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Klíma M, Celný D, Janek J, Kolafa J. Properties of water and argon clusters developed in supersonic expansions. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124302. [PMID: 38127374 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Using adiabatic molecular dynamics coupled with the fluid dynamics equations, we model nucleation in an expanding beam of water vapor and argon on a microsecond scale. The size distribution of clusters, their temperature, and pickup cross sections in dependence on velocity are investigated and compared to the geometric cross sections and the experiment. The clusters are warmer than the expanding gas because of the time scale of relaxation processes. We also suggest that their translational and rotational kinetic energies are modified due to evaporative cooling. The pickup cross sections determined for the final clusters using molecules of the same kind increase with decreasing velocity, still obeying the (a+bN1/3)2 law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klíma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Celný
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zhao T, Yao H, Ji X, Yang X, Wu S. Molecular dynamics simulation of water condensation with nucleus under electromagnetic wave irradiation. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108513. [PMID: 37270895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The condensation process of water with different nuclei under electromagnetic wave irradiation was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that there is a different electric-field effect when the condensation nucleus was a small (NH4)2SO4 cluster than a CaCO3 nucleus. Through the analysis of the hydrogen-bond number, energy change, and dynamic behavior, we found that the effect of external electric field on the condensation process mainly comes from the change of potential energy caused by the dielectric response and there is a competition effect between the dielectric response and the dissolution in the system with (NH4)2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Yao
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Ji
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Shiyue Wu
- Institute of Guizhou Aerospace Measuring and Testing Technology, Guiyang, 550009, PR China.
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Celný D, Klíma M, Kolafa J. Molecular Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems on GPUs and Their Application to Nucleation in Gas Expanding to a Vacuum. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:7397-7405. [PMID: 34797064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of water vapor through a small orifice to a vacuum produces liquid or frozen clusters which in the experiment serve as model particles for atmospheric aerosols. Yet, there are controversies about the shape of these clusters, suggesting that the nucleation process is not fully understood. Such questions can be answered by molecular dynamics simulations; however, they require microsecond-scale runs with thousands of molecules and accurate energy conservation. The available highly parallel codes typically utilize domain decomposition and are inefficient for heterogeneous systems as clusters in a dilute gas. In this work, we present an implementation of molecular dynamics on graphics processing units based on the Verlet list and apply it to several systems for which experimental data are available. We reproduce sufficiently sized clusters but not the experimentally observed clusters of irregular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Celný
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Thermodynamics, Institute of Thermomechanics of the CAS, v. v. i. Dolejškova 1402/5 182 00 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Becker D, Dierking CW, Suchan J, Zurheide F, Lengyel J, Fárník M, Slavíček P, Buck U, Zeuch T. Temperature evolution in IR action spectroscopy experiments with sodium doped water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7682-7695. [PMID: 33496289 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of supersonic expansions with IR action spectroscopy techniques is the basis of many successful approaches to study cluster structure and dynamics. The effects of temperature and temperature evolution are important with regard to both the cluster synthesis and the cluster dynamics upon IR excitation. In the past the combination of the sodium doping technique with IR excitation enhanced near threshold photoionization has been successfully applied to study neutral, especially water clusters. In this work we follow an overall examination approach for inspecting the interplay of cluster temperature and cluster structure in the initial cooling process and in the IR excitation induced heating of the clusters. In molecular simulations, we study the temperature dependent photoionization spectra of the sodium doped clusters and the evaporative cooling process by water molecule ejection at the cluster surface. We present a comprehensive analysis that provides constraints for the temperature evolution from the nozzle to cluster detection in the mass spectrometer. We attribute the IR action effect to the strong temperature dependence of sodium solvation in the IR excited clusters and we discuss the effects of geometry changes during the IR multi-photon absorption process with regard to application prospects of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Becker
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Liu X, Wang T, He M. Investigation on the condensation process of HFO refrigerants by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Klíma M, Kolafa J. Direct Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nucleation during Supersonic Expansion of Gas to a Vacuum. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:2332-2340. [PMID: 29566335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We develop a methodology for direct molecular-level simulation of adiabatic expansion of gas through a small orifice to a vacuum. The gas attains supersonic speeds, cools, and nucleates. The proposed approach combines equations of frictionless fluid dynamics with molecular dynamics simulation in an expanding periodic box. There are two key components of the proposed algorithm: (i) a time-reversible integrator tailored to an expanding system, and (ii) an iterative procedure employed to satisfy the condition of steady flow. For a conical nozzle (opening angle of 60°), the simulations with argon and water vapor predict cluster sizes in agreement with the experiment. Clusters of irregular shapes observed in the experiment [J. Lengyel et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 113401] are not reproduced. The role of friction, turbulence, and sonic boom originating at the sharp nozzle edge is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klíma
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Technická 5 , 166 28 Praha 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Technická 5 , 166 28 Praha 6 , Czech Republic
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Savel'ev AM, Starik AM. An improved model of homogeneous nucleation for high supersaturation conditions: aluminum vapor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 19:523-538. [PMID: 27906383 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel model of stationary nucleation, treating the thermodynamic functions of small clusters, has been built. The model is validated against the experimental data on the nucleation rate of water vapor obtained in a broad range of supersaturation values (S = 10-120), and, at high supersaturation values, it reproduces the experimental data much better than the traditional classical nucleation model. A comprehensive analysis of the nucleation of aluminum vapor with the usage of developed stationary and non-stationary nucleation models has been performed. It has been shown that, at some value of supersaturation, there exists a double potential nucleation barrier. It has been revealed that the existence of this barrier notably delayed the establishment of a stationary distribution of subcritical clusters. It has also been demonstrated that the non-stationary model of the present work and the model of liquid-droplet approximation predict different values of nucleation delay time, τs. In doing so, the liquid-droplet model can underestimate notably (by more than an order of magnitude) the value of τs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Savel'ev
- Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Scientific Educational Center "Physical and Chemical Kinetics and Combustion" Aviamotornaya 2, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - A M Starik
- Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Scientific Educational Center "Physical and Chemical Kinetics and Combustion" Aviamotornaya 2, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Neumann O, Neumann AD, Silva E, Ayala-Orozco C, Tian S, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Nanoparticle-Mediated, Light-Induced Phase Separations. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7880-5. [PMID: 26535465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles that both absorb and scatter light, when dispersed in a liquid, absorb optical energy and heat a reduced fluid volume due to the combination of multiple scattering and optical absorption. This can induce a localized liquid-vapor phase change within the reduced volume without the requirement of heating the entire fluid. For binary liquid mixtures, this process results in vaporization of the more volatile component of the mixture. When subsequently condensed, these two steps of vaporization and condensation constitute a distillation process mediated by nanoparticles and driven by optical illumination. Because it does not require the heating of a large volume of fluid, this process requires substantially less energy than traditional distillation using thermal sources. We investigated nanoparticle-mediated, light-induced distillation of ethanol-H2O and 1-propanol-H2O mixtures, using Au-SiO2 nanoshells as the absorber-scatterer nanoparticle and nanoparticle-resonant laser irradiation to drive the process. For ethanol-H2O mixtures, the mole fraction of ethanol obtained in the light-induced process is substantially higher than that obtained by conventional thermal distillation, essentially removing the ethanol-H2O azeotrope that limits conventional distillation. In contrast, for 1-propanol-H2O mixtures the distillate properties resulting from light-induced distillation were very similar to those obtained by thermal distillation. In the 1-propanol-H2O system, a nanoparticle-mediated, light-induced liquid-liquid phase separation was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oara Neumann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Albert D Neumann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Edgar Silva
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ciceron Ayala-Orozco
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Shu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Laboratory for Nanophotonics and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Li Z, Borner A, Levin DA. Multi-scale study of condensation in water jets using ellipsoidal-statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook and molecular dynamics modeling. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:224501. [PMID: 24929401 DOI: 10.1063/1.4879797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous water condensation and ice formation in supersonic expansions to vacuum for stagnation pressures from 12 to 1000 mbar are studied using the particle-based Ellipsoidal-Statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (ES-BGK) method. We find that when condensation starts to occur, at a stagnation pressure of 96 mbar, the increase in the degree of condensation causes an increase in the rotational temperature due to the latent heat of vaporization. The simulated rotational temperature profiles along the plume expansion agree well with measurements confirming the kinetic homogeneous condensation models and the method of simulation. Comparisons of the simulated gas and cluster number densities, cluster size for different stagnation pressures along the plume centerline were made and it is found that the cluster size increase linearly with respect to stagnation pressure, consistent with classical nucleation theory. The sensitivity of our results to cluster nucleation model and latent heat values based on bulk water, specific cluster size, or bulk ice are examined. In particular, the ES-BGK simulations are found to be too coarse-grained to provide information on the phase or structure of the clusters formed. For this reason, molecular dynamics simulations of water condensation in a one-dimensional free expansion to simulate the conditions in the core of a plume are performed. We find that the internal structure of the clusters formed depends on the stagnation temperature. A larger cluster of average size 21 was tracked down the expansion, and a calculation of its average internal temperature as well as a comparison of its radial distribution functions (RDFs) with values measured for solid amorphous ice clusters lead us to conclude that this cluster is in a solid-like rather than liquid form. In another molecular-dynamics simulation at a much lower stagnation temperature, a larger cluster of size 324 and internal temperature 200 K was extracted from an expansion plume and equilibrated to determine its RDF and self-diffusion coefficient. The value of the latter shows that this cluster is formed in a supercooled liquid state rather than in an amorphous solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Arnaud Borner
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Deborah A Levin
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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