Fifth-order coherent light scattering: Extension of the Kramers–Heisenberg expression for light scattering and two-dimensional measurement of vibrational dynamics

Higher-order optical correlation spectroscopy in liquids

Linear optical spectroscopies have long been used to study the behavior of liquids. Laser technology has progressed to the point that it has become possible to perform nonlinear optical experiments that probe higher-order correlation functions in liquids, opening a new window into our understanding of the microscopic details of solution-phase processes. Here we review advances that have been made in recent years in employing higher-order electronic and vibrational spectroscopies to study liquid-state dynamics and structure.