1
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Yoon H, Heinzman J, Smith SE, Gopinadhan M, Edmond KV, Clingenpeel AC, Alvarez NJ. Highly stable petroleum pitches provide access to the deep glassy state. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 38037425 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the fast aging behavior of two petroleum pitch materials despite being only three to five years old. We observe that these highly aromatic pitches with broad distributions of both molecular weight and aromaticity exhibit large enthalpic relaxation endotherms in initial DSC heating scans, and 20-32 °C reductions in the fictive temperature and 0.35-0.87 of θK, which are indicative of aged glasses similar to ultrastable glasses and 20 MA aged amber. Quantifying the degree of thermodynamic stability relative to the Kauzmann temperature vs. the aging time demonstrates that these materials age just as quickly as low fragility metallic glasses. Additionally, we observe that pitches age faster than polymers reported in the literature when compared using down-jump experiments. We hypothesize that the fraction of higher aromaticity of pitch molecules plays a crucial role in faster dynamics. The unique aging behavior and the ability to produce pitches in bulk quantities using pilot-scale equipment, while being possible to tailor their molecular composition, make them a useful material for studying complex aging dynamics in the deep glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedong Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - James Heinzman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Stuart E Smith
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Kazem V Edmond
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Amy C Clingenpeel
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Nicolas J Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Herrero C, Ediger MD, Berthier L. Front propagation in ultrastable glasses is dynamically heterogeneous. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114504. [PMID: 37724735 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon heating, ultrastable glassy films transform into liquids via a propagating equilibration front, resembling the heterogeneous melting of crystals. A microscopic understanding of this robust phenomenology is, however, lacking because experimental resolution is limited. We simulate the heterogeneous transformation kinetics of ultrastable configurations prepared using the swap Monte Carlo algorithm, thus allowing a direct comparison with experiments. We resolve the liquid-glass interface both in space and in time as well as the underlying particle motion responsible for its propagation. We perform a detailed statistical analysis of the interface geometry and kinetics over a broad range of temperatures. We show that the dynamic heterogeneity of the bulk liquid is passed on to the front that propagates heterogeneously in space and intermittently in time. This observation allows us to relate the averaged front velocity to the equilibrium diffusion coefficient of the liquid. We suggest that an experimental characterization of the interface geometry during the heterogeneous devitrification of ultrastable glassy films could provide direct experimental access to the long-sought characteristic length scale of dynamic heterogeneity in bulk supercooled liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herrero
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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3
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Zhang Q, Li W, Qiao K, Han Y. Surface premelting and melting of colloidal glasses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1101. [PMID: 36930717 PMCID: PMC10022898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The nature of liquid-to-glass transition is a major puzzle in science. A similar challenge exists in glass-to-liquid transition, i.e., glass melting, especially for the poorly investigated surface effects. Here, we assemble colloidal glasses by vapor deposition and melt them by tuning particle attractions. The structural and dynamic parameters saturate at different depths, which define a surface liquid layer and an intermediate glassy layer. The power-law growth of both layers and melting front behaviors at different heating rates are similar to crystal premelting and melting, suggesting that premelting and melting can be generalized to amorphous solids. The measured single-particle kinetics reveal various features and confirm theoretical predictions for glass surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiyao Qiao
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yilong Han
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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4
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El Banna AA, McKenna GB. Challenging the Kauzmann paradox using an ultra-stable perfluoropolymer glass with a fictive temperature below the dynamic VFT temperature. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4224. [PMID: 36918591 PMCID: PMC10014873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-stable fluoropolymer glasses were created using vacuum pyrolysis deposition that show large fictive temperature Tf reductions relative to the glass transition temperature Tg of the rejuvenated material. Tf was also found to be 11.4 K below the dynamic VFT temperature TVFT. Glass films with various thickness (200-1150 nm) were deposited onto different temperature substrates. Glassy films were characterized using rapid-chip calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Large enthalpy overshoots were observed upon heating and a Tf reduction of 62.6 K relative to the Tg of 348 K was observed. This reduction exceeds values reported for a 20-million-year-old amber and another amorphous fluoropolymer and is below the putative Kauzmann temperature TK for the material as related to TVFT. These results challenge the importance of the Kauzmann paradox in glass-formation and illustrates a powerful method for the exploration of material dynamics deep in the glassy state (Tf < T < Tg).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory B McKenna
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA. .,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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5
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Flenner E, Berthier L, Charbonneau P, Fullerton CJ. Front-Mediated Melting of Isotropic Ultrastable Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:175501. [PMID: 31702270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastable vapor-deposited glasses display uncommon material properties. Most remarkably, upon heating they are believed to melt via a liquid front that originates at the free surface and propagates over a mesoscopic crossover length, before crossing over to bulk melting. We combine swap Monte Carlo with molecular dynamics simulations to prepare and melt isotropic amorphous films of unprecedendtly high kinetic stability. We are able to directly observe both bulk and front melting, and the crossover between them. We measure the front velocity over a broad range of conditions, and a crossover length scale that grows to nearly 400 particle diameters in the regime accessible to simulations. Our results disentangle the relative roles of kinetic stability and vapor deposition in the physical properties of stable glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Flenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Charbonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christopher J Fullerton
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Gonzalez-Silveira M, Ràfols-Ribé J, Vila-Costa A, Martinez-Garcia JC, Rodríguez-Viejo J. Surface-Bulk Interplay in Vapor-Deposited Glasses: Crossover Length and the Origin of Front Transformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:155501. [PMID: 31702315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.155501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thin film stable glasses transform into a liquid by a moving front that propagates from surfaces or interfaces with higher mobility. We use calorimetric data of vapor-deposited glasses of different thicknesses and stabilities to identify the role of glassy and liquid dynamics on the transformation process. By invoking the existence of an ultrathin intermediate layer whose transformation strongly depends on the properties of both the liquid and the glass, we show that the recovery to equilibrium is driven by the mismatch in the dynamics between glass and liquid. The lifetime of this intermediate layer associated with the moving front is the geometric mean between the bulk transformation time and the alpha relaxation time. Within this view, we explain the observed dependencies of the growth front velocity and the crossover length with both stability and temperature. Extrapolation of these results points towards ordinary thin film glasses transforming via a frontlike transformation mechanism if heated sufficiently fast, establishing a close connection between vapor-deposited and liquid-cooled glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodríguez-Tinoco
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Silveira
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Vila-Costa
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Julio Cesar Martinez-Garcia
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Viejo
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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7
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Cubeta US, Sadtchenko V. Glass softening kinetics in the limit of high heating rates. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5046304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana S. Cubeta
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Vlad Sadtchenko
- Chemistry Department, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
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8
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Ràfols-Ribé J, Vila-Costa A, Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Lopeandía AF, Rodríguez-Viejo J, Gonzalez-Silveira M. Kinetic arrest of front transformation to gain access to the bulk glass transition in ultrathin films of vapour-deposited glasses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29989-29995. [PMID: 30480265 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical vapour deposition has emerged as the technique to obtain glasses of unbeatable stability. However, vapour deposited glasses exhibit a different transformation mechanism to ordinary glasses produced from liquid. Vapour deposited glasses of different thermodynamic stability, from ultrastable to those similar to ordinary glasses, transform into the liquid state via front propagation starting at the most mobile surfaces/interfaces, at least for the first stages of the transformation, eventually dynamiting the high thermal stability achieved for some of these glasses. A previous study showed that it was possible to avoid this transformation front by capping the films with a higher Tg material. We show here fast calorimetry measurements on TPD and IMC vapour deposited glasses capped respectively with TCTA and TPD. This capped configuration is very effective in suppressing the heterogeneous transformation of the stable glasses into the supercooled liquid and shifts the devitrification temperature to much higher values, where the bulk homogeneous mechanism becomes active. This approach may be useful to further study the bulk glass transition in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain.
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9
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Kearns KL, Krzyskowski P, Devereaux Z. Using deposition rate to increase the thermal and kinetic stability of vapor-deposited hole transport layer glasses via a simple sublimation apparatus. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:203328. [PMID: 28571345 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition rate is known to affect the relative stability of vapor-deposited glasses; slower rates give more stable materials due to enhanced mobility at the free surface of the film. Here we show that the deposition rate can affect both the thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) and N,N'-di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl]-1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPD) glasses used as hole transport layers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). A simple, low-vacuum glass sublimation apparatus and a high vacuum deposition chamber were used to deposit the glass. 50 μm thick films were deposited in the sublimation apparatus and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry while 75 nm thick films were prepared in the high vacuum chamber and studied by hot-stage spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The thermodynamic stability from both preparation chambers was consistent and showed that the fictive temperature (Tfictive) was more than 30 K lower than the conventional glass transition temperature (Tg) at the slowest deposition rates. The kinetic stability, measured as the onset temperature (Tonset) where the glass begins to transform into the supercooled liquid, was 16-17 K greater than Tg at the slowest rates. Tonset was systematically lower for the thin films characterized by SE and was attributed to the thickness dependent transformation of the glass into the supercooled liquid. These results show the first calorimetric characterization of the stability of glasses for OLED applications made by vapor deposition and the first direct comparison of deposition apparatuses as a function of the deposition rate. The ease of fabrication will create an opportunity for others to study the effect of deposition conditions on glass stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, USA
| | - Paige Krzyskowski
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, USA
| | - Zachary Devereaux
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, USA
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10
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Chen Y, Zhu M, Laventure A, Lebel O, Ediger MD, Yu L. Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on the Surface Diffusion of Molecular Glasses: Comparison of Three Triazines. J Phys Chem B 2017. [PMID: 28651429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface grating decay measurements have been performed on three closely related molecular glasses to study the effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on surface diffusion. The three molecules are derivatives of bis(3,5-dimethyl-phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine and differ only in the functional group R at the 2-position, with R being C2H5, OCH3, and NHCH3, and referred to as "Et", "OMe", and "NHMe", respectively. Of the three molecules, NHMe forms more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than Et and OMe and was found to have slower surface diffusion. For Et and OMe, surface diffusion is so fast that it replaces viscous flow as the mechanism of surface grating decay as temperature is lowered. In contrast, no such transition was observed for NHMe under the same conditions, indicating significantly slower surface diffusion. This result is consistent with the previous finding that extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds slow down surface diffusion in molecular glasses and is attributed to the persistence of hydrogen bonds even in the surface environment. This result is also consistent with the lower stability of the vapor-deposited glass of NHMe relative to those of Et and OMe and supports the view that surface mobility controls the stability of vapor-deposited glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Men Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Audrey Laventure
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Zhang W, Douglas JF, Starr FW. Dynamical heterogeneity in a vapor-deposited polymer glass. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, USA
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12
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Tylinski M, Beasley MS, Chua YZ, Schick C, Ediger MD. Limited surface mobility inhibits stable glass formation for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M. S. Beasley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y. Z. Chua
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany and Competence Centre CALOR, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany and Competence Centre CALOR, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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13
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Yoon H, Koh YP, Simon SL, McKenna GB. An Ultrastable Polymeric Glass: Amorphous Fluoropolymer with Extreme Fictive Temperature Reduction by Vacuum Pyrolysis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heedong Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
| | - Yung P. Koh
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
| | - Sindee L. Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
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14
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Gómez J, Gujral A, Huang C, Bishop C, Yu L, Ediger MD. Nematic-like stable glasses without equilibrium liquid crystal phases. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:054503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaritza Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ankit Gujral
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Chengbin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Camille Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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15
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Ràfols-Ribé J, Gonzalez-Silveira M, Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Rodríguez-Viejo J. The role of thermodynamic stability in the characteristics of the devitrification front of vapour-deposited glasses of toluene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11089-11097. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00741h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glass stability and molecular shape affect the transformation mechanism of vapour deposited glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Silveira
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Tinoco
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Viejo
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universtitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
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16
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Tylinski M, Chua YZ, Beasley MS, Schick C, Ediger MD. Vapor-deposited alcohol glasses reveal a wide range of kinetic stability. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:174506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y. Z. Chua
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany and Competence Centre CALOR, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M. S. Beasley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C. Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany and Competence Centre CALOR, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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17
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Ultrastable glasses portray similar behaviour to ordinary glasses at high pressure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34296. [PMID: 27694814 PMCID: PMC5046104 DOI: 10.1038/srep34296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure experiments provide a unique opportunity to unravel new insights into glass-forming liquids by exploring its effect on the dynamics of viscous liquids and on the evolution of the glass transition temperature. Here we compare the pressure dependence of the onset of devitrification, Ton, between two molecular glasses prepared from the same material but with extremely different ambient-pressure kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities. Our data clearly reveal that, while both glasses exhibit different dTon/dP values at low pressures, they evolve towards closer calorimetric devitrification temperature and pressure dependence as pressure increases. We tentatively interpret these results from the different densities of the starting materials at room temperature and pressure. Our data shows that at the probed pressures, the relaxation time of the glass into the supercooled liquid is determined by temperature and pressure similarly to the behaviour of liquids, but using stability-dependent parameters.
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18
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Chua YZ, Tylinski M, Tatsumi S, Ediger MD, Schick C. Glass transition and stable glass formation of tetrachloromethane. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:244503. [PMID: 27369523 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been used to prepare organic glasses with very high kinetic stability and it has been suggested that molecular anisotropy is a prerequisite for stable glass formation. Here we use PVD to prepare glasses of tetrachloromethane, a simple organic molecule with a nearly isotropic molecular structure. In situ AC nanocalorimetry was used to characterize the vapor-deposited glasses. Glasses of high kinetic stability were produced by deposition near 0.8 Tg. The isothermal transformation of the vapor-deposited glasses into the supercooled liquid state gave further evidence that tetrachloromethane forms glasses with high kinetic stability, with the transformation time exceeding the structural relaxation time of the supercooled liquid by a factor of 10(3). The glass transition temperature of liquid-cooled tetrachloromethane is determined as Tg ≈ 78 K, which is different from previously reported values. The frequency dependence of the glass transition was also determined and the fragility was estimated as m ≈ 118. The successful formation of PVD glasses of tetrachloromethane which have high kinetic stability argues that molecular asymmetry is not a prerequisite for stable glass formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Chua
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tatsumi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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19
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Jack RL, Berthier L. The melting of stable glasses is governed by nucleation-and-growth dynamics. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:244506. [PMID: 27369526 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the microscopic mechanisms by which low-temperature amorphous states, such as ultrastable glasses, transform into equilibrium fluids, after a sudden temperature increase. Experiments suggest that this process is similar to the melting of crystals, thus differing from the behaviour found in ordinary glasses. We rationalize these observations using the physical idea that the transformation process takes place close to a "hidden" equilibrium first-order phase transition, which is observed in systems of coupled replicas. We illustrate our views using simulation results for a simple two-dimensional plaquette spin model, which is known to exhibit a range of glassy behaviour. Our results suggest that nucleation-and-growth dynamics, as found near ordinary first-order transitions, is also the correct theoretical framework to analyse the melting of ultrastable glasses. Our approach provides a unified understanding of multiple experimental observations, such as propagating melting fronts, large kinetic stability ratios, and "giant" dynamic length scales. We also provide a comprehensive discussion of available theoretical pictures proposed in the context of ultrastable glass melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Jack
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
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20
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Liu T, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Li C, Tong X, Lin YC, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Klinge L, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. The effect of chemical structure on the stability of physical vapor deposited glasses of 1,3,5-triarylbenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:084506. [PMID: 26328855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We detail the formation and properties associated with stable glasses (SG) formed by a series of structural analogues of 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (α,α,β-TNB), a well-studied SG former. Five compounds with similar structural properties were synthesized and physical vapor-deposited with a constant deposition rate at various substrate temperatures (Tdep) in the range between 0.73 Tg and 0.96 Tg. These molecules include α,α,β-TNB, 3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbenzene (α,α-P), 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), 9,9'-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)dianthracene (β-AA), and 3,3',5,5'-tetra(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (α,α,α,α-TNBP). Ellipsometry was used to study the transformations from the as-deposited glasses into ordinary glasses (OG). The stability of each film was evaluated by measuring the fictive temperature (Tf) and density difference between the as-deposited glass and OG. It is demonstrated that all five molecules can form SGs upon vapor deposition in this temperature range. In-depth studies on the dependence of the stability of as-deposited glasses upon Tdep were performed with three molecules, α,α,β-TNB, α,α-P, and α,α-A. The general trends of stability were comparable at the same Tdep/Tg for these three compounds. Similar to previous studies on α,α,β-TNB, vapor-deposited glasses of α,α-P and α,α-A formed the most stable structures around Tdep = 0.8-0.85 Tg. The most stable glass of each molecule showed the lowest thermal expansion coefficient compared to OG and a positive optical birefringence. However, the SGs of α,α-A were less stable compared to α,α-P and α,α,β-TNB at the relative Tdep/Tg. Based on Arrhenius extrapolation of the aging time, as a measure of stability, the most stable α,α-A glass was only aged for a few years as opposed to hundreds or thousands of years for other glasses. We hypothesize that the reduced stability is due to slower mobility at the free surface of α,α-A glass compared to the other two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elmira Salami-Ranjbaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yi-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - William Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Lindsey Klinge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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21
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Kasina A, Putzeys T, Wübbenhorst M. Dielectric and specific heat relaxations in vapor deposited glycerol. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244504. [PMID: 26723689 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently [S. Capponi, S. Napolitano, and M. Wübbenhorst, Nat. Commun. 3, 1233 (2012)], vapor deposited glasses of glycerol have been found to recover their super-cooled liquid state via a metastable, ordered liquid (MROL) state characterized by a tremendously enhanced dielectric strength along with a slow-down of the relaxation rate of the structural relaxation. To study the calorimetric signature of this phenomenon, we have implemented a chip-based, differential AC calorimeter in an organic molecular beam deposition setup, which allows the simultaneous measurement of dielectric relaxations via interdigitated comb electrodes and specific heat relaxation spectra during deposition and as function of the temperature. Heating of the as-deposited glass just above the bulk Tg and subsequent cooling/reheating revealed a step-wise increase in cp by in total 9%, indicating unambiguously that glycerol, through slow vapour deposition, forms a thermodynamically stable glass, which has a specific heat as low as that of crystalline glycerol. Moreover, these glasses were found to show excellent kinetic stability as well as evidenced by both a high onset-temperature and quasi-isothermal recovery measurements at -75 °C. The second goal of the study was to elucidate the impact of the MROL state on the specific heat and its relaxation to the super-cooled state. Conversion of "MROL glycerol" to its "normal" (ordinary liquid, OL) state revealed a second, small (∼2%) increase of the glassy cp, a little gain (<10%) in the relaxed specific heat, and no signs of deviations of τcal from that of normal "bulk" glycerol. These findings altogether suggest that the MROL state in glycerol comprises largely bulk-type glycerol that coexist with a minor volume fraction (<10%) of PVD-induced structural anomalies with a crystal-like calorimetric signature. Based on the new calorimetric findings, we have proposed a new physical picture that assumes the existence of rigid polar clusters (RPCs) and conclusively explains the extraordinary high kinetic stability of the MROL state, its specific calorimetric signature, the enhanced strength, and apparent slow-down of the dielectric α-relaxation. In this new picture, the incredibly slow and strengthened dielectric response is ascribed to driven rotational diffusion of whole RPCs, a mechanism that perfectly couples to the relaxation time of the "normal" glycerol fraction. First considerations based on the strength and the retardation of the dielectric RPCs' response yield independently a size estimate for the RPCs in the order of 4-5 nm. Finally, we have discussed possible crystallisation and reorganisation effects, which give rise to pronounced out-of phase components of the specific heat at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter and Biophysics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Putzeys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter and Biophysics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Wübbenhorst
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter and Biophysics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Tylinski M, Sepúlveda A, Walters DM, Chua YZ, Schick C, Ediger MD. Vapor-deposited glasses of methyl-m-toluate: How uniform is stable glass transformation? J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244509. [PMID: 26723694 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AC chip nanocalorimetry is used to characterize vapor-deposited glasses of methyl-m-toluate (MMT). Physical vapor deposition can prepare MMT glasses that have lower heat capacity and significantly higher kinetic stability compared to liquid-cooled glasses. When heated, highly stable MMT glasses transform into the supercooled liquid via propagating fronts. We present the first quantitative analysis of the temporal and spatial uniformities of these transformation fronts. The front velocity varies by less than 4% over the duration of the transformation. For films 280 nm thick, the transformation rates at different spatial positions in the film differ by about 25%; this quantity may be related to spatially heterogeneous dynamics in the stable glass. Our characterization of the kinetic stability of MMT stable glasses extends previous dielectric experiments and is in excellent agreement with these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Sepúlveda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Diane M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Z Chua
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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23
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Lyubimov I, Antony L, Walters DM, Rodney D, Ediger MD, de Pablo JJ. Orientational anisotropy in simulated vapor-deposited molecular glasses. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:094502. [PMID: 26342372 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced kinetic stability of vapor-deposited glasses has been established for a variety of glass organic formers. Several recent reports indicate that vapor-deposited glasses can be orientationally anisotropic. In this work, we present results of extensive molecular simulations that mimic a number of features of the experimental vapor deposition process. The simulations are performed on a generic coarse-grained model and an all-atom representation of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), a small organic molecule whose vapor-deposited glasses exhibit considerable orientational anisotropy. The coarse-grained model adopted here is found to reproduce several key aspects reported in experiments. In particular, the molecular orientation of vapor-deposited glasses is observed to depend on substrate temperature during deposition. For a fixed deposition rate, the molecular orientation in the glasses changes from isotropic, at the glass transition temperature, Tg, to slightly normal to the substrate at temperatures just below Tg. Well below Tg, molecular orientation becomes predominantly parallel to the substrate. The all-atom model is used to confirm some of the equilibrium structural features of TPD interfaces that arise above the glass transition temperature. We discuss a mechanism based on distinct orientations observed at equilibrium near the surface of the film, which get trapped within the film during the non-equilibrium process of vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lyubimov
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lucas Antony
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Diane M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - David Rodney
- Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés, Grenoble INP, CNRS/UJF, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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24
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Liu T, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Glor EC, Li M, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Synthesis and high-throughput characterization of structural analogues of molecular glassformers: 1,3,5-trisarylbenzenes. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7558-7566. [PMID: 26280737 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of an analogous series of small organic molecules derived from a well-known glass former, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (α,α,β-TNB). Synthesized molecules include α,α,β-TNB, 3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbenzene (α,α-P), 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), 9,9'-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)dianthracene (β-AA) and 3,3',5,5'-tetra(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (α,α,α,α-TNBP). The design of molecules was based on increasing molecular weight with varied π-π interactions in one or more substituents. The synthesis is based on Suzuki cross-coupling of 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-iodobenzene with arylboronic acids, which allows attachment of various substituents to tailor the chemical structure. The bulk compounds were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thin films of these compounds were produced using physical vapor deposition and were subsequently annealed above the glass transition temperatures (Tg). For each molecular glass, cooling rate-dependent glass transition temperature measurements (CR-Tg) were performed using ellipsometry as a high-throughput method to characterize thin film properties. CR-Tg allows rapid characterization of glassy properties, such as Tg, apparent thermal expansion coefficients, apparent activation energy at Tg and fragility. DSC measurements confirmed the general trend that increasing molecular weight leads to increasing melting point (Tm) and Tg. Furthermore, CR-Tg provided evidence that the introduction of stronger π-interacting substituents in the chosen set of structural analogues increases fragility and decreases the ability to form glasses, such that β-AA has the largest fragility and highest tendency to crystallize among all the compounds. These strong interactions also significantly elevate Tg and promote more harmonic intermolecular potentials, as observed by decreasing value of the apparent thermal expansion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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25
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Smith RS, May RA, Kay BD. Probing Toluene and Ethylbenzene Stable Glass Formation Using Inert Gas Permeation. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3639-3644. [PMID: 26722735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inert gas permeation is used to investigate the formation of stable glasses of toluene and ethylbenzene. The effect of deposition temperature (T(dep)) on the kinetic stability of the vapor deposited glasses is determined using Kr desorption spectra from within sandwich layers of either toluene or ethylbenzene. The results for toluene show that the most stable glass is formed at T(dep) = 0.92 T(g), although glasses with a kinetic stability within 50% of the most stable glass were found with deposition temperatures from 0.85 to 0.95 T(g). Similar results were found for ethylbenzene, which formed its most stable glass at 0.91 T(g) and formed stable glasses from 0.81 to 0.96 T(g). These results are consistent with recent calorimetric studies and demonstrate that the inert gas permeation technique provides a direct method to observe the onset of molecular translation motion that accompanies the glass to supercooled liquid transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Alan May
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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26
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Whitaker KR, Tylinski M, Ahrenberg M, Schick C, Ediger MD. Kinetic stability and heat capacity of vapor-deposited glasses of o-terphenyl. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:084511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4929511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Whitaker
- Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Louisiana State University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Louisiana 71302, USA
| | - M. Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock 18051, Germany
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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27
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Chua YZ, Ahrenberg M, Tylinski M, Ediger MD, Schick C. How much time is needed to form a kinetically stable glass? AC calorimetric study of vapor-deposited glasses of ethylcyclohexane. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054506. [PMID: 25662653 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glasses of ethylcyclohexane produced by physical vapor deposition have been characterized by in situ alternating current chip nanocalorimetry. Consistent with previous work on other organic molecules, we observe that glasses of high kinetic stability are formed at substrate temperatures around 0.85 Tg, where Tg is the conventional glass transition temperature. Ethylcyclohexane is the least fragile organic glass-former for which stable glass formation has been established. The isothermal transformation of the vapor-deposited glasses into the supercooled liquid state was also measured. At seven substrate temperatures, the transformation time was measured for glasses prepared with deposition rates across a range of four orders of magnitude. At low substrate temperatures, the transformation time is strongly dependent upon deposition rate, while the dependence weakens as Tg is approached from below. These data provide an estimate for the surface equilibration time required to maximize kinetic stability at each substrate temperature. This surface equilibration time is much smaller than the bulk α-relaxation time and within two orders of magnitude of the β-relaxation time of the ordinary glass. Kinetically stable glasses are formed even for substrate temperatures below the Vogel and the Kauzmann temperatures. Surprisingly, glasses formed in the limit of slow deposition at the lowest substrate temperatures are not as kinetically stable as those formed near 0.85 Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Chua
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Ahrenberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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28
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Walters DM, Richert R, Ediger MD. Thermal stability of vapor-deposited stable glasses of an organic semiconductor. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:134504. [PMID: 25854250 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vapor-deposited organic glasses can show enhanced kinetic stability relative to liquid-cooled glasses. When such stable glasses of model glassformers are annealed above the glass transition temperature Tg, they lose their thermal stability and transform into the supercooled liquid via constant velocity propagating fronts. In this work, we show that vapor-deposited glasses of an organic semiconductor, N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), also transform via propagating fronts. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry and a new high-throughput annealing protocol, we measure transformation front velocities for TPD glasses prepared with substrate temperatures (TSubstrate) from 0.63 to 0.96 Tg, at many different annealing temperatures. We observe that the front velocity varies by over an order of magnitude with TSubstrate, while the activation energy remains constant. Using dielectric spectroscopy, we measure the structural relaxation time of supercooled TPD. We find that the mobility of the liquid and the structure of the glass are independent factors in controlling the thermal stability of TPD films. In comparison to model glassformers, the transformation fronts of TPD have similar velocities and a similar dependence on TSubstrate, suggesting universal behavior. These results may aid in designing active layers in organic electronic devices with improved thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ranko Richert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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29
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Dalal SS, Ediger MD. Influence of Substrate Temperature on the Transformation Front Velocities That Determine Thermal Stability of Vapor-Deposited Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3875-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel S. Dalal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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30
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Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Gonzalez-Silveira M, Ràfols-Ribé J, Lopeandía AF, Rodríguez-Viejo J. Transformation kinetics of vapor-deposited thin film organic glasses: the role of stability and molecular packing anisotropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31195-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth front velocity of indomethacin glasses depends on deposition conditions but is not unambigously determined by its thermodynamic stability when the structure is not completely isotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodríguez-Tinoco
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Silveira
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Aitor F. Lopeandía
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Viejo
- Grup de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes
- Physics Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
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31
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Hocky GM, Berthier L, Reichman DR. Equilibrium ultrastable glasses produced by random pinning. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:224503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glen M. Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS and Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - David R. Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
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32
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Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Gonzalez-Silveira M, Ràfols-Ribé J, Lopeandía AF, Clavaguera-Mora MT, Rodríguez-Viejo J. Evaluation of Growth Front Velocity in Ultrastable Glasses of Indomethacin over a Wide Temperature Interval. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:10795-801. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodríguez-Tinoco
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Silveira
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Ràfols-Ribé
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aitor F. Lopeandía
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Clavaguera-Mora
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Viejo
- Grup
de Nanomaterials i Microsistemes, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- MATGAS Research Centre, Campus
UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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33
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Sepúlveda A, Tylinski M, Guiseppi-Elie A, Richert R, Ediger MD. Role of fragility in the formation of highly stable organic glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:045901. [PMID: 25105633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.045901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ dielectric spectroscopy has been used to characterize vapor-deposited glasses of methyl-m-toluate (MMT), an organic glass former with low fragility (m = 60). Deposition near 0.84T(g) produces glasses of very high kinetic stability; these materials are comparable in stability to the most stable glasses produced from more fragile glass formers. Highly stable glasses of MMT, when annealed above T(g), transform into the supercooled liquid by a heterogeneous mechanism. A constant velocity propagating front is initiated at the free surface and controls the transformation of thin films. The transition to a bulk-dominated transformation process occurs at 5 μm, the largest length scale reported for any glass. Contrary to recent conclusions, we find that physical vapor deposition can form highly stable organic glasses across the entire range of liquid fragilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sepúlveda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - R Richert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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34
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Abstract
We compare dynamical heterogeneities in equilibrated supercooled liquids and in the nonequilibrium glassy state within the framework of the random first order transition theory. Fluctuating mobility generation and transport in the glass are treated by numerically solving stochastic continuum equations for mobility and fictive temperature fields that arise from an extended mode coupling theory containing activated events. Fluctuating spatiotemporal structures in aging and rejuvenating glasses lead to dynamical heterogeneity in glasses with characteristics distinct from those found in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The non-Gaussian distribution of activation free energies, the stretching exponent β, and the growth of characteristic lengths are studied along with the four-point dynamical correlation function. Asymmetric thermodynamic responses upon heating and cooling are predicted to be the result of the heterogeneity and the out-of-equilibrium behavior of glasses below Tg. Our numerical results agree with experimental calorimetry. We numerically confirm the prediction of Lubchenko and Wolynes in the glass that the dynamical heterogeneity can lead to noticeably bimodal distributions of local fictive temperatures during some histories of preparation which explains in a unified way recent experimental observations that have been interpreted as coming from there being two distinct equilibration mechanisms in glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiwat Wisitsorasak
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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35
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Ishii K, Nakayama H. Structural relaxation of vapor-deposited molecular glasses and supercooled liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:12073-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of vapor-deposited molecular glasses largely depend on deposition conditions, and stable and/or dense glasses are formed with several compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikujiro Ishii
- Department of Chemistry
- Gakushuin University
- Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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36
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Lyubimov I, Ediger MD, de Pablo JJ. Model vapor-deposited glasses: Growth front and composition effects. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:144505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4823769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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37
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Dalal SS, Fakhraai Z, Ediger MD. High-Throughput Ellipsometric Characterization of Vapor-Deposited Indomethacin Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15415-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405005n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel S. Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
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38
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Wisitsorasak A, Wolynes PG. Fluctuating mobility generation and transport in glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:022308. [PMID: 24032834 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.022308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the random first order transition theory we use an extended mode coupling theory of the glass transition that includes activated events to account for spatiotemporal structures in rejuvenating glasses. We numerically solve fluctuating dynamical equations for mobility and fictive temperature fields which capture both mobility generation through activated events and facilitation effects. Upon rejuvenating, a source of high mobility at a glass surface initiates a growth front of mobility which propagates into the unstable low mobility region. The speed of the front quantitatively agrees with experiments on the rejuvenation of ultrastable glasses, which "melt" from their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiwat Wisitsorasak
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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39
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Whitaker KR, Scifo DJ, Ediger MD, Ahrenberg M, Schick C. Highly Stable Glasses of cis-Decalin and cis/trans-Decalin Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12724-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Whitaker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Daniel J. Scifo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | | | - Christoph Schick
- Institute
of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock
18051, Germany
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40
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Chen Z, Sepúlveda A, Ediger MD, Richert R. Dynamics of glass-forming liquids. XVI. Observation of ultrastable glass transformation via dielectric spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A519. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4771695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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41
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Sepúlveda A, Swallen SF, Ediger MD. Manipulating the properties of stable organic glasses using kinetic facilitation. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A517. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4772594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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42
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Ahrenberg M, Chua YZ, Whitaker KR, Huth H, Ediger MD, Schick C. In situinvestigation of vapor-deposited glasses of toluene and ethylbenzene via alternating current chip-nanocalorimetry. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:024501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4773354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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