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Ryland ES, Liu X, Kumar G, Raj SL, Xie ZL, Mengele AK, Fauth SS, Siewerth K, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Rau S, Mulfort KL, Li X, Cordones AA. Site-specific electronic structure of covalently linked bimetallic dyads from nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084307. [PMID: 38415835 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) survey is presented for tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2‴,3‴-j]phenazine (tpphz)-bridged bimetallic assemblies that couple chromophore and catalyst transition metal complexes for light driven catalysis, as well as their individual molecular constituents. We demonstrate the high N site sensitivity of the N pre-edge XANES features, which are energetically well-separated for the phenazine bridge N atoms and for the individual metal-bound N atoms of the inner coordination sphere ligands. By comparison with the time-dependent density functional theory calculated spectra, we determine the origins of these distinguishable spectral features. We find that metal coordination generates large shifts toward higher energy for the metal-bound N atoms, with increasing shift for 3d < 4d < 5d metal bonding. This is attributed to increasing ligand-to-metal σ donation that increases the effective charge of the bound N atoms and stabilizes the N 1s core electrons. In contrast, the phenazine bridge N pre-edge peak is found at a lower energy due to stabilization of the low energy electron accepting orbital localized on the phenazine motif. While no sensitivity to ground state electronic coupling between the individual molecular subunits was observed, the spectra are sensitive to structural distortions of the tpphz bridge. These results demonstrate N K-edge XANES as a local probe of electronic structure in large bridging ligand motifs, able to distinctly investigate the ligand-centered orbitals involved in metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand electron transfer following light absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Ryland
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sumana L Raj
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven S Fauth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kevin Siewerth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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2
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Cordones AA, Pemmaraju CD, Lee JH, Zegkinoglou I, Ragoussi ME, Himpsel FJ, de la Torre G, Schoenlein RW. Excited-State Charge Distribution of a Donor-π-Acceptor Zn Porphyrin Probed by N K-Edge Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1182-1188. [PMID: 33480697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc porphyrin solar cell dyes with donor-π-acceptor architectures combine light absorber (π), electron-donor, and electron-acceptor moieties inside a single molecule with atomic precision. The donor-π-acceptor design promotes the separation of charge carriers following optical excitation. Here, we probe the excited-state electronic structure within such molecules by combining time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the N K-edge with first-principles time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Customized Zn porphyrins with strong-donor triphenylamine groups or weak-donor tri-tert-butylbenzene groups were synthesized. Energetically well-separated N K-edge absorption features simultaneously probe the excited-state electronic structure from the perspectives of the macrocycle and triphenylamine N atoms. New absorption transitions between the macrocycle N atoms and the excited-state HOMO vacancy are observed, and the triphenylamine associated absorption feature blue-shifts, consistent with partial oxidation of the donor groups in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - C Das Pemmaraju
- SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ioannis Zegkinoglou
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria-Eleni Ragoussi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franz J Himpsel
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Monitoring Ultrafast Spin Crossover Intermediates in an Iron(II) Complex by Broad Band Stimulated X-ray Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6524-6531. [PMID: 29944375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced spin crossover dynamics of transition metal complexes is of fundamental scientific importance and is used for sensor device applications and solar energy harvesting. Current X-ray and optical spectroscopy experiments for [FeII(bpy)3], an archetypal earth-abundant metal complex, show conflicting spin dynamics. We have simulated the broad band transient X-ray absorption and hybrid (broad + narrow band) X-ray stimulated Raman signals at the N and Fe K-edges of the key excited state intermediates involved in the spin crossover process of this complex. We find that these signals are much more sensitive to electron and spin populations than transition absorption and may be useful in the design of photovoltaic and artificial photosynthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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4
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Schiffrin A, Capsoni M, Farahi G, Wang CG, Krull C, Castelli M, Roussy T, Cochrane KA, Yin Y, Medhekar NV, Fuhrer M, Shaw AQ, Ji W, Burke SA. Designing Optoelectronic Properties by On-Surface Synthesis: Formation and Electronic Structure of an Iron-Terpyridine Macromolecular Complex. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6545-6553. [PMID: 29911862 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry protocols applied on surfaces offer compelling avenues for atomic-scale control over organic-inorganic interface structures. In this approach, adsorbate-surface interactions and two-dimensional confinement can lead to morphologies and properties that differ dramatically from those achieved via conventional synthetic approaches. Here, we describe the bottom-up, on-surface synthesis of one-dimensional coordination nanostructures based on an iron (Fe)-terpyridine (tpy) interaction borrowed from functional metal-organic complexes used in photovoltaic and catalytic applications. Thermally activated diffusion of sequentially deposited ligands and metal atoms and intraligand conformational changes lead to Fe-tpy coordination and formation of these nanochains. We used low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory to elucidate the atomic-scale morphology of the system, suggesting a linear tri-Fe linkage between facing, coplanar tpy groups. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals the highest occupied orbitals, with dominant contributions from states located at the Fe node, and ligand states that mostly contribute to the lowest unoccupied orbitals. This electronic structure yields potential for hosting photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer in the visible/near-infrared. The formation of this unusual tpy/tri-Fe/tpy coordination motif has not been observed for wet chemistry synthetic methods and is mediated by the bottom-up on-surface approach used here, offering pathways to engineer the optoelectronic properties and reactivity of metal-organic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Schiffrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
- School of Physics & Astronomy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Martina Capsoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
| | - Gelareh Farahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
| | - Chen-Guang Wang
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cornelius Krull
- School of Physics & Astronomy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Marina Castelli
- School of Physics & Astronomy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Tanya Roussy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
| | - Katherine A Cochrane
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
| | - Yuefeng Yin
- School of Physics & Astronomy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Nikhil V Medhekar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Michael Fuhrer
- School of Physics & Astronomy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Adam Q Shaw
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah A Burke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
- Quantum Matter Institute , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , V6T 1Z1
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5
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Bourouina A, Rekhis M. Structural and electronic study of iron-based dye sensitizers for solar cells using DFT/TDDFT. J Mol Model 2017; 23:310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Fondell M, Eckert S, Jay RM, Weniger C, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kennedy B, Sorgenfrei F, Schick D, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Adamczyk K, Huse N, Wernet P, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode on liquids at MHz repetition rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054902. [PMID: 28852689 PMCID: PMC5555770 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a setup combining a liquid flatjet sample delivery and a MHz laser system for time-resolved soft X-ray absorption measurements of liquid samples at the high brilliance undulator beamline UE52-SGM at Bessy II yielding unprecedented statistics in this spectral range. We demonstrate that the efficient detection of transient absorption changes in transmission mode enables the identification of photoexcited species in dilute samples. With iron(II)-trisbipyridine in aqueous solution as a benchmark system, we present absorption measurements at various edges in the soft X-ray regime. In combination with the wavelength tunability of the laser system, the set-up opens up opportunities to study the photochemistry of many systems at low concentrations, relevant to materials sciences, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Weniger
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Sorgenfrei
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Ochmann M, von Ahnen I, Cordones AA, Hussain A, Lee JH, Hong K, Adamczyk K, Vendrell O, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Huse N. Light-Induced Radical Formation and Isomerization of an Aromatic Thiol in Solution Followed by Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Sulfur K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4797-4804. [PMID: 28219243 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We applied time-resolved sulfur-1s absorption spectroscopy to a model aromatic thiol system as a promising method for tracking chemical reactions in solution. Sulfur-1s absorption spectroscopy allows tracking multiple sulfur species with a time resolution of ∼70 ps at synchrotron radiation facilities. Experimental transient spectra combined with high-level electronic structure theory allow identification of a radical and two thione isomers, which are generated upon illumination with 267 nm radiation. Moreover, the regioselectivity of the thione isomerization is explained by the resulting radical frontier orbitals. This work demonstrates the usefulness and potential of time-resolved sulfur-1s absorption spectroscopy for tracking multiple chemical reaction pathways and transient products of sulfur-containing molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga von Ahnen
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Liu L, Zhang W, Guo P, Wang K, Wang J, Qian H, Kurash I, Wang CH, Yang YW, Xu F. A direct Fe–O coordination at the FePc/MoOx interface investigated by XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3463-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04199b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FePc adsorption highly facilitates the thermal reduction of the MoO3 layer, of which the mechanism involves an additional direct coupling between FePc molecules and the MoOx substrate in addition to the formation of the oxygen vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Panpan Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaou Wang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- P. R. China
| | - Haijie Qian
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- P. R. China
| | - Ibrahim Kurash
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- P. R. China
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Faqiang Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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9
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Johnson PS, García-Lastra JM, Kennedy CK, Jersett NJ, Boukahil I, Himpsel FJ, Cook PL. Crystal fields of porphyrins and phthalocyanines from polarization-dependent 2p-to-3d multiplets. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:114706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4868552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Light harvesting with Earth abundant d-block metals: Development of sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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