1
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Valenza R, Holmes-Gentle I, Bedoya-Lora FE, Haussener S. High-throughput parallel testing of ten photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting: case study on the effects of temperature in hematite photoanodes. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2024; 8:3583-3594. [PMID: 39114268 PMCID: PMC11302243 DOI: 10.1039/d4se00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput testing of photoelectrochemical cells and materials under well-defined operating conditions can accelerate the discovery of new semiconducting materials, the characterization of the phenomena occurring at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, or the understanding of the coupled multi-physics transport phenomena of a complete working cell. However, there have been few high-throughput systems capable of dealing with complete cells and applying variations in real-life operating conditions, like temperature or irradiance. Understanding the effects of the variations of these real-life operating conditions on the performance of photoelectrode materials requires reliable and reproducible measurements. In this work, we report on a setup that simultaneously tests ten individual, identical photoelectrochemical cells whilst controlling temperature. The effects of temperature from 26 to 65 °C were studied in tin-doped hematite photoanodes for water splitting - as a reference case - through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The increase of surface-state-mediated charge recombination with temperature mainly penalized the energy conversion efficiency due to the reduction of the photovoltage produced. For parallel measurements in the ten individual cells, standard deviations from 20 to 60 mV for the onset potentials and less than 0.2 mA cm-2 for saturation current densities quantified the reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valenza
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Isaac Holmes-Gentle
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Franky E Bedoya-Lora
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sophia Haussener
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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2
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Zeng JS, Padia V, Chen GY, Maalouf JH, Limaye AM, Liu AH, Yusov MA, Hunter IW, Manthiram K. Nonidealities in CO 2 Electroreduction Mechanisms Revealed by Automation-Assisted Kinetic Analysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1348-1356. [PMID: 39071063 PMCID: PMC11273456 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In electrocatalysis, mechanistic analysis of reaction rate data often relies on the linearization of relatively simple rate equations; this is the basis for typical Tafel and reactant order dependence analyses. However, for more complex reaction phenomena, such as surface coverage effects or mixed control, these common linearization strategies will yield incomplete or uninterpretable results. Cohesive kinetic analysis, which is often used in thermocatalysis and involves quantitative model fitting for data collected over a wide range of reaction conditions, requires more data but also provides a more robust strategy for interrogating reaction mechanisms. In this work, we report a robotic system that improves the experimental workflow for collecting electrochemical rate data by automating sequential testing of up to 10 electrochemical cells, where each cell can have a different electrode, electrolyte, gas-phase reactant composition, and applied voltage. We used this system to investigate the mechanism of carbon dioxide electroreduction to carbon monoxide at several immobilized metal tetrapyrroles. Specifically, at cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP), and iron phthalocyanine (FePc), we see signatures of complex reaction mechanisms, where observed bicarbonate and CO2 order dependences change with applied potential. We illustrate how phenomena such as electrolyte poisoning and potential-dependent degrees of rate control can explain the observed kinetic behaviors. Our mechanistic analysis suggests that CoPc and CoTPP share a similar reaction mechanism, akin to one previously proposed, whereas the mechanism for FePc likely involves a species later in the catalytic cycle as the most abundant reactive intermediate. Our study illustrates that complex reaction mechanisms that are not amenable to common Tafel and order dependence analyses may be quite prevalent across this class of immobilized metal tetrapyrrole electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy S. Zeng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vineet Padia
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grace Y. Chen
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joseph H. Maalouf
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aditya M. Limaye
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander H. Liu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Yusov
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ian W. Hunter
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Sanin A, Stein HS. Exploring Reproducible Nonaqueous Scanning Droplet Cell Electrochemistry in Model Battery Chemistries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:3536-3545. [PMID: 38681088 PMCID: PMC11044270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The discovery and optimization of new materials for energy storage are essential for a sustainable future. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) using a scanning droplet cell (SDC) is suitable for the rapid screening of prospective material candidates and effective variation of investigated parameters over a millimeter-scale area. Herein, we explore the transition and challenges for SDC electrochemistry from aqueous toward aprotic electrolytes and address pitfalls related to reproducibility in such high-throughput systems. Specifically, we explore whether reproducibilities comparable to those for millimeter half-cells are achievable on the millimeter half-cell level than for full cells. To study reproducibility in half-cells as a first screening step, this study explores the selection of appropriate cell components, such as reference electrodes (REs) and the use of masking techniques for working electrodes (WEs) to achieve consistent electrochemically active areas. Experimental results on a Li-Au model anode system show that SDC, coupled with a masking approach and subsequent optical microscopy, can mitigate issues related to electrolyte leakage and yield good reproducibility. The proposed methodologies and insights contribute to the advancement of high-throughput battery research, enabling the discovery and optimization of future battery materials with improved efficiency and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sanin
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr.
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technical
University of Munich, TUM School of Natural
Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Digital Catalysis; Munich
Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI); Munich Data
Science Institute (MDSI), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Helge S. Stein
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr.
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Technical
University of Munich, TUM School of Natural
Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Digital Catalysis; Munich
Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI); Munich Data
Science Institute (MDSI), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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4
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Bai Y, Khoo ZHJ, I Made R, Xie H, Lim CYJ, Handoko AD, Chellappan V, Cheng JJ, Wei F, Lim YF, Hippalgaonkar K. Closed-Loop Multi-Objective Optimization for Cu-Sb-S Photo-Electrocatalytic Materials' Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304269. [PMID: 37690005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper antimony sulfides are regarded as promising catalysts for photo-electrochemical water splitting because of their earth abundance and broad light absorption. The unique photoactivity of copper antimony sulfides is dependent on their various crystalline structures and atomic compositions. Here, a closed-loop workflow is built, which explores Cu-Sb-S compositional space to optimize its photo-electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water, by integrating a high-throughput robotic platform, characterization techniques, and machine learning (ML) optimization workflow. The multi-objective optimization model discovers optimum experimental conditions after only nine cycles of integrated experiments-machine learning loop. Photocurrent testing at 0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) confirms the expected correlation between the materials' properties and photocurrent. An optimum photocurrent of -186 µA cm-2 is observed on Cu-Sb-S in the ratio of 9:45:46 in the form of single-layer coating on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass with a corresponding bandgap of 1.85 eV and 63.2% Cu1+ /Cu species content. The targeted intelligent search reveals a nonobvious CuSbS composition that exhibits 2.3 times greater activity than baseline results from random sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi Hui Jonathan Khoo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Riko I Made
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Huiqing Xie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Carina Yi Jing Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Albertus Denny Handoko
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vijila Chellappan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Jayce Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yee-Fun Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Muñoz-Torrero D, Santana Santos C, García-Quismondo E, Dieckhöfer S, Erichsen T, Palma J, Schuhmann W, Ventosa E. The redox mediated - scanning droplet cell system for evaluation of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15521-15530. [PMID: 37223417 PMCID: PMC10201650 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00631j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The so-called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), a nanolayer formed on the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries during the first cycles, largely influences some key performance indicators such as cycle life and specific power. The reason is due to the fact that the SEI prevents continuous electrolyte decomposition, making this protecting character extremely important. Herein, a specifically designed scanning droplet cell system (SDCS) is developed to study the protecting character of the SEI on lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials. SDCS allows for automatized electrochemical measurements with improved reproducibility and time-saving experimentation. Besides the necessary adaptations for its implementation for non-aqueous batteries, a new operating mode, the so-called redox mediated-scanning droplet cell system (RM-SDCS), is established to investigate the SEI properties. By adding a redox mediator (e.g. a viologen derivative) to the electrolyte, evaluation of the protecting character of the SEI becomes accessible. Validation of the proposed methodology was performed using a model sample (Cu surface). Afterwards, RM-SDCS was employed on Si-graphite electrodes as a case study. On the one hand, the RM-SDCS shed light on the degradation mechanisms providing direct electrochemical evidence of the rupture of the SEI upon lithiation. On the other hand, the RM-SDCS was presented as an accelerated method capable of searching for electrolyte additives. The results indicate an enhancement in the protecting character of the SEI when 4 wt% of both vinyl carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate were used simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muñoz-Torrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Burgos Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n 09001 Burgos Spain
- ICCRAM, University of Burgos Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Enrique García-Quismondo
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles Spain
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Jesús Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Burgos Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n 09001 Burgos Spain
- ICCRAM, University of Burgos Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n 09001 Burgos Spain
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6
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Statt MJ, Rohr BA, Guevarra D, Suram SK, Morrell TE, Gregoire JM. The Materials Provenance Store. Sci Data 2023; 10:184. [PMID: 37024515 PMCID: PMC10079965 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a database resulting from high throughput experimentation, primarily on metal oxide solid state materials. The central relational database, the Materials Provenance Store (MPS), manages the metadata and experimental provenance from acquisition of raw materials, through synthesis, to a broad range of materials characterization techniques. Given the primary research goal of materials discovery of solar fuels materials, many of the characterization experiments involve electrochemistry, along with optical, structural, and compositional characterizations. The MPS is populated with all information required for executing common data queries, which typically do not involve direct query of raw data. The result is a database file that can be distributed to users so that they can independently execute queries and subsequently download the data of interest. We propose this strategy as an approach to manage the highly heterogeneous and distributed data that arises from materials science experiments, as demonstrated by the management of over 30 million experiments run on over 12 million samples in the present MPS release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Guevarra
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Morrell
- Caltech Library, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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7
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Joress H, DeCost B, Hassan N, Braun TM, Gorham JM, Hattrick-Simpers J. Development of an automated millifluidic platform and data-analysis pipeline for rapid electrochemical corrosion measurements: A pH study on Zn-Ni. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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MacLeod BP, Parlane FGL, Brown AK, Hein JE, Berlinguette CP. Flexible automation accelerates materials discovery. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:722-726. [PMID: 34907322 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fraser G L Parlane
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda K Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), MaRS Innovation Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Guevarra D, Haber JA, Wang Y, Zhou L, Kan K, Richter MH, Gregoire JM. High Throughput Discovery of Complex Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Jenewein KJ, Kormányos A, Knöppel J, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Accessing In Situ Photocorrosion under Realistic Light Conditions: Photoelectrochemical Scanning Flow Cell Coupled to Online ICP-MS. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:74-81. [PMID: 36785747 PMCID: PMC9838614 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High-impact photoelectrode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting are distinguished by synergistically attaining high photoactivity and stability at the same time. With numerous efforts toward optimizing the activity, the bigger challenge of tailoring the durability of photoelectrodes to meet industrially relevant levels remains. In situ photostability measurements hold great promise in understanding stability-related properties. Although different flow systems coupled to light-emitting diodes were introduced recently to measure time-resolved photocorrosion, none of the measurements were performed under realistic light conditions. In this paper, a photoelectrochemical scanning flow cell connected to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (PEC-ICP-MS) and equipped with a solar simulator, Air Mass 1.5 G filter, and monochromator was developed. The established system is capable of independently assessing basic PEC metrics, such as photopotential, photocurrent, incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE), and band gap in a high-throughput manner as well as the in situ photocorrosion behavior of photoelectrodes under standardized and realistic light conditions by coupling it to an ICP-MS. Polycrystalline platinum and tungsten trioxide (WO3) were used as model systems to demonstrate the operation under dark and light conditions, respectively. Photocorrosion measurements conducted with the present PEC-ICP-MS setup revealed that WO3 starts dissolving at 0.8 VRHE with the dissolution rate rapidly increasing past 1.2 VRHE, coinciding with the onset of the saturation photocurrent. The most detrimental damage to the photoelectrode is caused when subjecting it to a prolonged high potential hold, e.g., at 1.5 VRHE. By using standardized illumination conditions such as Air Mass 1.5 Global under 1 Sun, the obtained dissolution characteristics are translatable to actual devices under realistic light conditions. The gained insights can then be utilized to advance synthesis and design approaches of novel PEC materials with improved photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J. Jenewein
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Kormányos
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Daboss S, Rahmanian F, Stein HS, Kranz C. The potential of scanning electrochemical probe microscopy and scanning droplet cells in battery research. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Daboss
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | | | - Helge S. Stein
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Ulm Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Ulm University Ulm Germany
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12
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Dieckhöfer S, Schuhmann W, Ventosa E. Accelerated Electrochemical Investigation of Li Plating Efficiency as Key Parameter for Li Metal Batteries Utilizing a Scanning Droplet Cell. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry University of Burgos Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09200 Burgos Spain
- ICCRAM – International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials University of Burgos Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n E-09001 Burgos Spain
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13
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14
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Joress H, DeCost BL, Sarker S, Braun TM, Jilani S, Smith R, Ward L, Laws KJ, Mehta A, Hattrick-Simpers JR. A High-Throughput Structural and Electrochemical Study of Metallic Glass Formation in Ni-Ti-Al. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:330-338. [PMID: 32496755 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a set of machine learning predictions of glass formation in the Ni-Ti-Al system, we have undertaken a high-throughput experimental study of that system. We utilized rapid synthesis followed by high-throughput structural and electrochemical characterization. Using this dual-modality approach, we are able to better classify the amorphous portion of the library, which we found to be the portion with a full width at half maximum (fwhm) of >0.42 Å-1 for the first sharp X-ray diffraction peak. Proper phase labeling is important for future machine learning efforts. We demonstrate that the fwhm and corrosion resistance are correlated but that, while chemistry still plays a role in corrosion resistance, a large fwhm, attributed to a glassy phase, is necessary for the highest corrosion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howie Joress
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Brian L. DeCost
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Suchismita Sarker
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Trevor M. Braun
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sidra Jilani
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ryan Smith
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Logan Ward
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kevin J. Laws
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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15
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Yan Z, Wu S, Song Y, Xiang Y, Zhu J. A novel gradient composition spreading and nanolayer stacking process for combinatorial thin-film materials library fabrication. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:065107. [PMID: 32611049 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetron sputtering process is proposed to fabricate a combinatorial thin-film materials library with highly precise composition spreading. In order to produce a gradient composition spreading for a specific target, a moving shutter is used to cover the deposition substrate step by step with a fixed step-length. By rotating the substrate and repeating the step-by-step masked deposition with different targets in turn, a heterogeneous precursor structure is obtained with alternate stacking of different material layers, each of which is in a step-by-step wedge-shaped thickness cross section. By controlling the thickness of each layer at the nanometer scale, a multilayer structure is formed to facilitate the interlayer diffusion between different precursor layers. It may also define the boundaries of individual sample pixels, resulting in improved composition spreading resolutions for the prepared materials library. A combinatorial magnetron sputtering system is designed with reciprocating rectangular targets, a narrow slit between the substrate and the target, and a quartz crystal microbalance feedback to control the deposition uniformity, resulting in a variation better than 3% across a 76 × 76 mm substrate. Three individual deposition chambers are designed in an annular distribution with 90° angle between each other. Moreover, a step-by-step moving shutter and a rotating substrate holder are incorporated. Combinatorial materials libraries with more than 10 000 individual compositions could be obtained using this system. A Ti-Zr-Ni ternary alloy library was fabricated for demonstration in which the sheet resistance spreading diagram of the Ti-Zr-Ni library was studied as a function of the composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkai Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Yu Song
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Yong Xiang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
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16
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Abstract
Multielement nanomaterials hold great promise for various applications due to their widely tunable surface chemistry, yet it remains challenging to efficiently study this multidimensional space. Conventional approaches are typically slow and depend on serendipity, while a robust and general synthesis is still lacking among increasingly complex compositions. We report a high-throughput technique for combinatorial compositional design (formulation in solution phases) and rapid synthesis (within seconds) of ultrafine multimetallic nanoclusters with a homogeneous alloy structure. We synthesized and screened the PtPdRhRuIrFeCoNi compositional space using scanning droplet cell electrochemistry, with two promising catalysts quickly identified and further verified in a rotating disk setup. The reported high-throughput approach establishes a facile and reliable pipeline to significantly accelerate material discovery in multimetallic nanomaterials. Multimetallic nanoclusters (MMNCs) offer unique and tailorable surface chemistries that hold great potential for numerous catalytic applications. The efficient exploration of this vast chemical space necessitates an accelerated discovery pipeline that supersedes traditional “trial-and-error” experimentation while guaranteeing uniform microstructures despite compositional complexity. Herein, we report the high-throughput synthesis of an extensive series of ultrafine and homogeneous alloy MMNCs, achieved by 1) a flexible compositional design by formulation in the precursor solution phase and 2) the ultrafast synthesis of alloy MMNCs using thermal shock heating (i.e., ∼1,650 K, ∼500 ms). This approach is remarkably facile and easily accessible compared to conventional vapor-phase deposition, and the particle size and structural uniformity enable comparative studies across compositionally different MMNCs. Rapid electrochemical screening is demonstrated by using a scanning droplet cell, enabling us to discover two promising electrocatalysts, which we subsequently validated using a rotating disk setup. This demonstrated high-throughput material discovery pipeline presents a paradigm for facile and accelerated exploration of MMNCs for a broad range of applications.
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17
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Stein HS, Gregoire JM. Progress and prospects for accelerating materials science with automated and autonomous workflows. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9640-9649. [PMID: 32153744 PMCID: PMC7020936 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03766g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerating materials research by integrating automation with artificial intelligence is increasingly recognized as a grand scientific challenge to discover and develop materials for emerging and future technologies. While the solid state materials science community has demonstrated a broad range of high throughput methods and effectively leveraged computational techniques to accelerate individual research tasks, revolutionary acceleration of materials discovery has yet to be fully realized. This perspective review presents a framework and ontology to outline a materials experiment lifecycle and visualize materials discovery workflows, providing a context for mapping the realized levels of automation and the next generation of autonomous loops in terms of scientific and automation complexity. Expanding autonomous loops to encompass larger portions of complex workflows will require integration of a range of experimental techniques as well as automation of expert decisions, including subtle reasoning about data quality, responses to unexpected data, and model design. Recent demonstrations of workflows that integrate multiple techniques and include autonomous loops, combined with emerging advancements in artificial intelligence and high throughput experimentation, signal the imminence of a revolution in materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge S Stein
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA .
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA .
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA
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18
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Lai Y, Jones RJR, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gregoire JM. Scanning Electrochemical Flow Cell with Online Mass Spectroscopy for Accelerated Screening of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Electrocatalysts. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:692-704. [PMID: 31525292 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals or fuels is an increasingly important strategy for achieving carbon neutral technologies. The lack of a sufficiently active and selective electrocatalyst, particularly for synthesizing highly reduced products, motivates accelerated screening to evaluate new catalyst spaces. Traditional techniques, which couple electrocatalyst operation with analytical techniques to measure product distributions, enable screening throughput at 1-10 catalysts per day. In this paper, a combinatorial screening instrument is designed for MS detection of hydrogen, methane, and ethylene in quasi-real-time during catalyst operation experiments in an electrochemical flow cell. Coupled with experiment modeling, product detection during cyclic voltammetry (CV) enables modeling of the voltage-dependent partial current density for each detected product. We demonstrate the technique by using the well-established thin film Cu catalysts and by screening a Pd-Zn composition library in carbonate-buffered aqueous electrolyte. The rapid product distribution characterization over a large range of overpotential makes the instrument uniquely suited for accelerating screening of electrocatalysts for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungchieh Lai
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan J. R. Jones
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lan Zhou
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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19
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Liu J, Liu N, Sun M, Li J, Sohn S, Schroers J. Fast Screening of Corrosion Trends in Metallic Glasses. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:666-674. [PMID: 31525903 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion trends in the bulk metallic glass forming alloy system Zr-Cu-Al are studied through a fast screening visual characterization method of thin film alloy libraries prepared by magnetron co-sputtering. Significant distinct brightness changes are present within the Zr-Cu-Al system when the thin film library is immersed in 3.5 wt % NaCl. Through additional quantification of corrosion current density, a correlation between change in brightness and corrosion current density is revealed, suggesting an effective rapid screening of corrosion simply by a visual method. For materials discovery with optimized multiproperties, we utilize the corrosion fast screening results and superimpose them on the composition dependence of the glass forming ability. This allows us to rapidly identify alloys with the best combination of glass forming ability and corrosion resistance, which we then confirm in bulk form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Naijia Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Sungwoo Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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20
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Dorfi AE, Kuo HW, Smirnova V, Wright J, Esposito DV. Design and operation of a scanning electrochemical microscope for imaging with continuous line probes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083702. [PMID: 31472628 DOI: 10.1063/1.5095951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a home-built scanning electrochemical microscope capable of achieving high areal imaging rates through the use of continuous line probes (CLPs) and compressed sensing (CS) image reconstruction. The CLP is a nonlocal probe consisting of a band electrode, where the achievable spatial resolution is set by the thickness of the band and the achievable imaging rate is largely determined by its width. A combination of linear and rotational motors allows for CLP scanning at different angles over areas up to 25 cm2 to generate the raw signal necessary to reconstruct the desired electrochemical image using CS signal analysis algorithms. Herein, we provide detailed descriptions of CLP fabrication, microscope design, and the procedures used to carry out scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging with CLPs. In order to illustrate the basic operating procedures for the microscope, line scans and images measured in the substrate generation-probe-collection mode for flat samples containing platinum disk electrodes are presented. These exemplary measurements illustrate methods for calibrating the positioning system, positioning and cleaning the CLP, and verifying proper positioning/probe sensitivity along its length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dorfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Han-Wen Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Vera Smirnova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - John Wright
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
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21
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Dang N, Etienne M, Walcarius A, Liu L. Scanning gel electrochemical microscopy (SGECM): The potentiometric measurements. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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22
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Jones RJR, Wang Y, Lai Y, Shinde A, Gregoire JM. Reactor design and integration with product detection to accelerate screening of electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:124102. [PMID: 30599585 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying new catalyst materials for complex reactions such as the electrochemical reduction of CO2 poses substantial instrumentation challenges due to the need to integrate reactor control with electrochemical and analytical instrumentation. Performing accelerated screening to enable exploration of a broad span of catalyst materials poses additional challenges due to the long time scales associated with accumulation of reaction products and the detection of the reaction products with traditional separation-based analytical methods. The catalyst screening techniques that have been reported for combinatorial studies of (photo)electrocatalysts do not meet the needs of CO2 reduction catalyst research, prompting our development of a new electrochemical cell design and its integration to gas and liquid chromatography instruments. To enable rapid chromatography measurements while maintaining sensitivity to minor products, the electrochemical cell features low electrolyte and head space volumes compared to the catalyst surface area. Additionally, the cell is operated as a batch reactor with electrolyte recirculation to rapidly concentrate reaction products, which serves the present needs for rapidly detecting minor products and has additional implications for enabling product separations in industrial CO2 electrolysis systems. To maintain near-saturation of CO2 in aqueous electrolytes, we employ electrolyte nebulization through a CO2-rich headspace, achieving similar gas-liquid equilibration as vigorous CO2 bubbling but without gas flow. The instrument is demonstrated with a series of electrochemical experiments on an Au-Pd combinatorial library, revealing non-monotonic variations in product distribution with respect to catalyst composition. The highly integrated analytical electrochemistry system is engineered to enable automation for rapid catalyst screening as well as deployment for a broad range of electrochemical reactions where product distribution is critical to the assessment of catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J R Jones
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yungchieh Lai
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Aniketa Shinde
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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23
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Zhou L, Shinde A, Montoya JH, Singh A, Gul S, Yano J, Ye Y, Crumlin EJ, Richter MH, Cooper JK, Stein HS, Haber JA, Persson KA, Gregoire JM. Rutile Alloys in the Mn–Sb–O System Stabilize Mn3+ To Enable Oxygen Evolution in Strong Acid. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhou
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aniketa Shinde
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joseph H. Montoya
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Arunima Singh
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yifan Ye
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias H. Richter
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jason K. Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Helge S. Stein
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joel A. Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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24
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Liu L, Etienne M, Walcarius A. Scanning Gel Electrochemical Microscopy for Topography and Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8889-8895. [PMID: 30003777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe techniques have been widely applied for analyzing the local electrochemical activity of surfaces and interfaces. In this work, we develop a new concept of carrying out local electrochemical measurements by localizing both the electrode and the electrolyte. This is achieved through a gel probe, which is prepared by electrodepositing chitosan-gelatin gel on a microdisk electrode. It is positioned in contact with the sample surface by shear force feedback. The preliminary results indicate that the topography of the sample can be mapped by tapping the probe and recording the coordinates at a given normalized shear force signal, while the local electrochemical activity can be retrieved from local measurements with the probe touching the sample surface. The technique is denoted as scanning gel electrochemical microscopy. As compared with existing techniques, it has a major advantage of operating in air with the electrolyte immobilized in gel. This would prevent the spreading and leakage of solution on the sample surface and may lead to field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME) , UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy 54600 , France
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25
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Suram SK, Zhou L, Shinde A, Yan Q, Yu J, Umehara M, Stein HS, Neaton JB, Gregoire JM. Alkaline-stable nickel manganese oxides with ideal band gap for solar fuel photoanodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4625-4628. [PMID: 29671420 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial (photo)electrochemical studies of the (Ni-Mn)Ox system reveal a range of promising materials for oxygen evolution photoanodes. X-ray diffraction, quantum efficiency, and optical spectroscopy mapping reveal stable photoactivity of NiMnO3 in alkaline conditions with photocurrent onset commensurate with its 1.9 eV direct band gap. The photoactivity increases upon mixture with 10-60% Ni6MnO8 providing an example of enhanced charge separation via heterojunction formation in mixed-phase thin film photoelectrodes. Density functional theory-based hybrid functional calculations of the band edge energies in this oxide reveal that a somewhat smaller than typical fraction of exact exchange is required to explain the favorable valence band alignment for water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Suram
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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26
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Kimmich D, Taffa DH, Dosche C, Wark M, Wittstock G. Combinatorial screening of photoanode materials - Uniform platform for compositional arrays and macroscopic electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Spanos I, Auer AA, Neugebauer S, Deng X, Tüysüz H, Schlögl R. Standardized Benchmarking of Water Splitting Catalysts in a Combined Electrochemical Flow Cell/Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Setup. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanos
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Muelheim
an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Department
of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Muelheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Sebastian Neugebauer
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Muelheim
an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Department
of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Sustainable Energy, Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Muelheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Department
of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Sustainable Energy, Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Muelheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Muelheim
an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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28
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Hurt C, Brandt M, Priya SS, Bhatelia T, Patel J, Selvakannan PR, Bhargava S. Combining additive manufacturing and catalysis: a review. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review on additive manufacturing (AM) applied to heterogeneous catalysis reveals enabling power of AM and challenges to overcome in chemical interfacing and material printability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Hurt
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing
- RMIT University
- Australia
| | - M. Brandt
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing
- RMIT University
- Australia
| | - S. S. Priya
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- RMIT University
- Australia
| | - T. Bhatelia
- CSIRO: Clayton Site
- Australia
- CSIRO Energy
- Kensington WA 6151
- Australia
| | | | - PR. Selvakannan
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- RMIT University
- Australia
| | - S. Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- RMIT University
- Australia
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29
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Tibbetts KM, Feng XJ, Rabitz H. Exploring experimental fitness landscapes for chemical synthesis and property optimization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4266-4287. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The topology of experimental fitness landscapes for chemical optimization objectives is assessed through svr-based HDMR modeling.
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30
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Grote JP, Zeradjanin AR, Cherevko S, Savan A, Breitbach B, Ludwig A, Mayrhofer KJ. Screening of material libraries for electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts – Improving selectivity of Cu by mixing with Co. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Payne MA, Miller JB, Gellman AJ. High-Throughput Screening Across Quaternary Alloy Composition Space: Oxidation of (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)∼0.8Cr∼0.2. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:559-68. [PMID: 27379744 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Composition spread alloy films (CSAFs) are commonly used as libraries for high-throughput screening of composition-property relationships in multicomponent materials science. Because lateral gradients afford two degrees of freedom, an n-component CSAF can, in principle, contain any composition range falling on a continuous two-dimensional surface through an (n - 1)-dimensional composition space. However, depending on the complexity of the CSAF gradients, characterizing and graphically representing this composition range may not be straightforward when n ≥ 4. The standard approach for combinatorial studies performed using quaternary or higher-order CSAFs has been to use fixed stoichiometric ratios of one or more components to force the composition range to fall on some well-defined plane in the composition space. In this work, we explore the synthesis of quaternary Al-Fe-Ni-Cr CSAFs with a rotatable shadow mask CSAF deposition tool, in which none of the component ratios are fixed. On the basis of the unique gradient geometry produced by the tool, we show that the continuous quaternary composition range of the CSAF can be rigorously represented using a set of two-dimensional "pseudoternary" composition diagrams. We then perform a case study of (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)∼0.8Cr∼0.2 oxidation in dry air at 427 °C to demonstrate how such CSAFs can be used to screen an alloy property across a continuous two-dimensional subspace of a quaternary composition space. We identify a continuous boundary through the (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)∼0.8Cr∼0.2 subspace at which the oxygen uptake into the CSAF between 1 and 16 h oxidation time increases abruptly with decreasing Al content. The results are compared to a previous study of the oxidation of AlxFeyNi1-x-y CSAFs in dry air at 427 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Payne
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Chemical
Engineering, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - James B. Miller
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Chemical
Engineering, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew J. Gellman
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Chemical
Engineering, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Carnegie Mellon University, W.E. Scott Institute
for Energy Innovation, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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32
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Barron SC, Patel MP, Nguyen N, Nguyen NV, Green ML. An apparatus for spatially resolved, temperature dependent reflectance measurements for identifying thermochromism in combinatorial thin film libraries. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:113903. [PMID: 26628147 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A metrology and data analysis protocol is described for high throughput determination of thermochromic metal-insulator phase diagrams for lightly substituted VO2 thin films. The technique exploits the abrupt change in near infrared optical properties, measured in reflection, as an indicator of the temperature- or impurity-driven metal-insulator transition. Transition metal impurities were introduced in a complementary combinatorial synthesis process for producing thin film libraries with the general composition space V(1-x-y)M(x)M'(y)O2, with M and M' being transition metals and x and y varying continuously across the library. The measurement apparatus acquires reflectance spectra in the visible or near infrared at arbitrarily many library locations, each with a unique film composition, at temperatures of 1 °C-85 °C. Data collection is rapid and automated; the measurement protocol is computer controlled to automate the collection of thousands of reflectance spectra, representing hundreds of film compositions at tens of different temperatures. A straightforward analysis algorithm is implemented to extract key information from the thousands of spectra such as near infrared thermochromic transition temperatures and regions of no thermochromic transition; similarly, reflectance to the visible spectrum generates key information for materials selection of smart window materials. The thermochromic transition for 160 unique compositions on a thin film library with the general formula V(1-x-y)M(x)M'(y)O2 can be measured and described in a single 20 h experiment. The resulting impurity composition-temperature phase diagrams will contribute to the understanding of metal-insulator transitions in doped VO2 systems and to the development of thermochromic smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Barron
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - M P Patel
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - N V Nguyen
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - M L Green
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Kollender JP, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Multi-Scanning Droplet Cell Microscopy (multi-SDCM) for truly parallel high throughput electrochemical experimentation. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Detz RJ, Abiri Z, Kluwer AM, Reek JNH. A Fluorescence-Based Screening Protocol for the Identification of Water Oxidation Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:3057-3061. [PMID: 26338012 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient catalysts are crucial for the sustainable generation of fuel by splitting water. A versatile screening protocol would simplify the identification of novel and better catalysts by using high throughput experimentation. Herein, such a screening approach for the identification of molecular catalysts for chemical oxidation of water is reported, which is based on oxygen-sensitive fluorescence quenching using an OxoDish. More than 200 reactions were performed revealing several catalysts, for example, a dinuclear Fe complex that produced oxygen under the used reaction conditions. Clark electrode measurements confirmed a similar rate in oxygen evolution, making the developed parallel screening approach a robust and versatile tool to screen for molecular water oxidation catalysts using chemical oxidants under acidic and neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko J Detz
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | - Zohar Abiri
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
- InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
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Rajan V, Neelakantan L. Note: Design and fabrication of a simple versatile microelectrochemical cell and its accessories. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:096101. [PMID: 26429488 DOI: 10.1063/1.4930145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A microelectrochemical cell housed in an optical microscope and custom-made accessories have been designed and fabricated, which allows performing spatially resolved corrosion measurements. The cell assembly was designed to directly integrate the reference electrode close to the capillary tip to avoid air bubbles. A hard disk along with an old optical microscope was re-engineered into a microgrinder, which made the vertical grinding of glass capillary tips very easy. A stepper motor was customized into a microsyringe pump to dispense a controlled volume of electrolyte through the capillary. A force sensitive resistor was used to achieve constant wetting area. The functionality of the developed instrument is demonstrated by studying μ-electrochemical behavior of worn surface on AA2014-T6 alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Rajan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
| | - Lakshman Neelakantan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
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36
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Suram SK, Haber JA, Jin J, Gregoire JM. Generating information-rich high-throughput experimental materials genomes using functional clustering via multitree genetic programming and information theory. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:224-33. [PMID: 25706328 DOI: 10.1021/co5001579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput experimental methodologies are capable of synthesizing, screening and characterizing vast arrays of combinatorial material libraries at a very rapid rate. These methodologies strategically employ tiered screening wherein the number of compositions screened decreases as the complexity, and very often the scientific information obtained from a screening experiment, increases. The algorithm used for down-selection of samples from higher throughput screening experiment to a lower throughput screening experiment is vital in achieving information-rich experimental materials genomes. The fundamental science of material discovery lies in the establishment of composition-structure-property relationships, motivating the development of advanced down-selection algorithms which consider the information value of the selected compositions, as opposed to simply selecting the best performing compositions from a high throughput experiment. Identification of property fields (composition regions with distinct composition-property relationships) in high throughput data enables down-selection algorithms to employ advanced selection strategies, such as the selection of representative compositions from each field or selection of compositions that span the composition space of the highest performing field. Such strategies would greatly enhance the generation of data-driven discoveries. We introduce an informatics-based clustering of composition-property functional relationships using a combination of information theory and multitree genetic programming concepts for identification of property fields in a composition library. We demonstrate our approach using a complex synthetic composition-property map for a 5 at. % step ternary library consisting of four distinct property fields and finally explore the application of this methodology for capturing relationships between composition and catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction for 5429 catalyst compositions in a (Ni-Fe-Co-Ce)Ox library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Suram
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joel A. Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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37
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Sliozberg K, Schäfer D, Erichsen T, Meyer R, Khare C, Ludwig A, Schuhmann W. High-throughput screening of thin-film semiconductor material libraries I: system development and case study for Ti-W-O. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1270-8. [PMID: 25727402 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An automated optical scanning droplet cell (OSDC) enables high-throughput quantitative characterization of thin-film semiconductor material libraries. Photoelectrochemical data on small selected measurement areas are recorded including intensity-dependent photopotentials and -currents, potentiodynamic and potentiostatic photocurrents, as well as photocurrent (action) spectra. The OSDC contains integrated counter and double-junction reference electrodes and is fixed on a precise positioning system. A Xe lamp with a monochromator is coupled to the cell through a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optical fiber. A specifically designed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary tip is pressed on the sample surface and defines through its diameter the homogeneously illuminated measurement area. The overall and wavelength-resolved irradiation intensities and the cell surface area are precisely determined and calibrated. System development and its performance are demonstrated by means of screening of a TiWO thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Sliozberg
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
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Pesenson MZ, Suram SK, Gregoire JM. Statistical analysis and interpolation of compositional data in materials science. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:130-6. [PMID: 25547365 DOI: 10.1021/co5001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compositional data are ubiquitous in chemistry and materials science: analysis of elements in multicomponent systems, combinatorial problems, etc., lead to data that are non-negative and sum to a constant (for example, atomic concentrations). The constant sum constraint restricts the sampling space to a simplex instead of the usual Euclidean space. Since statistical measures such as mean and standard deviation are defined for the Euclidean space, traditional correlation studies, multivariate analysis, and hypothesis testing may lead to erroneous dependencies and incorrect inferences when applied to compositional data. Furthermore, composition measurements that are used for data analytics may not include all of the elements contained in the material; that is, the measurements may be subcompositions of a higher-dimensional parent composition. Physically meaningful statistical analysis must yield results that are invariant under the number of composition elements, requiring the application of specialized statistical tools. We present specifics and subtleties of compositional data processing through discussion of illustrative examples. We introduce basic concepts, terminology, and methods required for the analysis of compositional data and utilize them for the spatial interpolation of composition in a sputtered thin film. The results demonstrate the importance of this mathematical framework for compositional data analysis (CDA) in the fields of materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Z. Pesenson
- Joint Center for Artificial
Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Santosh K. Suram
- Joint Center for Artificial
Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial
Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Jones RJR, Shinde A, Guevarra D, Xiang C, Haber JA, Jin J, Gregoire JM. Parallel electrochemical treatment system and application for identifying acid-stable oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:71-5. [PMID: 25561243 DOI: 10.1021/co500148p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many energy technologies require electrochemical stability or preactivation of functional materials. Due to the long experiment duration required for either electrochemical preactivation or evaluation of operational stability, parallel screening is required to enable high throughput experimentation. Imposing operational electrochemical conditions to a library of materials in parallel creates several opportunities for experimental artifacts. We discuss the electrochemical engineering principles and operational parameters that mitigate artifacts in the parallel electrochemical treatment system. We also demonstrate the effects of resistive losses within the planar working electrode through a combination of finite element modeling and illustrative experiments. Operation of the parallel-plate, membrane-separated electrochemical treatment system is demonstrated by exposing a composition library of mixed-metal oxides to oxygen evolution conditions in 1 M sulfuric acid for 2 h. This application is particularly important because the electrolysis and photoelectrolysis of water are promising future energy technologies inhibited by the lack of highly active, acid-stable catalysts containing only earth abundant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. R. Jones
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aniketa Shinde
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dan Guevarra
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joel A. Haber
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Engineering
Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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40
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Modestino MA, Haussener S. An Integrated Device View on Photo-Electrochemical Solar-Hydrogen Generation. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:13-34. [PMID: 26083057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Devices that directly capture and store solar energy have the potential to significantly increase the share of energy from intermittent renewable sources. Photo-electrochemical solar-hydrogen generators could become an important contributor, as these devices can convert solar energy into fuels that can be used throughout all sectors of energy. Rather than focusing on scientific achievement on the component level, this article reviews aspects of overall component integration in photo-electrochemical water-splitting devices that ultimately can lead to deployable devices. Throughout the article, three generalized categories of devices are considered with different levels of integration and spanning the range of complete integration by one-material photo-electrochemical approaches to complete decoupling by photovoltaics and electrolyzer devices. By using this generalized framework, we describe the physical aspects, device requirements, and practical implications involved with developing practical photo-electrochemical water-splitting devices. Aspects reviewed include macroscopic coupled multiphysics device models, physical device demonstrations, and economic and life cycle assessments, providing the grounds to draw conclusions on the overall technological outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Modestino
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ,
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41
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Chan CK, Tüysüz H, Braun A, Ranjan C, La Mantia F, Miller BK, Zhang L, Crozier PA, Haber JA, Gregoire JM, Park HS, Batchellor AS, Trotochaud L, Boettcher SW. Advanced and In Situ Analytical Methods for Solar Fuel Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 371:253-324. [PMID: 26267386 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ and operando techniques can play important roles in the development of better performing photoelectrodes, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts by helping to elucidate crucial intermediates and mechanistic steps. The development of high throughput screening methods has also accelerated the evaluation of relevant photoelectrochemical and electrochemical properties for new solar fuel materials. In this chapter, several in situ and high throughput characterization tools are discussed in detail along with their impact on our understanding of solar fuel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace K Chan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Artur Braun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Chinmoy Ranjan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Semiconductor and Energy Conversion - Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Liuxian Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Joel A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA.
| | - Hyun S Park
- Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Adam S Batchellor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Shannon W Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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42
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Combinatorial electrochemistry – Processing and characterization for materials discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.md.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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43
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High-Throughput Screening for Acid-Stable Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts in the (Mn–Co–Ta–Sb)O x Composition Space. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-014-0237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Kollender JP, Gallistl B, Mardare AI, Hassel AW. Photoelectrochemical water splitting in a tungsten oxide - nickel oxide thin film material library. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Haber JA, Guevarra D, Jung S, Jin J, Gregoire JM. Discovery of New Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts by Combinatorial Investigation of the Ni-La-Co-Ce Oxide Composition Space. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Xiang C, Haber J, Marcin M, Mitrovic S, Jin J, Gregoire JM. Mapping quantum yield for (Fe-Zn-Sn-Ti)Ox photoabsorbers using a high throughput photoelectrochemical screening system. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:120-7. [PMID: 24471712 DOI: 10.1021/co400081w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial synthesis and screening of light absorbers are critical to material discoveries for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical applications. One of the most effective ways to evaluate the energy-conversion properties of a semiconducting light absorber is to form an asymmetric junction and investigate the photogeneration, transport and recombination processes at the semiconductor interface. This standard photoelectrochemical measurement is readily made on a semiconductor sample with a back-side metallic contact (working electrode) and front-side solution contact. In a typical combinatorial material library, each sample shares a common back contact, requiring novel instrumentation to provide spatially resolved and thus sample-resolved measurements. We developed a multiplexing counter electrode with a thin layer assembly, in which a rectifying semiconductor/liquid junction was formed and the short-circuit photocurrent was measured under chopped illumination for each sample in a material library. The multiplexing counter electrode assembly demonstrated a photocurrent sensitivity of sub-10 μA cm(-2) with an external quantum yield sensitivity of 0.5% for each semiconductor sample under a monochromatic ultraviolet illumination source. The combination of cell architecture and multiplexing allows high-throughput modes of operation, including both fast-serial and parallel measurements. To demonstrate the performance of the instrument, the external quantum yields of 1819 different compositions from a pseudoquaternary metal oxide library, (Fe-Zn-Sn-Ti)Ox, at 385 nm were collected in scanning serial mode with a throughput of as fast as 1 s per sample. Preliminary screening results identified a promising ternary composition region centered at Fe0.894Sn0.103Ti0.0034Ox, with an external quantum yield of 6.7% at 385 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joel Haber
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Martin Marcin
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Slobodan Mitrovic
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Engineering
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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47
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Xiang C, Suram SK, Haber JA, Guevarra DW, Soedarmadji E, Jin J, Gregoire JM. High-throughput bubble screening method for combinatorial discovery of electrocatalysts for water splitting. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:47-52. [PMID: 24372547 DOI: 10.1021/co400151h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial synthesis and screening for discovery of electrocatalysts has received increasing attention, particularly for energy-related technologies. High-throughput discovery strategies typically employ a fast, reliable initial screening technique that is able to identify active catalyst composition regions. Traditional electrochemical characterization via current-voltage measurements is inherently throughput-limited, as such measurements are most readily performed by serial screening. Parallel screening methods can yield much higher throughput and generally require the use of an indirect measurement of catalytic activity. In a water-splitting reaction, the change of local pH or the presence of oxygen and hydrogen in the solution can be utilized for parallel screening of active electrocatalysts. Previously reported techniques for measuring these signals typically function in a narrow pH range and are not suitable for both strong acidic and basic environments. A simple approach to screen the electrocatalytic activities by imaging the oxygen and hydrogen bubbles produced by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is reported here. A custom built electrochemical cell was employed to record the bubble evolution during the screening, where the testing materials were subject to desired electrochemical potentials. The transient of the bubble intensity obtained from the screening was quantitatively analyzed to yield a bubble figure of merit (FOM) that represents the reaction rate. Active catalysts in a pseudoternary material library, (Ni-Fe-Co)Ox, which contains 231 unique compositions, were identified in less than one minute using the bubble screening method. An independent, serial screening method on the same material library exhibited excellent agreement with the parallel bubble screening. This general approach is highly parallel and is independent of solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
| | - Santosh K. Suram
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
| | - Joel A. Haber
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
| | - Dan W. Guevarra
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
| | - Ed Soedarmadji
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Engineering
Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, United States
| | - John M. Gregoire
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
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48
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Bassi PS, Gurudayal, Wong LH, Barber J. Iron based photoanodes for solar fuel production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11834-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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High-Throughput Mapping of the Electrochemical Properties of (Ni-Fe-Co-Ce)OxOxygen-Evolution Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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