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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of anionic copper formate clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionen und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. UV/Vis Spectroscopy of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Metal-Ligand Photochemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:8286-8295. [PMID: 32155292 PMCID: PMC7384192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and photochemistry of copper formate clusters, CuI2(HCO2)3− and CuIIn(HCO2)2n+1−, n≤8, are investigated in the gas phase by using UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. A clear difference in the spectra of clusters with CuI and CuII copper ions is observed. For the CuI species, transitions between copper d and s/p orbitals are recorded. For stoichiometric CuII formate clusters, the spectra are dominated by copper d–d transitions and charge‐transfer excitations from formate to the vacant copper d orbital. Calculations reveal the existence of several energetically low‐lying isomers, and the energetic position of the electronic transitions depends strongly on the specific isomer. The oxidation state of the copper centers governs the photochemistry. In CuII(HCO2)3−, fast internal conversion into the electronic ground state is observed, leading to statistical dissociation; for charge‐transfer excitations, specific excited‐state reaction channels are observed in addition, such as formyloxyl radical loss. In CuI2(HCO2)3−, the system relaxes to a local minimum on an excited‐state potential‐energy surface and might undergo fluorescence or reach a conical intersection to the ground state; in both cases, this provides substantial energy for statistical decomposition. Alternatively, a CuII(HCO2)3Cu0− biradical structure is formed in the excited state, which gives rise to the photochemical loss of a neutral copper atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hübner O, Himmel HJ. Metal Cluster Models for Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Matrix-Isolation Perspective. Chemistry 2018; 24:8941-8961. [PMID: 29457854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal cluster models are of high relevance for establishing new mechanistic concepts for heterogeneous catalysis. The high reactivity and particular selectivity of metal clusters is caused by the wealth of low-lying electronically excited states that are often thermally populated. Thereby the metal clusters are flexible with regard to their electronic structure and can adjust their states to be appropriate for the reaction with a particular substrate. The matrix isolation technique is ideally suited for studying excited state reactivity. The low matrix temperatures (generally 4-40 K) of the noble gas matrix host guarantee that all clusters are in their electronic ground-state (with only a very few exceptions). Electronically excited states can then be selectively populated and their reactivity probed. Unfortunately, a systematic research in this direction has not been made up to date. The purpose of this review is to provide the grounds for a directed approach to understand cluster reactivity through matrix-isolation studies combined with quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Tsipis AC. DFT assessment of the spectroscopic constants and absorption spectra of neutral and charged diatomic species of group 11 and 14 elements. J Comput Chem 2014; 35:1762-77. [PMID: 25043630 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic constants and absorption spectra of neutral and charged diatomic molecules of group 11 and 14 elements formulated as [M(2)](+/0/-) (M = Cu, Ag, Au), and [E(2)](+/0/-) (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) have been calculated at the PBE0/Def2-QZVPP level of theory. The electronic and bonding properties of the diatomics have been analyzed by natural bond orbital analysis approach and topology analysis by the atoms in molecules method. Particular emphasis was given on the absorption spectra of the diatomic species, which were simulated by time-dependent density functional theory calculations employing the hybrid Coulomb-attenuating CAM-B3LYP density functional. The simulated absorption spectra of the [M(2)](+/0/-) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and [E(2)](+/0/-) (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) species are in close resemblance with the experimentally observed spectra whenever available. The neutral M(2) and E(2) diatomics strongly absorb in the ultraviolet region, given rise to UVC, UVA and in a few cases UVB absorptions. In a few cases, weak absorbion bands also occur in the visible region. The absorption bands have thoroughly been analyzed and assignments of the contributing principal electronic transitions associated to individual excitations have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
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Hatano Y, Tatewaki H, Yamamoto S. Cu 4s → 4p atomic like excitations in the Ne matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8324-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lecoultre S, Rydlo A, Félix C, Buttet J, Gilb S, Harbich W. Optical absorption of small copper clusters in neon: Cun, (n = 1–9). J Chem Phys 2011; 134:074303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3552077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Naka T, Hatano Y, Yamamoto S, Noro T, Tatewaki H. Atomic Radii for Depicting Atoms in a Molecule: Cu in Inert Gas Matrix. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schrittenlacher W, Kolb DM. Radiative Lifetimes of Optically Excited Cu and Au Atoms in Rare Gas Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19840880515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Krim L, Wang X, Manceron L, Andrews L. Absorption Spectra of Ground-State and Low-Lying Electronic States of Copper Nitrosyl: A Rare Gas Matrix Isolation Study. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10264-72. [PMID: 16833320 DOI: 10.1021/jp053778l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of ground-state Cu atoms with NO during condensation in solid argon, neon, and binary argon/neon mixtures has been reinvestigated. In addition to the ground-state already characterized in rare gas matrixes by its nu1 mode in reactions of laser-ablated Cu with nitric oxide, another very low lying electronic state is observed for CuNO in solid argon. Photoconversion and equilibrium processes are observed between the two lowest lying electronic states following photoexcitations to second and third excited states in the visible and near-infrared. The electronic spectrum of the CuNO complex was also recorded to understand the photoconversion processes. In solid neon, only the ground state (probably 1A') and the second and third excited states are observed. This suggests that interaction with the argon cage stabilizes the triplet state to make 1A' and 3A' ' states almost isoenergetic in solid argon. On the basis of previous predictions founded on DFT calculations on the very low lying 1A' and 3A' ', a mechanism is proposed, involving the singlet-triplet state manifolds. For these two lower and one higher electronic states, 14N/15N, 16O/18O, and 63Cu/65Cu isotopic data on nu1, nu2, and nu3 have been measured. On the basis of harmonic force-field calculations and relative intensities in the vibronic progressions, some structural parameters are estimated. The molecule is bent in all electronic states, with Cu-N-O bond angles varying slightly around 130 +/- 10 degrees , but the Cu-N bond force constants are substantially different, denoting larger differences in bond lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahouari Krim
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7075, LADIR, case 49, 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris, France
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Miyatake Y, Hase H, Saito T, Onishi M, Tajima Y, Hoshino M. ESR and Optical Properties of Copper Atoms in γ-Irradiated Organic Solutions at 77 K. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Miyatake
- Department of Systems and Human Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka Osaka, 560-8531 Japan
| | | | | | - Masayoshi Onishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Nagasaki, 852-8131 Japan
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Abstract
The agglomeration of copper or silver atoms in a matrix of noble gas atoms to form small clusters may be accompanied by the emission of visible light. Spectral analysis reveals the intermediate formation of electronically excited atoms and dimers as the source of the chemiluminescence. A mechanism is proposed, according to which the gain in binding energy upon cluster formation may even lead to the ejection of excited fragments as a result of unstable intermediate configurations. A similar concept was introduced in the field of nuclear reactions by Niels Bohr 60 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- L König
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6 (Dahlem), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hebert T, Schriever U, Kolb D. VIS-VUV spectroscopic study of the reaction between Al and N2O isolated in solid krypton. Chem Phys Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(92)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Henglein F, Lipkowski J, Kolb D. An optical study of pyridine adsorption on gold using synchrotron radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85130-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hebert T, Kolb D, Rotermund H, Schriever U, Wiggenhauser H. A time-resolved fluorescence study of matrix-isolated Ag2. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(90)87058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hebert T, Wiggenhauser H, Schriever U, Kolb DM. Time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of matrix‐isolated silver atoms after pulsed excitation of inner‐shell transitions. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hebert T, Wiggenhauser H, Kolb DM. Energy transfer in silver‐doped rare gas matrices. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.457101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Schroeder W, Wiggenhauser H, Schrittenlacher W, Kolb DM. The optical spectra of matrix‐isolated Znn (n≤6). J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.452258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tatewaki H, Tomonari M, Nakamura T. Sodium atom on copper clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1987; 35:581-595. [PMID: 9941440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Schrittenlacher W, Schroeder W, Rotermund HH, Wiggenhauser H, Grinter R, Kolb DM. The optical spectra of matrix‐isolated palladium–nitrogen complexes: An investigation by absorption, emission, and photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.451222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schroeder W, Rotermund HH, Wiggenhauser H, Schrittenlacher W, Hormes J, Krebs W, Laaser W. UV and VUV spectrum of matrix-isolated In: an investigation by absorption, magnetic circular dichroism and emission yield spectroscopy. Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(86)85033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chapter 7 Dispersed Metal Clusters from Metal Vapor Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(08)65378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Schrittenlacher W, Rotermund HH, Kolb DM. Optical spectra of matrix‐isolated palladium atoms. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wiggenhauser H, Kolb D, Rotermund H, Schrittenlacher W, Schroeder W. Fluorescence spectroscopy in the nanosecond range for matrix-isolated Cu atoms and dimers. Chem Phys Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(85)85480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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