1
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Osiewacz J, Löffelholz M, Weseler L, Turek T. CO poisoning of silver gas diffusion electrodes in electrochemical CO2 reduction. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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2
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Dyall KG, Tecmer P, Sunaga A. Diffuse Basis Functions for Relativistic s and d Block Gaussian Basis Sets. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:198-210. [PMID: 36516433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse s, p, and d functions have been optimized for use with previously reported relativistic basis sets for the s and d blocks of the periodic table. The functions were optimized on the 4:1 weighted average of the s2 and p2 configurations of the anion, with the d shell in the dn+1 configuration for the d blocks. Exponents were extrapolated for groups 2 and 12, which have unstable or weakly bound anions. The diffuse basis sets have been tested by application to calculations of electron affinities of the group 11 elements (Cu, Ag, and Au), double electron affinities of the group 11 monocations, and potential energy curves of Mg2 and Ca2 van der Waals dimers, as well as some response properties of the group 1 anions (Rb-, Cs-, and Fr-), the group 2 elements (Sr, Ba, and Ra), and RbLi, CsLi, and FrLi molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Dyall
- Dirac Solutions, 10527 NW Lost Park Drive, Portland, Oregon97229, United States
| | - Paweł Tecmer
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100Torun, Poland
| | - Ayaki Sunaga
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka590-0494, Japan.,Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
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3
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Davies AR, Azim H, Wright TG. Interactions in coinage-metal/ligand complexes, CM–L, and their cations (CM = Cu, Ag, Au; L = CO, N 2 and H 2). Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hiba Azim
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Timothy G. Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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4
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Qawasmeh Y, Töpfer K, Serwatka T, Tremblay JC, Paulus B. Theoretical investigations of the interaction between diatomic molecules and coinage metal atoms. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1892224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qawasmeh
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Töpfer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Serwatka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J. C. Tremblay
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - B. Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Xiong XG, Liu H. Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Study of HAuCN and [HAuCN] -: Spin-Orbit Coupling and Low-Lying Excited States. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4712-4719. [PMID: 32407628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a study of the electronic structures and chemical bonding of gaseous [HAuCN]- and the corresponding neutral molecule using photoelectron spectroscopy and relativistic quantum chemistry calculations. The electron affinity of the neutral HAuCN is reported to be 4.75 eV for the first time. The low-lying excited states of neutral molecule are observed and assigned according to the calculations utilizing a sophisticated electron correlation method incorporating both the scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects. Our theoretical calculations suggest the geometry will be distorted from linear structure to the bent during the process of detaching one electron from the anion. Various chemical bonding analyses based on theoretical calculations have been performed for the titled complexes, and the apparent covalent natures of interactions between gold and the studied ligands have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gen Xiong
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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6
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Schwerdtfeger P, Nagle JK. 2018 Table of static dipole polarizabilities of the neutral elements in the periodic table. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1535143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Poggel C, Frenking G. Relativistic Effects on Donor–Acceptor Interactions in Coinage Metal Carbonyl Complexes [TM(CO)
n
]
+
(TM=Cu, Ag, Au;
n
=1, 2). Chemistry 2018; 24:11675-11682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Poggel
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisNanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
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8
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Geada IL, Ramezani-Dakhel H, Jamil T, Sulpizi M, Heinz H. Insight into induced charges at metal surfaces and biointerfaces using a polarizable Lennard-Jones potential. Nat Commun 2018; 9:716. [PMID: 29459638 PMCID: PMC5818522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures have become popular for applications in therapeutics, catalysts, imaging, and gene delivery. Molecular dynamics simulations are gaining influence to predict nanostructure assembly and performance; however, instantaneous polarization effects due to induced charges in the free electron gas are not routinely included. Here we present a simple, compatible, and accurate polarizable potential for gold that consists of a Lennard–Jones potential and a harmonically coupled core-shell charge pair for every metal atom. The model reproduces the classical image potential of adsorbed ions as well as surface, bulk, and aqueous interfacial properties in excellent agreement with experiment. Induced charges affect the adsorption of ions onto gold surfaces in the gas phase at a strength similar to chemical bonds while ions and charged peptides in solution are influenced at a strength similar to intermolecular bonds. The proposed model can be applied to complex gold interfaces, electrode processes, and extended to other metals. Molecular dynamics models for predicting the behavior of metallic nanostructures typically do not take into account polarization effects in metals. Here, the authors introduce a polarizable Lennard–Jones potential that provides quantitative insight into the role of induced charges at metal surfaces and related complex material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Lorenzo Geada
- Department of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hadi Ramezani-Dakhel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Marialore Sulpizi
- Department of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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9
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Abstract
We analyze the pattern of binding energies (BEs) of small Aun clusters (n = 1-7, 11) with lone-pair ligands (L = H2O, SH2, NH3, PH3, PF3, PCl3, and PMe3) employing the density functional theory. We use PBE0 functional with the dispersion correction and scalar relativistic effective core potential. This approach provides correct BEs when compared with benchmark CCSD(T) calculations for Au-L and Au2-L complexes. The pattern of BEs of Aun-L complexes is irregular with BE for Au3 ≈ Au4 > Au2 > Au7 > Au5 > Au11 > Au6 > Au1. Electron affinities (EAs) of Aun clusters exhibit oscillatory pattern with the cluster size. Binding energies of Aun-L complexes are oscillatory as well following EAs of Aun clusters. BEs of odd and even Aun-L complexes were analyzed separately. The bonding mechanism in odd Aun-L complexes is dominated by the lone pair → metal electron donation to the singly occupied valence Aun orbital accompanied by the back-donation. Even Aun clusters create covalent Aun-L bonds with BEs higher than those in odd Aun-L complexes. The BEs pattern and optimized geometries of Aun-L complexes correspond to the picture of creating the gold-ligand bond through the lone pair of a ligand interacting with the singly occupied molecular orbital in odd clusters or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in even clusters of Aun. Ligands in both odd and even Aun-L complexes form three groups with binding energies that correlate with their ionization energies. The lowest BE is calculated for H2O as a ligand, followed by SH2 and NH3. PX3 ligands exhibit highest BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rajský
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University , Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Urban
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University , Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Advanced Technologies Research Institute, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Bottova 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
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10
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Xu C, Xiong X, Li W, Li J. Periodicity and Covalency of [MX
2
]
–
(M = Cu, Ag, Au, Rg; X = H, Cl, CN) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong‐Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, http://www.junlilab.org/
| | - Xiao‐Gen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, http://www.junlilab.org/
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, http://www.junlilab.org/
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, http://www.junlilab.org/
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11
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Xiong XG, Wang YL, Xu CQ, Qiu YH, Wang LS, Li J. On the gold-ligand covalency in linear [AuX2](-) complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5535-46. [PMID: 25697291 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt04031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold compounds, clusters, and nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts and therapeutic medicines; the interactions between gold and its ligands in these systems play important roles in their chemical properties and functionalities. In order to elucidate the nature of the chemical interactions between Au(I) and its ligands, herein we use several theoretical methods to study the chemical bonding in a variety of linear [AuX2](-) complexes, where X = halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I, At and Uus), H, OH, SH, OCH3, SCH3, CN and SCN. It is shown that the most important bonding orbitals in these systems have significant contributions from the Au sd hybridized atomic orbitals. The ubiquitous linear or quasi-linear structures of [AuX2](-) are attributed to the well-balanced optimal overlap in both σ and π bonding orbitals and minimal repulsion between the two negatively charged ligands. The stability of these complexes is related to the covalency of the Au-X bond and a periodic trend is found in the evolution of covalency along the halogen group ligands. The special stability of [Au(CN)2](-) is a result of strong covalent and ionic interactions. For the superheavy element Uus, the covalency of Au-Uus is enhanced through the spin-orbit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gen Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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12
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San-Miguel MA, Amorim EPM, da Silva EZ. Adsorption of Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au monomers on NiAl(110) surface: a comparative study from DFT calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5748-55. [PMID: 24219765 DOI: 10.1021/jp405877k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
First principles calculations based on periodic density functional theory (DFT) have been used to investigate the structural, energetic and electronic properties of different transition metal atoms (Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au) on the NiAl(110) surface at low coverages (0.08 and 0.25 monolayer). All adatoms prefer to adsorb on 4-fold coordinated sites interacting with two Al and two Ni atoms and forming polar and covalent bonds, respectively. The calculated negative work function changes are explained by the effect of positive surface image created after adsorption, which induces the polarization of the negatively charged adsorbates. Consequently, for metals with similar electronegativity as Ni (Ag and Cu), this polarization effect becomes more significant and leads to larger negative work function changes, but the charge transferred is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A San-Miguel
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Seville , E41012 Seville, Spain
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13
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Yan LL, Liu YR, Huang T, Jiang S, Wen H, Gai YB, Zhang WJ, Huang W. Structure, stability, and electronic property of carbon-doped gold clusters AunC− (n = 1–10): A density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4852179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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14
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Smith S, Hamilton I. Hydrogen atom transfer in alkane thiol-gold cluster complexes: A density functional theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Liu XJ, Hamilton I, Krawczyk RP, Schwerdtfeger P. The stability of small helical gold nanorods: A relativistic density functional study. J Comput Chem 2011; 33:311-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Experimental and theory studies of the oxidation reaction of neutral gold carbonyl clusters in the gas phase. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Schwerdtfeger P. The pseudopotential approximation in electronic structure theory. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3143-55. [PMID: 21809427 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A short review is presented on one of the most successful theories for electronic structure calculations, the pseudopotential approximation, originally introduced by Hans G. A. Hellmann in 1934. Recent developments in relativistic quantum theory allow for the accurate adjustment of pseudopotential parameters to valence spectra, producing results for properties of atoms, molecules, and the solid-state in excellent agreement with more accurate all-electron results if a small-core definition is used. Thus the relativistic pseudopotential approximation is now the most widely applied method for systems containing heavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics (CTCP), The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Liu RF, Franzese CA, Malek R, Żuchowski PS, Ángyán JG, Szczȩśniak MM, Chałasiński G. Aurophilic Interactions from Wave Function, Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory, and Rangehybrid Approaches. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2399-407. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Fen Liu
- Crystallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy University and CNRS, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christina A. Franzese
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Ryan Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | - Piotr S. Żuchowski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Britain
| | - János G. Ángyán
- Crystallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy University and CNRS, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Grzegorz Chałasiński
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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19
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Fang HC, Li ZH, Fan KN. CO oxidation catalyzed by a single gold atom: benchmark calculations and the performance of DFT methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13358-69. [PMID: 21713266 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cheng Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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20
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Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Gribakin GF. Detecting positron-atom bound states through resonant annihilation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:203401. [PMID: 21231231 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed for detecting positron-atom bound states by observing enhanced positron annihilation due to electronic Feshbach resonances at electron-volt energies. The method is applicable to a range of open-shell transition-metal atoms which are likely to bind the positron: Fe, Co, Ni, Tc, Ru, Rh, Sn, Sb, Ta, W, Os, Ir, and Pt. Estimates of their binding energies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Dzuba
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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21
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22
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A comparison of metallophilic interactions in group 11[X–M–PH3] (n= 2–3) complex halides (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = Cl, Br, I) from density functional theory. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Pakiari AH, Jamshidi Z. Interaction of coinage metal clusters with chalcogen dihydrides. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7969-75. [PMID: 18683913 DOI: 10.1021/jp804033w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of chalcogen dihydrides (H 2E; E = O, S, and Se) with small coinage metal clusters (M n ; M = Cu, Ag, and Au, n = 3 and 4) is studied based on density functional theory, with a focus on the nature of chalcogen-metal bonds. A newly developed pseudopotential-based correlation-consistent basis set is used for metal clusters together with the 6-311++G** basis set for the remaining atoms. Geometrical data identified that no significant deviation has been observed for molecules before and after complexation. For these three metals, binding energy calculations indicate that gold has the highest and silver has the lowest affinities for interaction with H 2E. In comparison with gold and copper, complexation between silver and chalcogen dihydrides is significantly weaker. It is found that interaction of H 2E molecules with the coinage metals have the order of H 2Se > H 2S > H 2O. Therefore, in agreement with experimental works, our calculations confirm that the gold-selenium bond is the most stable. The nature of M-E bonds is also interpreted by means of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. According to the QTAIM results, the bonds are found to be partially ionic and partially covalent. Natural resonance theory (NRT) is used to calculate natural bond order and bond polarity. The NRT result indicates that the percentage of polarity of M-E bonds is affected by coinage metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Pakiari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
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24
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Schwerdtfeger P, Lein M, Krawczyk RP, Jacob CR. The adsorption of CO on charged and neutral Au and Au2: A comparison between wave-function based and density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:124302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2834693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Velasquez J, Njegic B, Gordon MS, Duncan MA. IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy and Theory of Au+(CO)n Complexes: Nonclassical Carbonyls in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1907-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711099u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Velasquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - B. Njegic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - M. S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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26
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Wu DY, Duan S, Liu XM, Xu YC, Jiang YX, Ren B, Xu X, Lin SH, Tian ZQ. Theoretical study of binding interactions and vibrational Raman spectra of water in hydrogen-bonded anionic complexes: (H2O)n- (n = 2 and 3), H2O...X- (X = F, Cl, Br, and I), and H2O...M- (M = Cu, Ag, and Au). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1313-21. [PMID: 18215023 DOI: 10.1021/jp0722105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Binding interactions and Raman spectra of water in hydrogen-bonded anionic complexes have been studied by using the hybrid density functional theory method (B3LYP) and ab initio (MP2) method. In order to explore the influence of hydrogen bond interactions and the anionic effect on the Raman intensities of water, model complexes, such as the negatively charged water clusters ((H2O)n-, n = 2 and 3), the water...halide anions (H2O...X-, X = F, Cl, Br, and I), and the water-metal atom anionic complexes (H2O...M-, M = Cu, Ag, and Au), have been employed in the present calculations. These model complexes contained different types of hydrogen bonds, such as O-H...X-, O-H...M-, O-H...O, and O-H...e-. In particular, the last one is a dipole-bound electron involved in the anionic water clusters. Our results showed that there exists a large enhancement in the off-resonance Raman intensities of both the H-O-H bending mode and the hydrogen-bonded O-H stretching mode, and the enhancement factor is more significant for the former than for the latter. The reasons for these spectral properties can be attributed to the strong polarization effect of the proton acceptors (X-, M-, O, and e-) in these hydrogen-bonded complexes. We proposed that the strong Raman signal of the H-O-H bending mode may be used as a fingerprint to address the local microstructures of water molecules in the chemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People Republic of China.
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28
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Tielens F, Gracia L, Polo V, Andrés J. A Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure of Au−XO(0,-1,+1) (X = C, N, and O) Complexes: Effect of an External Electric Field. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:13255-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076089d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Tielens
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gracia
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victor Polo
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castellón, Spain
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29
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Binder BM, Rodriguez FI, Bleecker AB, Patterson SE. The effects of Group 11 transition metals, including gold, on ethylene binding to the ETR1 receptor and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5105-9. [PMID: 17931631 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that Cu(I) and the ethylene response antagonist, Ag(I), support ethylene binding to exogenously expressed ETR1 ethylene receptors. Both are Group 11 transition metals that also include gold. We compared the effects of gold ions with those of Cu(I) and Ag(I) on ethylene binding in exogenously expressed ETR1 receptors and on ethylene growth responses in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. We find that gold ions also support ethylene binding but, unlike Ag(I), do not block ethylene action on plants. Instead, like Cu(I), gold ions affect seedlings independently of ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Binder
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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30
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Zhou J, Li ZH, Wang WN, Fan KN. Density Functional Study of the Interaction of Carbon Monoxide with Small Neutral and Charged Silver Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7167-72. [PMID: 16737267 DOI: 10.1021/jp060996l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CO adsorption on small neutral, anionic, and cationic silver clusters Ag(n) (n = 1-7) has been studied with use of the PW91PW91 density functional theory (DFT) method. The adsorption of CO on-top site, among various possible sites, is energetically preferred irrespective of the charge state of the silver cluster. The cationic silver clusters generally have a greater tendency to adsorb CO than the anionic and neutral silver ones, except for n = 3 and 4, and the binding energies reach a local minimum at n = 5. The binding energies on the neutral clusters, instead, reach a local maximum at n = 3, which is about 0.87 eV, probably large enough to be captured in the experiments. Binding of CO to the silver clusters is generally weaker than that to the copper and gold counterparts at the same size and charge state. This is due to the weaker orbital interaction between silver and CO, which is caused by the larger atomic radius of the silver atom. In contrast, Au atoms with a larger nuclear charge but a similar atomic radius to silver owing to the lanthanide contraction are able to have a stronger interaction with CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemical Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Giordano L, Carrasco J, Di Valentin C, Illas F, Pacchioni G. Vibrational and electron paramagnetic resonance properties of free and MgO supported AuCO complexes. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:174709. [PMID: 16689592 DOI: 10.1063/1.2189852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bonding, spin density related properties, and vibrational frequency of CO bound to single Au atom in the gas-phase or supported on MgO surfaces have been investigated with a variety of computational methods and models: periodic plane waves calculations have been compared with molecular approaches based on atomic orbital basis sets; pseudopotential methods with all electron fully relativistic calculations; various density functional theory (DFT) exchange-correlation functionals with the unrestricted coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative connected triples [CCSD(T)]. AuCO is a bent molecule but the potential for bending is very soft, and small changes in the bond angle result in large changes in the CO gas-phase vibrational frequency. At the equilibrium geometry the DFT calculated vibrational shift of CO with respect to the free molecule is about -150 cm(-1), whereas smaller values -60-70 cm(-1) are predicted by the more accurate CCSD(T) method. These relatively large differences are due to the weak and nonclassic bonding in this complex. Upon adsorption on MgO, the CO vibrational shift becomes much larger, about -290 cm(-1), due to charge transfer from the basic surface oxide anion to AuCO. This large redshift is predicted by all methods, and is fully consistent with that measured for MgOAuCO complexes. The strong influence of the support on the AuCO bonding is equally well described by all different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Giordano
- Dipartimeto di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi, 53-20125 Milano, Italy
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32
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Beltramo GL, Shubina TE, Koper MTM. Oxidation of Formic Acid and Carbon Monoxide on Gold Electrodes Studied by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and DFT. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2597-606. [PMID: 16331729 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of formic acid and carbon monoxide was studied at a gold electrode by a combination of electrochemistry, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and first-principles DFT calculations. Comparison of the SERS results and the (field-dependent) DFT calculations strongly suggests that the relevant surface-bonded intermediate during oxidation of formic acid on gold is formate HCOO- ad*. Formate reacts to form carbon dioxide via two pathways: at low potentials, with a nearby water to produce carbon dioxide and a hydronium ion; at higher potentials, with surface-bonded hydroxyl (or oxide) to give carbon dioxide and water. In the former pathway, the rate-determining step is probably related to the reaction of surface-bonded formate with water, as measurements of the reaction order imply a surface almost completely saturated with adsorbate. The potential dependence of the rate of the low-potential pathway is presumably governed by the potential dependence of formate coverage. There is no evidence for CO formation on gold during oxidation of formic acid. The oxidation of carbon monoxide must involve the carboxyhydroxyl intermediate, but SERS measurements do not reveal this intermediate during CO oxidation, most likely because of its low surface coverage, as it is formed after the rate-determining step. Based on inconclusive spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface-bonded OH at potentials substantially below the surface oxidation region, the question whether surface-bonded carbon monoxide reacts with surface hydroxyl or with water to form carboxyhydroxyl and carbon dioxide remains open. The SERS measurements show the existence of both atop and bridge-bonded CO on gold from two distinguishable low-frequency modes that agree very well with DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Beltramo
- Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Pershina V, Bastug T, Fricke B. Relativistic effects on the electronic structure and volatility of group-8 tetroxides MO4, where M=Ru, Os, and element 108, Hs. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:124301. [PMID: 15836372 DOI: 10.1063/1.1862241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of relativistic effects on properties and volatility of the group-8 tetroxides MO4, where M=Ru, Os, and element 108, Hs, was studied on the basis of results of the fully relativistic (four component) and nonrelativistic density functional theory calculations. Relativistic effects were shown to increase bond strengths and decrease bond lengths in these molecules. They are responsible for a decrease in molecular polarizabilities and an increase in ionization potentials. The effects are much stronger in HsO4 than in the lighter congeners. Relativistic effects were also shown to slightly decrease dispersion interaction energies of RuO4, OsO4, and HsO4 with an inert (quartz or silicon nitride) surface, i.e., they increase volatility of these compounds as studied in the "one-atom-at-a-time" gas-phase chromatography experiments. They do, however, not influence the trend in group 8: both relativistically and nonrelativistically, volatility should change as RuO4<OsO4<HsO4. The reason for that is identical trends in the relativistic and nonrelativistic space distributions of the valence d electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pershina
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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34
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Some Trends in Relativistic and Electron Correlation Effects in Electric Properties of Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(05)50012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Schwerdtfeger P, Krawczyk RP, Hammerl A, Brown R. A Comparison of Structure and Stability between the Group 11 Halide Tetramers M4X4 (M = Cu, Ag, or Au; X = F, Cl, Br, or I) and the Group 11 Chloride and Bromide Phosphanes (XMPH3)4. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:6707-16. [PMID: 15476370 DOI: 10.1021/ic0492744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tetramers of the group 11 (I) halides, M(4)X(4) (M = Cu, Ag, or Au; X = F, Cl, Br, or I), and corresponding group 11 (I) phosphanes, chloride and bromide (XMPH(3))(4) (X = Cl or Br), are investigated by the density functional theory. All coinage metal(I) halide tetramers adopt squarelike ring structures with an out-of-plane distorted (butterfly) D(2d) symmetry. These structures are much lower in energy than the more compact cubelike T(d) arrangements, which maximize dipole-dipole interactions and more closely resemble the solid-state structures of the copper and silver halides. Phosphine coordination completely changes the structures of these M(4)X(4) clusters. The copper(I) and silver(I) phosphane chloride and bromide tetramers adopt a heterocubane structure, slightly preferred over a step (ladder-type)-cluster structure well-known in the coordination chemistry of such compounds. In stark contrast, gold(I) phosphane chloride and bromide tetramers prefer assemblies of linear XAuPH(3) units with direct gold-gold contacts, resulting in a square planar, centered trigonal planar, or tetrahedral gold core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University (Albany Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore MSC, Auckland, New Zealand.
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36
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Wallis TM, Nilius N, Ho W. Single molecule vibrational and electronic analyses of the formation of inorganic complexes: CO bonding to Au and Ag atoms on NiAl(110). J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1584656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Nilius N, Wallis TM, Ho W. Localized molecular constraint on electron delocalization in a metallic chain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:186102. [PMID: 12786027 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.186102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An artificial quantum structure consisting of a single CO molecule adsorbed on a Au chain was assembled by manipulating single Au atoms on NiAl(110) at 12 K with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The CO disrupts the delocalization of electron density waves in the chain, as it suppresses the coupling between neighboring chain atoms. The possibility to specify the CO position on the chain allows controlled modification of the electronic properties in a quantum system. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy with the STM provides vibrational characterization of the adsorbed CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nilius
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
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38
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Pilme J, Silvi B, Alikhani ME. Structure and Stability of M−CO, M = First-Transition-Row Metal: An Application of Density Functional Theory and Topological Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027203p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pilme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (UMR-CNRS 7616), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu 75252-Paris cédex, France
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (UMR-CNRS 7616), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu 75252-Paris cédex, France
| | - Mohammad Esmail Alikhani
- Laboratoire de Dynamique, Interactions et Réactivité (UMR-CNRS 7075), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu 75252-Paris cédex, France
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39
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Relativistic Pseudopotentials. THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0105-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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40
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Salimon J, Hernández-Romero R, Kalaji M. The dynamics of the conversion of linear to bridge bonded CO on Cu. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Schwerdtfeger P. Relativistic effects in properties of gold. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Bellert D, Breckenridge WH. Bonding in ground-state and excited-state A+.Rg van der Waals ions (A = atom, Rg = rare-gas atom): a model-potential analysis. Chem Rev 2002; 102:1595-622. [PMID: 11996545 DOI: 10.1021/cr980090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bellert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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43
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Krim L, Alikhani EM, Manceron L. Infrared Spectrum of the Palladium Nitrosyl Complex Isolated in Solid Argon. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lahouari Krim
- LADIR/Spectrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7075 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Boîte 49, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Esmaïl M. Alikhani
- LADIR/Spectrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7075 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Boîte 49, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Manceron
- LADIR/Spectrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7075 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Boîte 49, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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44
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Citra A, Wang X, Andrews L. Reactions of Laser-Ablated Gold with Nitric Oxide: Infrared Spectra and DFT Calculations of AuNO and Au(NO)2 in Solid Argon and Neon. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Citra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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45
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Abstract
The stability of gold iodides in the oxidation state +I and +III is investigated at the ab initio and density functional level using relativistic and nonrelativistic energy-adjusted pseudopotentials for gold and iodine. The calculations reveal that relativistic effects stabilize the higher oxidation state of gold as expected, that is Au2I6 is thermodynamically stable at the relativistic level, whilst at the nonrelativistic level the complex of two iodine molecules weakly bound to both gold atoms in Au2I2 is energetically preferred. The rather low stability of AuI3 with respect to dissociation into AuI and I2 will make it difficult to isolate this species in the solid state as (possibly) Au2I6 or detect it by matrix-isolation techniques. The monomer AuI3 is Jahn-Teller distorted from the ideal trigonal planar (D3h) form, but adopts a Y-shaped structure (in contrast to AuF3 and AuCl3), and in the nonrelativistic case can be described as I2 weakly bound to AuI. Relativistic effects turn AuI3 from a static Jahn-Teller system to a dynamic one. For the yet undetected gas-phase species AuI accurate coupled-cluster calculations for the potential energy curve are used to predict vibrational-rotational constants. Solid-state density functional calculations are performed for AuI and Au2I6 in order to predict cohesive energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Söhnel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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46
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Zhou M, Andrews L, Bauschlicher CW. Spectroscopic and theoretical investigations of vibrational frequencies in binary unsaturated transition-metal carbonyl cations, neutrals, and anions. Chem Rev 2001; 101:1931-61. [PMID: 11710236 DOI: 10.1021/cr990102b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Figure 18 presents the C-O stretching vibrational frequencies of the first-row transition-metal monocarbonyl cations, neutrals, and anions in solid neon; similar diagrams have been reported for neutral MCO species in solid argon, but three of the early assignments have been changed by recent work and one new assignment added. The laser-ablation method produces mostly neutral atoms with a few percent cations and electrons for capture to make anions; in contrast, thermal evaporation gives only neutral species. Hence, the very recent neon matrix investigations in our laboratory provide carbonyl cations and anions for comparison to neutrals on a level playing field. Several trends are very interesting. First, for all metals, the C-O stretching frequencies follow the order cations > neutrals > anions with large diagnostic 100-200 cm-1 separations, which is consistent with the magnitude of the metal d to CO pi * donation. Second, for a given charge, there is a general increase in C-O stretching vibrational frequencies with increasing metal atomic number, which demonstrates the expected decrease in the metal to CO pi * donation with increasing metal ionization potential. Some of the structure in this plot arises from the extra stability of the filled and half-filled d shell and from the electron pairing that occurs at the middle of the TM row; the plot resembles the "double-humped" graph found for the variation in properties across a row of transition metals. For the anions, the variation with metal atom is the smallest since all of the metals can easily donate charge to the CO ligand. Third, for the early transition-metal Ti, V, and Cr families, the C-O stretching frequencies decrease when going down the family, but the reverse relationship is observed for the late transition-metal Fe, Co, and Ni families. In most of the present discussion, we have referred to neon matrix frequencies; however, the argon matrix frequencies are complementary, and useful information can be obtained from comparison of the two matrix hosts. In most cases, the neon-to-argon red shift for neutral carbonyls is from 11 to 26 cm-1, but a few (CrCO) lie outside of this range. In the case of FeCO and Fe(CO)2, it appears that neon and argon trap different low-lying electronic states. In general, the carbonyl neutrals and anions have similar shifts but carbonyl cations have larger matrix shifts. For example, the FeCO+ fundamental is at 2123.0 cm-1 in neon and 2081.5 cm-1 in argon, a 42.5 cm-1 shift, which is larger than those found for FeCO- (11.7 cm-1) and FeCO (11.7 cm-1). It is unusual for different low-lying electronic states to be trapped in different matrices, but CUO provides another example. The linear singlet state (1047.3, 872.2 cm-1) is trapped in solid neon, and a calculated 1.2 kcal/mol higher triplet state is trapped in solid argon (852.5, 804.3 cm-1) and stabilized by a specific interaction with argon. The bonding trends are well described by theoretical calculations of vibrational frequencies. Table 5 compares the scale factors (observed neon matrix/calculated) for the C-O stretching modes of the monocarbonyl cations, neutrals, and anions of the first-row transition metals observed in a neon matrix using the B3LYP and BP86 density functionals. Most of the calculated carbonyl harmonic stretching frequencies are within 1% of the experimental fundamentals at the BP86 level of theory, while calculations using the B3LYP functional give frequencies that are 3-4% higher as expected for these density functionals and calculations on saturated TM-carbonyls. For second- and third-row carbonyls using the BP86 density functional and the LANL effective core potential in conjunction with the DZ basis set, the agreement between theory and experiment is just as good. For example, the 16 M(CO)1-4 neutral and anion and 2 MCO+ cation (M = Ru, Os) carbonyl frequencies are fit within 1.5%. The 16 species (M = Rh, Ir) are fit within 1%, but the Rh(CO)1-4+ calculations are 2-3% too low and Ir(CO)1-4+ computations are 1-2% too low. In addition to predicting the vibrational frequencies, DFT can be used to calculate different isotopic frequencies, and isotopic frequency ratios can be computed as a measure of the normal vibrational mode in the molecule for an additional diagnostic. For diatomic CO, the 12CO/13CO ratio 1.0225 and C16O/C18O ratio 1.0244 characterize a pure C-O stretching mode. In a series of molecules such as RhCO+, RhCO, and RhCO-, where the metal-CO bonding varies, the Rh-C, C-O vibrational interaction is different and the unique isotopic ratios for the carbonyl vibration are characteristic of that particular molecule. Table 6 summarizes the isotopic ratios observed and calculated for the RhCO+,0,- species. Note that RhCO+ exhibits slightly more carbon-13 and less oxygen-18 involvement in the C-O vibration than CO itself and that this trend increases to RhCO and to RhCO- as the Rh-C bond becomes shorter and stronger. Note also how closely the calculated and observed ratios both follow this trend. In a molecule with two C-O stretching modes, for example, bent Ni(CO)2 exhibits a strong b2 mode at 1978.9 cm-1 and a weak a1 mode at 2089.7 cm-1 in solid neon, and these two modes involve different C and O participations. The symmetric mode shows substantially more C (1.0242) and less O (1.0217) participation than does the antisymmetric mode with C (1.0228) and O (1.0238) involvement, based on the given isotopic frequency ratios, which are nicely matched by DFT calculations (a1 1.0244, 1.0224 and b2 1.0232, 1.0241, respectively). These investigations of vibrational frequencies in unsaturated transition-metal carbonyl cations, neutrals, and anions clearly demonstrate the value of a close working relationship between experiment and theory to identify and characterize new molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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47
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Mendizabal F. Theoretical Study of Gold−Carbonyls Interaction in Au(CO)n (n = 1−3) Complexes. Organometallics 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/om000396n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Mendizabal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile
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48
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Fortunelli A, Germano G. Ab Initio Study of the Intra- and Intermolecular Bonding in AuCl(CO). J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000976y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fortunelli
- Istituto di Chimica Quantistica ed Energetica Molecolare (ICQEM) del CNR, Via V. Alfieri 1, I-56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Guido Germano
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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49
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Liang B, Andrews L. Reactions of Laser-Ablated Ag and Au Atoms with Carbon Monoxide: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations on Ag(CO)n (n = 2, 3), Au(CO)n (n = 1, 2) and M(CO)n+ (n = 1−4; M = Ag, Au). J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001833e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binyong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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50
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Ionization potentials of Zn, Cd, Hg and dipole polarizabilities of Zn+, Cd+, Hg+: correlation and relativistic effects. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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