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Ding L, Razavi Bazaz S, Shrestha J, A. Amiri H, Mas-hafi S, Banerjee B, Vesey G, Miansari M, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Rapid and Continuous Cryopreservation of Stem Cells with a 3D Micromixer. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1516. [PMID: 36144139 PMCID: PMC9500807 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the final step of stem cell production before the cryostorage of the product. Conventional methods of adding cryoprotecting agents (CPA) into the cells can be manual or automated with robotic arms. However, challenging issues with these methods at industrial-scale production are the insufficient mixing of cells and CPA, leading to damage of cells, discontinuous feeding, the batch-to-batch difference in products, and, occasionally, cross-contamination. Therefore, the current study proposes an alternative way to overcome the abovementioned challenges; a highly efficient micromixer for low-cost, continuous, labour-free, and automated mixing of stem cells with CPA solutions. Our results show that our micromixer provides a more homogenous mixing of cells and CPA compared to the manual mixing method, while the cell properties, including surface markers, differentiation potential, proliferation, morphology, and therapeutic potential, are well preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hoseyn A. Amiri
- Micro+Nanosystems & Applied Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol 47148-71167, Iran
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Cancer Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Isar 11, Babol 47138-18983, Iran
| | - Sima Mas-hafi
- Micro+Nanosystems & Applied Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol 47148-71167, Iran
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Cancer Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Isar 11, Babol 47138-18983, Iran
| | | | - Graham Vesey
- Regeneus Ltd., Paddington, Sydney, NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Morteza Miansari
- Micro+Nanosystems & Applied Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol 47148-71167, Iran
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Cancer Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Isar 11, Babol 47138-18983, Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Zou L, Li S, Kang Y, Liu J, He L, Sun S, Gao D, Qiu B, Ding W. A multistage-dialysis microdevice for extraction of cryoprotectants. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao G, Fu J. Microfluidics for cryopreservation. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:323-336. [PMID: 28153517 PMCID: PMC6236673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation has utility in clinical and scientific research but implementation is highly complex and includes labor-intensive cell-specific protocols for the addition/removal of cryoprotective agents and freeze-thaw cycles. Microfluidic platforms can revolutionize cryopreservation by providing new tools to manipulate and screen cells at micro/nano scales, which are presently difficult or impossible with conventional bulk approaches. This review describes applications of microfluidic tools in cell manipulation, cryoprotective agent exposure, programmed freezing/thawing, vitrification, and in situ assessment in cryopreservation, and discusses achievements and challenges, providing perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Scherr T, Pursley S, Monroe WT, Nandakumar K. A numerical study on distributions during cryoprotectant loading caused by laminar flow in a microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:24104. [PMID: 24404009 PMCID: PMC3612124 DOI: 10.1063/1.4793714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we conduct a computational study on the loading of cryoprotective agents into cells in preparation for cryopreservation. The advantages of microfluidics in cryopreserving cells include control of fluid flow parameters for reliable cryoprotectant loading and reproducible streamlined processing of samples. A 0.25 m long, three inlet T-junction microchannel serves as an idealized environment for this process. The flow field and concentration distribution are determined from a computational fluid dynamics study and cells are tracked as inert particles in a Lagrangian frame. These particles are not confined to streamlines but can migrate laterally due to the Segre-Sildeberg effect for particles in a shear flow. During this tracking, the local concentration field surrounding the cell is monitored. This data are used as input into the Kedem-Katchalsky equations to numerically study passive solute transport across the cell membrane. As a result of the laminar flow, each cell has a unique pathline in the flow field resulting in different residence times and a unique external concentration field along its path. However, in most previous studies, the effect of a spatially varying concentration field on the transport across the cell membrane is ignored. The dynamics of this process are investigated for a population of cells released from the inlet. Using dimensional analysis, we find a governing parameter α, which is the ratio of the time scale for membrane transport to the average residence time in the channel. For [Formula: see text], cryoprotectant loading is completed to within 5% of the target concentration for all of the cells. However, for [Formula: see text], we find the population of cells does not achieve complete loading and there is a distribution of intracellular cryoprotective agent concentration amongst the population. Further increasing α beyond a value of 2 leads to negligible cryoprotectant loading. These simulations on populations of cells may lead to improved microfluidic cryopreservation protocols where more consistent cryoprotective agent loading and freezing can be achieved, thus increasing cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scherr
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - S Pursley
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, and LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - W T Monroe
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, and LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K Nandakumar
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Louisiana 70803, USA
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