular Ions of Transient Species: Vinylamine-Cation. Helv Chim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19840670128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kodama S. Reactions of NH Radicals. II. Photolysis of HN3in the Presence of C2H6at 313 nm. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1983. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.56.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bauder A, Ha TK. Microwave spectrum, dipole moment and ab initio molecular structure of 2-aminopropenenitrile (CH2C(NH2)CN). Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)85003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hickmott PW. Enamines: recent advances in synthetic, spectroscopic, mechanistic, and stereochemical aspects—I. Tetrahedron 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(82)85149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Knorr R, Weiß A, Löw P, Räpple E. Azomethine, 1-Azaallyl-Anionen und metastabile sek. Enamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19801130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lovas FJ, Suenram RD, Johnson DR, Clark FO, Tiemann E. Pyrolysis of ethylamine. II. Synthesis and microwave spectrum of ethylidenimine (CH3CH=NH). J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.439783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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