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Abstract
Many key industrial processes, from electricity production, conversion, and storage to electrocatalysis or electrochemistry in general, rely on physical mechanisms occurring at the interface between a metallic electrode and an electrolyte solution, summarized by the concept of an electric double layer, with the accumulation/depletion of electrons on the metal side and of ions on the liquid side. While electrostatic interactions play an essential role in the structure, thermodynamics, dynamics, and reactivity of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, these properties also crucially depend on the nature of the ions and solvent, as well as that of the metal itself. Such interfaces pose many challenges for modeling because they are a place where quantum chemistry meets statistical physics. In the present review, we explore the recent advances in the description and understanding of electrode-electrolyte interfaces with classical molecular simulations, with a focus on planar interfaces and solvent-based liquids, from pure solvent to water-in-salt electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalfi
- Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS 8234, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS 8234, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS 8234, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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Lin WC, Brondum K, Monroe CW, Burns MA. Multifunctional Water Sensors for pH, ORP, and Conductivity Using Only Microfabricated Platinum Electrodes. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071655. [PMID: 28753913 PMCID: PMC5539692 DOI: 10.3390/s17071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the pH, oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP), and conductivity of aqueous samples is typically performed using multiple sensors. To minimize the size and cost of these sensors for practical applications, we have investigated the use of a single sensor constructed with only bare platinum electrodes deposited on a glass substrate. The sensor can measure pH from 4 to 10 while simultaneously measuring ORP from 150 to 800 mV. The device can also measure conductivity up to 8000 μS/cm in the range of 10 °C to 50 °C, and all these measurements can be made even if the water samples contain common ions found in residential water. The sensor is inexpensive (i.e., ~$0.10/unit) and has a sensing area below 1 mm2, suggesting that the unit is cost-efficient, robust, and widely applicable, including in microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Charles W Monroe
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Björneholm O, Hansen MH, Hodgson A, Liu LM, Limmer DT, Michaelides A, Pedevilla P, Rossmeisl J, Shen H, Tocci G, Tyrode E, Walz MM, Werner J, Bluhm H. Water at Interfaces. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7698-726. [PMID: 27232062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interfaces of neat water and aqueous solutions play a prominent role in many technological processes and in the environment. Examples of aqueous interfaces are ultrathin water films that cover most hydrophilic surfaces under ambient relative humidities, the liquid/solid interface which drives many electrochemical reactions, and the liquid/vapor interface, which governs the uptake and release of trace gases by the oceans and cloud droplets. In this article we review some of the recent experimental and theoretical advances in our knowledge of the properties of aqueous interfaces and discuss open questions and gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin H Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 100193, China
| | - David T Limmer
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Pedevilla
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huaze Shen
- International Center for Quantum Materials and School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gabriele Tocci
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Tyrode
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Madeleine Walz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josephina Werner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Zhang X, Myers JN, Bielefeld JD, Lin Q, Chen Z. In situ observation of water behavior at the surface and buried interface of a low-k dielectric film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18951-18961. [PMID: 25313691 DOI: 10.1021/am504833v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water adsorption in porous low-k dielectrics has become a significant challenge for both back-end-of-line integration and reliability. A simple method is proposed here to achieve in situ observation of water structure and water-induced structure changes at the poly(methyl silsesquioxane) (PMSQ) surface and the PMSQ/solid buried interface at the molecular level by combining sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopic and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies. First, in situ SFG investigations of water uptake were performed to provide direct evidence that water diffuses predominantly along the PMSQ/solid interface rather than through the bulk. Furthermore, SFG experiments were conducted at the PMSQ/water interface to simulate water behavior at the pore inner surfaces for porous low-k materials. Water molecules were found to form strong hydrogen bonds at the PMSQ surface, while weak hydrogen bonding was observed in the bulk. However, both strongly and weakly hydrogen bonded water components were detected at the PMSQ/SiO2 buried interface. This suggests that the water structures at PMSQ/solid buried interfaces are also affected by the nature of solid substrate. Moreover, the orientation of the Si-CH3 groups at the buried interface was permanently changed by water adsorption, which might due to low flexibility of Si-CH3 groups at the buried interface. In brief, this study provides direct evidence that water molecules tend to strongly bond (chemisorbed) with low-k dielectric at pore inner surfaces and at the low-k/solid interface of porous low-k dielectrics. Therefore, water components at the surfaces, rather than the bulk, are likely more responsible for chemisorbed water related degradation of the interconnection layer. Although the method developed here was based on a model system study, we believe it should be applicable to a wide variety of low-k materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Lee SH. Molecular dynamics simulation study for ion mobility of alkali earth metal cations in water at 25°C. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.775440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vijaikanth V, Li G, Swaddle TW. Kinetics of reduction of aqueous hexaammineruthenium(III) ion at Pt and Au microelectrodes: electrolyte, temperature, and pressure effects. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2757-68. [PMID: 23421865 DOI: 10.1021/ic400062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants kel obtained by impedance spectroscopy for the reduction of Ru(NH3)6(3+) at polycrystalline Pt and Au ultramicroelectrodes depend strongly on the identity and concentration of the anion present in the order CF3SO3(-) < Cl(-) < ClO4(-), but not on the cation of the supporting electrolyte (Na(+), K(+), H(+)). For Cl(-) as the sole anion present, kel is directly proportional to the total [Cl(-)], such that kel would be zero if Cl(-) were hypothetically absent, indicating that Cl(-) is directly involved in mediation of the Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) electron transfer. For CF3SO3(-) as the sole counterion, the dependence of kel on the total [CF3SO3(-)] is not linear, possibly because blocking of the available electrode surface becomes dominant at high triflate concentrations. Volumes of activation ΔVel(⧧) for reduction of Ru(NH3)6(3+) at an electrode in presence of Cl(-) or CF3SO3(-) are much more negative than predictions based on theory (Swaddle, T. W. Chem. Rev.2005, 105, 2573) that has been successful with other electron transfer reactions but which does not take into account the involvement of the anions in the activation process. The strongly negative ΔVel(⧧) values probably reflect solvation increases peculiar to activation processes of Ru(III/II) am(m)ine complexes, possibly together with promotion of desorption of surface-blocking Cl(-) or CF3SO3(-) from electrodes by applied pressure. Frumkin corrections for Ru(NH3)6(3+) within the diffuse double layer would make ΔVel(⧧) even more negative than is observed, although the corrections would be small. The strongly negative ΔVel(⧧) values are inconsistent with reduction of Ru(NH3)6(3+) in direct contact with the metallic electrode surface, which would entail substantial dehydration of both the electrode and Ru(NH3)6(3+). Reduction of Ru(NH3)6(3+) can be regarded as taking place in hard contact with adsorbed water at the outer Helmholtz plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijendran Vijaikanth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Neves RS, Motheo AJ, Fartaria RP, Silva Fernandes FM. Modelling water adsorption on Au(210) surfaces: II. Monte Carlo simulations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Modelling water adsorption on Au(210) surfaces. I. A force field for water–Au interactions by DFT. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Effect of an external electric field on liquid water using molecular dynamics simulation with a flexible potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11741-006-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wei S, Zhong C, Su-Yi H. Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid water under the influence of an external electric field. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/0892702500138483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Garcia-Araez N, Climent V, Herrero E, Feliu J, Lipkowski J. Thermodynamic studies of chloride adsorption at the Pt(111) electrode surface from 0.1 M HClO4 solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gavryushov S, Linse P. Polarization Deficiency and Excess Free Energy of Ion Hydration in Electric Fields. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030035w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Gavryushov
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Linse
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Yang KL, Yiacoumi S, Tsouris C. Monte Carlo simulations of electrical double-layer formation in nanopores. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1511726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gayathri N, Izvekov S, Voth GA. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of the H/InP(100)–water interface. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1483070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Teschke O, Ceotto G, de Souza EF. Interfacial water dielectric-permittivity-profile measurements using atomic force microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2001; 64:011605. [PMID: 11461268 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.011605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The arrangement of water molecules at charged aqueous interfaces is an important question in biology, electrochemistry, and geochemistry. Theoretical studies suggest that the molecules become arranged in several layers adjacent to a solid interface. Using atomic force microscopy we have measured the water dielectric-permittivity profile perpendicular to mica surfaces. The measured variable permittivity profile starting at epsilon approximately 4 at the interface and increasing to epsilon=80 about 10 nm from the surface suggests a reorientation of water molecule dipoles in the presence of the mica interfacial charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Teschke
- Nano-Structures Laboratory, IFGW/UNICAMP, 13081-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Crozier PS, Rowley RL, Henderson D. Molecular-dynamics simulations of ion size effects on the fluid structure of aqueous electrolyte systems between charged model electrodes. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1362290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Leote de Carvalho RJF, Skipper NT. Atomistic computer simulation of the clay–fluid interface in colloidal laponite. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1343839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Izvekov S, Mazzolo A, VanOpdorp K, Voth GA. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of the Cu(110)–water interface. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1342859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Crozier PS, Rowley RL, Henderson D. Molecular dynamics calculations of the electrochemical properties of electrolyte systems between charged electrodes. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1320825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li N, Lipkowski J. Chronocoulometric studies of chloride adsorption at the Pt(111) electrode surface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Senapati S, Chandra A. Structure of a mixed dipolar liquid near a metal surface: A combined approach of weighted density and perturbative approximations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:1017-1024. [PMID: 11088558 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the interfacial structure of a mixed dipolar liquid in contact with a metal surface by using a combined approach of the weighted density and the perturbative approximations. Both the molecular size and the dipole moment of various species can be unequal. The metal surface is treated by using the jellium model. Explicit numerical results are obtained for the interfacial structure of a binary dipolar liquid in contact with a metal surface of varying electron density. The theoretical predictions are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations and a good agreement is found for the inhomogeneous density, mole fraction, and polarization profiles of both the species in the interfacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India 208016, USA
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Senapati S, Chandra A. Dynamics of polarization relaxation in a dipolar mixture at a solid–liquid interface. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dimitrov DI, Raev ND. Molecular dynamics simulations of the electrical double layer at the 1 M KCl solution∣Hg electrode interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kovalenko A, Hirata F. Self-consistent description of a metal–water interface by the Kohn–Sham density functional theory and the three-dimensional reference interaction site model. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gomes J, Ignaczak A. A theoretical approach to the adsorption of ions on metal surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Williams GD, Soper AK, Skipper NT, Smalley MV. High-Resolution Structural Study of an Electrical Double Layer by Neutron Diffraction. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983034q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham D. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., and ISIS Neutron Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Alan K. Soper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., and ISIS Neutron Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., and ISIS Neutron Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Martin V. Smalley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K., and ISIS Neutron Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
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Orientational correlations near interfaces. Computer simulations of water and electrolyte solutions in confined environments. J Mol Liq 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7322(98)00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Swenson J, Smalley MV, Thomas RK, Crawford RJ. Uniaxial Stress and Sol Concentration Dependence of the Structure of a Dressed Macroion in a Dilute Electrolyte Solution. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980633o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Swenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - M. V. Smalley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - R. K. Thomas
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - R. J. Crawford
- Unilever Research, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral L63 3JW, U.K
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Spohr E. Computer simulation of the structure of the electrochemical double layer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Soetens JC, Millot C, Maigret B. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Li+BF4-in Ethylene Carbonate, Propylene Carbonate, and Dimethyl Carbonate Solvents. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972457+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shinto H, Sakakibara T, Higashitani K. Free Energy Profiles for Na+ and Cl- Adsorption onto Water/NaCl Crystal Interfaces Evaluated by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 1998. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.31.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shelley JC, Patey GN, Bérard DR, Torrie GM. Modeling and structure of mercury-water interfaces. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Din X, Michaelides EE. Calculation of Long-Range Interactions in Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Din
- School of Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
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Koper MT, Schmickler W. A Kramers reaction rate theory for electrochemical ion transfer reactions. Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(96)00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Spohr E, Tóth G, Heinzinger K. Structure and dynamics of water and hydrated ions near platinum and mercury surfaces as studied by MD simulations. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Benjamin I. Chemical Reactions and Solvation at Liquid Interfaces: A Microscopic Perspective. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1449-1476. [PMID: 11848798 DOI: 10.1021/cr950230+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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Calhoun A, Voth GA. Electron Transfer Across the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface: Influence of Redox Ion Mobility and Counterions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp960603q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- August Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Lee SH, Rasaiah JC. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ion Mobility. 2. Alkali Metal and Halide Ions Using the SPC/E Model for Water at 25 °C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp953050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Hi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungsung University, Pusan 608-736, Korea
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Schweighofer KJ, Benjamin I. Electric field effects on the structure and dynamics at a liquid | liquid interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)03929-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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