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Matsuura BS, Huss S, Zheng Z, Yuan S, Wang T, Chen B, Badding JV, Trauner D, Elacqua E, van Duin ACT, Crespi VH, Schmidt-Rohr K. Perfect and Defective 13C-Furan-Derived Nanothreads from Modest-Pressure Synthesis Analyzed by 13C NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9529-9542. [PMID: 34130458 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure of nanothreads produced by the slow compression of 13C4-furan was studied by advanced solid-state NMR. Spectral editing showed that >95% of carbon atoms were bonded to one hydrogen (C-H) and that there were 2-4% CH2, 0.6% C═O, and <0.3% CH3 groups. Alkenes accounted for 18% of the CH moieties, while trapped, unreacted furan made up 7%. Two-dimensional (2D) 13C-13C and 1H-13C NMR identified 12% of all carbon in asymmetric O-CH═CH-CH-CH- and 24% in symmetric O-CH-CH═CH-CH- rings. While the former represented defects or chain ends, some of the latter appeared to form repeating thread segments. Around 10% of carbon atoms were found in highly ordered, fully saturated nanothread segments. Unusually slow 13C spin-exchange with sites outside the perfect thread segments documented a length of at least 14 bonds; the small width of the perfect-thread signals also implied a fairly long, regular structure. Carbons in the perfect threads underwent relatively slow spin-lattice relaxation, indicating slow spin exchange with other threads and smaller amplitude motions. Through partial inversion recovery, the signals of the perfect threads were observed and analyzed selectively. Previously considered syn-threads with four different C-H bond orientations were ruled out by centerband-only detection of exchange NMR, which was, on the contrary, consistent with anti-threads. The observed 13C chemical shifts were matched well by quantum-chemical calculations for anti-threads but not for more complex structures like syn/anti-threads. These observations represent the first direct determination of the atomic-level structure of fully saturated nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Shichen Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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Lawler KV, Smith D, Evans SR, Dos Santos AM, Molaison JJ, Bos JWG, Mutka H, Henry PF, Argyriou DN, Salamat A, Kimber SAJ. Decoupling Lattice and Magnetic Instabilities in Frustrated CuMnO 2. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6004-6015. [PMID: 33788545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The AMnO2 delafossites (A = Na, Cu) are model frustrated antiferromagnets, with triangular layers of Mn3+ spins. At low temperatures (TN = 65 K), a C2/m → P1̅ transition is found in CuMnO2, which breaks frustration and establishes magnetic order. In contrast to this clean transition, A = Na only shows short-range distortions at TN. Here, we report a systematic crystallographic, spectroscopic, and theoretical investigation of CuMnO2. We show that, even in stoichiometric samples, nonzero anisotropic Cu displacements coexist with magnetic order. Using X-ray/neutron diffraction and Raman scattering, we show that high pressures act to decouple these degrees of freedom. This manifests as an isostuctural phase transition at ∼10 GPa, with a reversible collapse of the c-axis. This is shown to be the high-pressure analogue of the c-axis negative thermal expansion seen at ambient pressure. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations confirm that dynamical instabilities of the Cu+ cations and edge-shared MnO6 layers are intertwined at ambient pressure. However, high pressure selectively activates the former, before an eventual predicted reemergence of magnetism at the highest pressures. Our results show that the lattice dynamics and local structure of CuMnO2 are quantitatively different from nonmagnetic Cu delafossites and raise questions about the role of intrinsic inhomogeneity in frustrated antiferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith V Lawler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Dean Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Shaun R Evans
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility - 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Antonio M Dos Santos
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jamie J Molaison
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Willem G Bos
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Energy Storage and Recovery, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannu Mutka
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul F Henry
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ashkan Salamat
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and HiPSEC, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Simon A J Kimber
- ICB-Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Bâtiment Sciences Mirande, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, B.P. 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Huss S, Wu S, Chen B, Wang T, Gerthoffer MC, Ryan DJ, Smith SE, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Elacqua E. Scalable Synthesis of Crystalline One-Dimensional Carbon Nanothreads through Modest-Pressure Polymerization of Furan. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4134-4143. [PMID: 33470790 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads, which are one-dimensional sp3-rich polymers, combine high tensile strength with flexibility owing to subnanometer widths and diamond-like cores. These extended carbon solids are constructed through pressure-induced polymerization of sp2 molecules such as benzene. Whereas a few examples of carbon nanothreads have been reported, the need for high onset pressures (≥17 GPa) to synthesize them precludes scalability and limits scope. Herein, we report the scalable synthesis of carbon nanothreads based on molecular furan, which can be achieved through ambient temperature pressure-induced polymerization with an onset reaction pressure of only 10 GPa due to its lessened aromaticity relative to other molecular precursors. When slowly compressed to 15 GPa and gradually decompressed to 1.5 GPa, a sharp 6-fold diffraction pattern is observed in situ, indicating a well-ordered crystalline material formed from liquid furan. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the reaction product exhibits three distinct d-spacings from 4.75 to 4.9 Å, whose size, angular spacing, and degree of anisotropy are consistent with our atomistic simulations for crystals of furan nanothreads. Further evidence for polymerization was obtained by powder XRD, Raman/IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Comparison of the IR spectra with computed vibrational modes provides provisional identification of spectral features characteristic of specific nanothread structures, namely syn, anti, and syn/anti configurations. Mass spectrometry suggests that molecular weights of at least 6 kDa are possible. Furan therefore presents a strategic entry toward scalable carbon nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sikai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Margaret C Gerthoffer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel J Ryan
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Stuart E Smith
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Morgan LM, Molinari M, Corrias A, Sayle DC. Protecting Ceria Nanocatalysts-The Role of Sacrificial Barriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32510-32515. [PMID: 30160106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forces acting on a functional nanomaterial during operation can cause plastic deformation and extinguish desirable catalytic activities. Here, we show that sacrificial materials, introduced into the catalytic composite device, can absorb some of the imposed stress and protect the structural integrity and hence the activity of the functional component. Specifically, we use molecular dynamics to simulate uniaxial stress on a ceria (CeO2) nanocube, an important functional material with respect to oxidative catalysis, such as the conversion of CO to CO2. We predict that the nanocube, protected by a "soft" BaO or "hard" MgO sacrificial barrier, is able to withstand 40.1 or 26.5 GPa, respectively, before plastic deformation destroys the structure irreversibly; the sacrificial materials, BaO and MgO, capture 71 and 54% of the stress, respectively. In comparison, the unprotected nanoceria catalyst deforms plastically at only 2.5 GPa. Furthermore, modeling reveals the deformation mechanisms and the importance of microstructural features, insights that are difficult to measure experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Morgan
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury CT2 7NH , U.K
| | - Marco Molinari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , U.K
| | - Anna Corrias
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury CT2 7NH , U.K
| | - Dean C Sayle
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury CT2 7NH , U.K
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5
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Strength Analysis of a Novel High-Pressure Die with Double-Layered Split Structure. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel double-layered split die (DLSD) was designed to have higher pressure-bearing capacity and larger sample cavity volume. In DLSD, the cylinder and first layer supporting ring are split into several blocks. It has a prismatic cylinder and a quasi-prismatic sample cavity. The stress distribution of DLSD was investigated and compared with that of the conventional belt-type die (BTD) and a single-layered split die (SLSD) by the finite element method. The results show that the SLSD can only decrease the stress of the cylinder as there remains significant stress on the first layer supporting ring. However, the novel DLSD can, remarkably, decrease the stress placed on the cylinder and first layer supporting ring simultaneously due to the improvement of the stress states. Additionally, the maximum stress and pressure-bearing capacity of DLSD with different numbers of split blocks were further investigated. It is concluded that the maximum stress of the cylinder increases gradually with an increase in the number of split blocks. Meanwhile, the pressure-bearing capacity decreases accordingly. The experiments show that the pressure-bearing capacities of DLSD with 4 and 8 split blocks are all remarkably higher than that of the BTD. DLSD with 4 split blocks has relatively higher pressure-bearing capacity. This work presents a promising high-pressure die with a double-layered split structure for the synthesis of superhard materials.
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6
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Fitzgibbons TC, Guthrie M, Xu ES, Crespi VH, Davidowski SK, Cody GD, Alem N, Badding JV. Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:43-47. [PMID: 25242532 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene and diamondoids have extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Compression-induced polymerization of aromatic molecules could provide a viable synthetic route to ordered carbon nanomaterials, but despite almost a century of study this approach has produced only amorphous products. Here we report recovery to ambient pressure of macroscopic quantities of a crystalline one- dimensional sp(3) carbon nanomaterial formed by high-pressure solid-state reaction of benzene. X-ray and neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveal close- packed bundles of subnanometre-diameter sp(3)-bonded carbon threads capped with hydrogen, crystalline in two dimensions and short-range ordered in the third. These nanothreads promise extraordinary properties such as strength and stiffness higher than that of sp(2) carbon nanotubes or conventional high-strength polymers. They may be the first member of a new class of ordered sp(3) nanomaterials synthesized by kinetic control of high-pressure solid-state reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Fitzgibbons
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Malcolm Guthrie
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - En-shi Xu
- 1] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [3] Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [4] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Stephen K Davidowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - George D Cody
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - Nasim Alem
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John V Badding
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Jacobsen MK, Ridley CJ, Bocian A, Kirichek O, Manuel P, Khalyavin D, Azuma M, Attfield JP, Kamenev KV. High-pressure cell for neutron diffraction with in situ pressure control at cryogenic temperatures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043904. [PMID: 24784623 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pressure generation at cryogenic temperatures presents a problem for a wide array of experimental techniques, particularly neutron studies due to the volume of sample required. We present a novel, compact pressure cell with a large sample volume in which load is generated by a bellow. Using a supply of helium gas up to a pressure of 350 bar, a load of up to 78 kN is generated with leak-free operation. In addition, special fiber ports added to the cryogenic center stick allow for in situ pressure determination using the ruby pressure standard. Mechanical stability was assessed using finite element analysis and the dimensions of the cell have been optimized for use with standard cryogenic equipment. Load testing and on-line experiments using NaCl and BiNiO3 have been done at the WISH instrument of the ISIS pulsed neutron source to verify performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Jacobsen
- School of Engineering and CSEC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Ridley
- School of Engineering and CSEC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Bocian
- School of Engineering and CSEC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Kirichek
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Manuel
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Khalyavin
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Paul Attfield
- School of Chemistry and CSEC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin V Kamenev
- School of Engineering and CSEC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Liu Z, Li M, Han Q, Yang Y, Wang B, Sui Z. Numerical simulation and experiment on multilayer stagger-split die. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:053903. [PMID: 23742562 DOI: 10.1063/1.4804159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel ultra-high pressure device, multilayer stagger-split die, has been constructed based on the principle of "dividing dies before cracking." Multilayer stagger-split die includes an encircling ring and multilayer assemblages, and the mating surfaces of the multilayer assemblages are mutually staggered between adjacent layers. In this paper, we investigated the stressing features of this structure through finite element techniques, and the results were compared with those of the belt type die and single split die. The contrast experiments were also carried out to test the bearing pressure performance of multilayer stagger-split die. It is concluded that the stress distributions are reasonable and the materials are utilized effectively for multilayer stagger-split die. And experiments indicate that the multilayer stagger-split die can bear the greatest pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Dieless Forming Technology Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
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