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Li S, Hammond OS, Nelson A, de Campo L, Moir M, Recsei C, Shimpi MR, Glavatskih S, Pilkington GA, Mudring AV, Rutland MW. Anion Architecture Controls Structure and Electroresponsivity of Anhalogenous Ionic Liquids in a Sustainable Fluid. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4231-4242. [PMID: 38639329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Three nonhalogenated ionic liquids (ILs) dissolved in 2-ethylhexyl laurate (2-EHL), a biodegradable oil, are investigated in terms of their bulk and electro-interfacial nanoscale structures using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron reflectivity (NR). The ILs share the same trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]+) cation paired with different anions, bis(mandelato)borate ([BMB]-), bis(oxalato)borate ([BOB]-), and bis(salicylato)borate ([BScB]-). SANS shows a high aspect ratio tubular self-assembly structure characterized by an IL core of alternating cations and anions with a 2-EHL-rich shell or corona in the bulk, the geometry of which depends upon the anion structure and concentration. NR also reveals a solvent-rich interfacial corona layer. Their electro-responsive behavior, pertaining to the structuring and composition of the interfacial layers, is also influenced by the anion identity. [P6,6,6,14][BOB] exhibits distinct electroresponsiveness to applied potentials, suggesting an ion exchange behavior from cation-dominated to anion-rich. Conversely, [P6,6,6,14][BMB] and [P6,6,6,14][BScB] demonstrate minimal electroresponses across all studied potentials, related to their different dissociative and diffusive behavior. A mixed system is dominated by the least soluble IL but exhibits an increase in disorder. This work reveals the subtlety of anion architecture in tuning bulk and electro-interfacial properties, offering valuable molecular insights for deploying nonhalogenated ILs as additives in biodegradable lubricants and supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Hammond
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-114 18, Sweden
- intelligent Advanced Materials, Department of Biological & Chemical Engineering and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Carl Recsei
- National Deuteration Facility, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Manishkumar R Shimpi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-114 18, Sweden
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Sergei Glavatskih
- System and Component Design, Department of Engineering Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Georgia A Pilkington
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Anja-Verena Mudring
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-114 18, Sweden
- intelligent Advanced Materials, Department of Biological & Chemical Engineering and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Mark W Rutland
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Bioeconomy and Health Department Materials and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm SE-114 28, Sweden
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, École Centrale de Lyon, Ecully Cedex 69134, France
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2
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Stendahl S, Ghafoor N, Schwartzkopf M, Zubayer A, Birch J, Eriksson F. Morphology of Buried Interfaces in Ion-Assisted Magnetron Sputter-Deposited 11B 4C-Containing Ni/Ti Multilayer Neutron Optics Investigated by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22665-22675. [PMID: 38647102 PMCID: PMC11071035 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Multilayer neutron optics require precise control of interface morphology for optimal performance. In this work, we investigate the effects of different growth conditions on the interface morphology of Ni/Ti-based multilayers, with a focus on incorporating low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C and using different ion assistance schemes. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering was used to probe the structural and morphological details of buried interfaces, revealing that the layers become more strongly correlated and the interfaces form mounds with increasing amounts of 11B4C. Applying high flux ion assistance during growth can reduce mound formation but lead to interface mixing, while a high flux modulated ion assistance scheme with an initial buffer layer grown at low ion energy and the top layer at higher ion energy prevents intermixing. The optimal condition was found to be adding 26.0 atom % 11B4C combined with high flux modulated ion assistance. A multilayer with a period of 48.2 Å and 100 periods was grown under these conditions, and coupled fitting to neutron and X-ray reflectivity data revealed an average interface width of only 2.7 Å, a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art commercial Ni/Ti multilayers. Overall, our study demonstrates that the addition of 11B4C and the use of high flux modulated ion assistance during growth can significantly improve the interface morphology of Ni/Ti multilayers, leading to improved neutron optics performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Stendahl
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Naureen Ghafoor
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Anton Zubayer
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens Birch
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Eriksson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Li S, Pilkington GA, Mehler F, Hammond OS, Boudier A, Vorobiev A, Glavatskih S, Rutland MW. Tuneable interphase transitions in ionic liquid/carrier systems via voltage control. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1240-1249. [PMID: 37657223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure and interaction of ionic liquids (ILs) influence their interfacial composition, and their arrangement (i.e., electric double-layer (EDL) structure), can be controlled by an electric field. Here, we employed a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to study the electrical response of two non-halogenated phosphonium orthoborate ILs, dissolved in a polar solvent at the interface. The response is influenced by the applied voltage, the structure of the ions, and the solvent polarizability. One IL showed anomalous electro-responsivity, suggesting a self-assembly bilayer structure of the IL cation at the gold interface, which transitions to a typical EDL structure at higher positive potential. Neutron reflectivity (NR) confirmed this interfacial structuring and compositional changes at the electrified gold surface. A cation-dominated self-assembly structure is observed for negative and neutral voltages, which abruptly transitions to an anion-rich interfacial layer at positive voltages. An interphase transition explains the electro-responsive behaviour of self-assembling IL/carrier systems, pertinent for ILs in advanced tribological and electrochemical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia A Pilkington
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Mehler
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Hammond
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Anthony Boudier
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexei Vorobiev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Materials Physics, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergei Glavatskih
- System and Component Design, Department of Engineering Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mark W Rutland
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Bioeconomy and Health Department Materials and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, École Centrale de Lyon, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France.
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4
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Gutfreund P, Higy C, Fragneto G, Tschopp M, Felix O, Decher G. Molecular conformation of polyelectrolytes inside Layer-by-Layer assembled films. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4076. [PMID: 37429844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all methods available for the preparation of multifunctional nanostructured composite materials with remarkable functional properties, Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly is currently one of the most widely used techniques due to its environmental friendliness, its ease of use and its versatility in combining a plethora of available colloids and macromolecules into finely tuned multicomponent architectures with nanometer scale control. Despite the importance of these systems in emerging technologies, their nanoscopic 3D structure, and thus the ability to predict and understand the device performance, is still largely unknown. In this article, we use neutron scattering to determine the average conformation of individual deuterated polyelectrolyte chains inside LbL assembled films. In particular, we determine that in LbL-films composed of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayers prepared from 2 M sodium chloride solutions the PSS chains exhibit a flattened coil conformation with an asymmetry factor of around seven. Albeit this highly non-equilibrium state of the polymer chain, its density profiles follow Gaussian distributions occupying roughly the same volume as in the bulk complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Christophe Higy
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michel Tschopp
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Felix
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gero Decher
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Petoukhov AK, Nesvizhevsky VV, Bigault T, Courtois P, Devishvili A, Jullien D, Soldner T. Realization of an advanced super-mirror solid-state neutron polarizer for the instrument PF1B at the Institut Laue-Langevin. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023304. [PMID: 36859054 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this last of a series of three papers on the development of an advanced solid-state neutron polarizer, we present the final construction of the polarizer and the results of its commissioning. The polarizer uses spin-selective reflection of neutrons by interfaces coated with polarizing super-mirrors. The polarizer is built entirely in-house for the PF1B cold neutron beam facility at the Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL). It has been installed in the PF1B casemate and tested under real conditions. The average transmission for the "good" spin component is measured to be >30%. The polarization averaged over the capture spectrum reaches a record value of Pn ≈ 0.997 for the full angular divergence in the neutron beam, delivered by the H113 neutron guide, and the full wavelength band λ of 0.3-2.0 nm. This unprecedented performance is due to a series of innovations in the design and fabrication in the following domains: choice of the substrate material, super-mirror and anti-reflecting multilayer coatings, magnetizing field, and assembling process. The polarizer is used for user experiments at PF1B since the last reactor cycle in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Petoukhov
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - V V Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - T Bigault
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P Courtois
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Devishvili
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - D Jullien
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - T Soldner
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
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6
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Le Brun AP, Huang TY, Pullen S, Nelson ARJ, Spedding J, Holt SA. Spatz: the time-of-flight neutron reflectometer with vertical sample geometry at the OPAL research reactor. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:18-25. [PMID: 36777140 PMCID: PMC9901927 DOI: 10.1107/s160057672201086x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spatz neutron beam instrument is the second time-of-flight neutron reflectometer to be installed at the OPAL research reactor. The instrument was formerly the V18 BioRef reflectometer at the BER-II reactor in Berlin and was transferred to Australia in 2016. Subsequently the instrument was re-installed in the neutron guide hall of the OPAL reactor at the end position of the CG2B cold-neutron guide and recommissioned. The instrument performance has not been compromised by the move, with reflectivity achieved down to 10-7 and good counting statistics within a reasonable time frame using a wavelength range of 2-20 Å. Several different samples at the solid-air interface and the solid-liquid interface have been measured to demonstrate the instrument's capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P. Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Tzu-Yen Huang
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Stewart Pullen
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Andrew R. J. Nelson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - James Spedding
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Stephen A. Holt
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
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7
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Ignatova K, Thorsteinsson EB, Jósteinsson BA, Strandqvist N, Vantaraki C, Kapaklis V, Devishvili A, Pálsson GK, Arnalds UB. Reversible exchange bias in epitaxial V 2O 3/Ni hybrid magnetic heterostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:495001. [PMID: 36220016 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present a temperature and angular dependent study of the structural and magnetic properties in highly crystalline V2O3/Ni/Zr magnetic heterostructure films. Our investigation focuses on the coupling between the ferromagnetic Ni layer and V2O3layer which undergoes an antiferromagnetic/paramagnetic phase transition coupled to the structural phase transition of the material at around 150 K. Structural investigations using x-ray diffraction reveal highly crystalline films of a quality which has previously not been reported in the literature. The Ni layers display an absence of in-plane magnetic anisotropy owing to the highly textured (1 1 1) layering of the Ni films on the underlying V2O3(0 0 0 1) oriented layer. During the transition we observe a strain related enhancement of the coercivity and the onset of a weak exchange bias for cooling under an external magnetic field. Heating the films to above the transition temperature, the exchange bias in the Ni is removed and can be reversed upon subsequent cooling under an inverted external magnetic field. Using temperature dependent polarized neutron reflectometry we investigate the film structure at the interface, capturing the magnetic and nuclear profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ignatova
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E B Thorsteinsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - B A Jósteinsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - N Strandqvist
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - C Vantaraki
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - V Kapaklis
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - A Devishvili
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G K Pálsson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - U B Arnalds
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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8
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Guasco L, Khaydukov Y, Kim G, Keller T, Vorobiev A, Devishvili A, Wochner P, Christiani G, Logvenov G, Keimer B. Emergent Magnetic Fan Structures in Manganite Homojunction Arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202971. [PMID: 35817958 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Devices with tunable magnetic noncollinearity are important components of superconducting electronics and spintronics, but they typically require epitaxial integration of several complex materials. The spin-polarized neutron reflectometry measurements on La1-x Srx MnO3 homojunction arrays with modulated Sr concentration reported herein have led to the discovery of magnetic fan structures with highly noncollinear alignment of Mn spins and an emergent periodicity twice as large as the array's unit cell. The neutron data show that these magnetic superstructures can be fully long-range ordered, despite the gradual modulation of the doping level created by charge transfer and chemical intermixing. The degree of noncollinearity can be effectively adjusted by low magnetic fields. Notwithstanding their chemical and structural simplicity, oxide homojunctions thus show considerable promise as a platform for tunable complex magnetism and as a powerful design element of spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guasco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Society Outstation at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yury Khaydukov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Society Outstation at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gideok Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Keller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Society Outstation at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexei Vorobiev
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Anton Devishvili
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Peter Wochner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Christiani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gennady Logvenov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Keimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Honecker D, Bersweiler M, Erokhin S, Berkov D, Chesnel K, Venero DA, Qdemat A, Disch S, Jochum JK, Michels A, Bender P. Using small-angle scattering to guide functional magnetic nanoparticle design. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1026-1059. [PMID: 36131777 PMCID: PMC9417585 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles offer unique potential for various technological, biomedical, or environmental applications thanks to the size-, shape- and material-dependent tunability of their magnetic properties. To optimize particles for a specific application, it is crucial to interrelate their performance with their structural and magnetic properties. This review presents the advantages of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques for achieving a detailed multiscale characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and their ensembles in a mesoscopic size range from 1 to a few hundred nanometers with nanometer resolution. Both X-rays and neutrons allow the ensemble-averaged determination of structural properties, such as particle morphology or particle arrangement in multilayers and 3D assemblies. Additionally, the magnetic scattering contributions enable retrieving the internal magnetization profile of the nanoparticles as well as the inter-particle moment correlations caused by interactions within dense assemblies. Most measurements are used to determine the time-averaged ensemble properties, in addition advanced small-angle scattering techniques exist that allow accessing particle and spin dynamics on various timescales. In this review, we focus on conventional small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS), X-ray and neutron reflectometry, gracing-incidence SAXS and SANS, X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy techniques. For each technique, we provide a general overview, present the latest scientific results, and discuss its strengths as well as sample requirements. Finally, we give our perspectives on how future small-angle scattering experiments, especially in combination with micromagnetic simulations, could help to optimize the performance of magnetic nanoparticles for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Honecker
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Mathias Bersweiler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Dmitry Berkov
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Karine Chesnel
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Asma Qdemat
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Sabrina Disch
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Johanna K Jochum
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Michels
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Philipp Bender
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
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10
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Löfstrand A, Vorobiev A, Mumtaz M, Borsali R, Maximov I. Sequential Infiltration Synthesis into Maltoheptaose and Poly(styrene): Implications for Sub-10 nm Pattern Transfer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:654. [PMID: 35215576 PMCID: PMC8878060 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vapor phase infiltration into a self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) to create a hybrid material in one of the constituent blocks can enhance the etch selectivity for pattern transfer. Multiple pulse infiltration into carbohydrate-based high-χ BCP has previously been shown to enable sub-10 nm feature pattern transfer. By optimizing the amount of infiltrated material, the etch selectivity should be further improved. Here, an investigation of semi-static sequential infiltration synthesis of trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and water into maltoheptaose (MH) films, and into hydroxyl-terminated poly(styrene) (PS-OH) films, was performed, by varying the process parameters temperature, precursor pulse duration, and precursor exposure length. It was found that, by decreasing the exposure time from 100 to 20 s, the volumetric percentage on included pure Al2O3 in MH could be increased from 2 to 40 vol% at the expense of a decreased infiltration depth. Furthermore, the degree of infiltration was minimally affected by temperature between 64 and 100 °C. Shorter precursor pulse durations of 10 ms TMA and 5 ms water, as well as longer precursor pulses of 75 ms TMA and 45 ms water, were both shown to promote a higher degree, 40 vol%, of infiltrated alumina in MH. As proof of concept, 12 nm pitch pattern transfer into silicon was demonstrated using the method and can be concluded to be one of few studies showing pattern transfer at such small pitch. These results are expected to be of use for further understanding of the mechanisms involved in sequential infiltration synthesis of TMA/water into MH, and for further optimization of carbohydrate-based etch masks for sub-10 nm pattern transfer. Enabling techniques for high aspect ratio pattern transfer at the single nanometer scale could be of high interest, e.g., in the high-end transistor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Löfstrand
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexei Vorobiev
- Division for Materials Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Muhammad Mumtaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France; (M.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France; (M.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Ivan Maximov
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Dennison AJC, Devishvili A, Gutfreund P, Cubitt R, Vorobiev A, Zabel H, Wolff M. Graphite intercalation compound (GIC) crystal monochromators for cold neutron instruments: Characterization of KC 24 by time-of-flight neutron diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:023306. [PMID: 33648099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are a group of layered materials that are suitable as monochromators for cold neutrons. KC24 is a particularly interesting compound in this regard as it features a large c-axis lattice spacing of 8.74 Å, high reflectivity, and the possibility to produce large crystals with mosaicity that matches the beam divergence of cold neutron guides. GICs can be synthesized with different levels of intercalation, known as the stage of the compounds. Each stage displays a specific d-spacing. Impure GIC-monochromators containing multiple stages produce mixing of neutron wavelengths, which complicates data analysis on neutron reflectometers. We discuss the implications of GIC crystal purity and stage contamination for neutron reflectometry and show how GIC crystals can be characterized by time-of-flight neutron diffraction providing an efficient and quantifiable measure of the reflected wavelength spectrum. This allows taking into account multiple wavelength contaminations and ascertains the robustness of reflectometry measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J C Dennison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anton Devishvili
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexei Vorobiev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hartmut Zabel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Max Wolff
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Swekis P, Sukhanov AS, Chen YC, Gloskovskii A, Fecher GH, Panagiotopoulos I, Sichelschmidt J, Ukleev V, Devishvili A, Vorobiev A, Inosov DS, Goennenwein STB, Felser C, Markou A. Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Weyl Semimetal Co 2MnGa Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:251. [PMID: 33477868 PMCID: PMC7832844 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Weyl semimetals are newly discovered quantum materials with the potential for use in spintronic applications. Of particular interest is the cubic Heusler compound Co2MnGa due to its inherent magnetic and topological properties. This work presents the structural, magnetic and electronic properties of magnetron co-sputtered Co2MnGa thin films, with thicknesses ranging from 10 to 80 nm. Polarized neutron reflectometry confirmed a uniform magnetization through the films. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a high degree of spin polarization and localized (itinerant) character of the Mn d (Co d) valence electrons and accompanying magnetic moments. Further, broadband and field orientation-dependent ferromagnetic resonance measurements indicated a relation between the thickness-dependent structural and magnetic properties. The increase of the tensile strain-induced tetragonal distortion in the thinner films was reflected in an increase of the cubic anisotropy term and a decrease of the perpendicular uniaxial term. The lattice distortion led to a reduction of the Gilbert damping parameter and the thickness-dependent film quality affected the inhomogeneous linewidth broadening. These experimental findings will enrich the understanding of the electronic and magnetic properties of magnetic Weyl semimetal thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Swekis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (D.S.I.); (S.T.B.G.)
| | - Aleksandr S. Sukhanov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (D.S.I.); (S.T.B.G.)
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | | | - Gerhard H. Fecher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Ioannis Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Jörg Sichelschmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Victor Ukleev
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;
| | - Anton Devishvili
- Institut Laue Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Alexei Vorobiev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Dmytro S. Inosov
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (D.S.I.); (S.T.B.G.)
| | - Sebastian T. B. Goennenwein
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (D.S.I.); (S.T.B.G.)
- Center for Transport and Devices of Emergent Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Anastasios Markou
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (P.S.); (A.S.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (G.H.F.); (J.S.); (C.F.)
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13
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Gorkov D, Toperverg BP, Zabel H. Artificial Magnetic Pattern Arrays Probed by Polarized Neutron Reflectivity. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050851. [PMID: 32354026 PMCID: PMC7711518 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, neutron scattering is an essential method for the analysis of spin structures and spin excitations in bulk materials. Over the last 30 years, polarized neutron scattering in terms of reflectometry has also contributed largely to the analysis of magnetic thin films and magnetic multilayers. More recently it has been shown that polarized neutron reflectivity is, in addition, a suitable tool for the study of thin films laterally patterned with magnetic stripes or islands. We provide a brief overview of the fundamental properties of polarized neutron reflectivity, considering different domain states, domain fluctuations, and different domain sizes with respect to the neutron coherence volume. The discussion is exemplified by a set of simulated reflectivities assuming either complete polarization and polarization analysis, or a reduced form of polarized neutron reflectivity without polarization analysis. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of the neutron coherence volume for the interpretation of specular and off-specular intensity maps, in particular when studying laterally non-homogeneous magnetic films. Finally, experimental results, fits, and simulations are shown for specular and off-specular scattering from a magnetic film that has been lithographically patterned into a periodic stripe array. These experiments demonstrate the different and mutually complementary information that can be gained when orienting the stripe array parallel or perpendicular to the scattering plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Gorkov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Festkörperphysik/Experimentalphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Boris P. Toperverg
- Festkörperphysik/Experimentalphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Hartmut Zabel
- Festkörperphysik/Experimentalphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Wolff M, Devishvili A, Dura JA, Adlmann FA, Kitchen B, Pálsson GK, Palonen H, Maranville BB, Majkrzak CF, Toperverg BP. Nuclear Spin Incoherent Neutron Scattering from Quantum Well Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:016101. [PMID: 31386422 PMCID: PMC11135630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the detection and quantification of nuclear spin incoherent scattering from hydrogen occupying interstitial sites in a thin film of vanadium. The neutron wave field is enhanced in a quantum resonator with magnetically switchable boundaries. Our results provide a pathway for the study of dynamics at surfaces and in ultrathin films using inelastic and/or quasielastic neutron scattering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wolff
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anton Devishvili
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joseph A. Dura
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Franz A. Adlmann
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian Kitchen
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Pálsson
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heikki Palonen
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian B. Maranville
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Charles F. Majkrzak
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Boris P. Toperverg
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Leningrad Oblast, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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15
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Nagy B, Merkel DG, Jakab L, Füzi J, Veres T, Bottyán L. Note: 4-bounce neutron polarizer for reflectometry applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:056105. [PMID: 29864798 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A neutron polarizer using four successive reflections on m = 2.5 supermirrors was built and installed at the GINA neutron reflectometer at the Budapest Neutron Centre. This simple setup exhibits 99.6% polarizing efficiency with 80% transmitted intensity of the selected polarization state. Due to the geometry, the higher harmonics in the incident beam are filtered out, while the optical axis of the beam remains intact for easy mounting and dismounting the device in an existing experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nagy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - D G Merkel
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Jakab
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Füzi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Veres
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Bottyán
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Luchini A, Gerelli Y, Fragneto G, Nylander T, Pálsson GK, Appavou MS, Paduano L. Neutron Reflectometry reveals the interaction between functionalized SPIONs and the surface of lipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 151:76-87. [PMID: 27987458 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The safe application of nanotechnology devices in biomedicine requires fundamental understanding on how they interact with and affect the different components of biological systems. In this respect, the cellular membrane, the cell envelope, certainly represents an important target or barrier for nanosystems. Here we report on the interaction between functionalized SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), promising contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and lipid bilayers that mimic the plasma membrane. Neutron Reflectometry, supported by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) experiments, was used to characterize this interaction by varying both SPION coating and lipid bilayer composition. In particular, the interaction of two different SPIONs, functionalized with a cationic surfactant and a zwitterionic phospholipid, and lipid bilayers, containing different amount of cholesterol, were compared. The obtained results were further validated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) images. None of the investigated functionalized SPIONs were found to disrupt the lipid membrane. However, in all case we observed the attachment of the functionalized SPIONs onto the surface of the bilayers, which was affected by the bilayer rigidity, i.e. the cholesterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Luchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; CSGI - Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Italy; Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yuri Gerelli
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Pálsson
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Garching Forschungszentrum, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; CSGI - Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Italy.
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17
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Adlmann FA, Pálsson GK, Bilheux JC, Ankner JF, Gutfreund P, Kawecki M, Wolff M. Överlåtaren: a fast way to transfer and orthogonalize two-dimensional off-specular reflectivity data. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716014382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflectivity measurements offer unique opportunities for the study of surfaces and interfaces, and specular reflectometry has become a standard tool in materials science to resolve structures normal to the surface of a thin film. Off-specular scattering, which probes lateral structures, is more difficult to analyse, because the Fourier space being probed is highly anisotropic and the scattering pattern is truncated by the interface. As a result, scattering patterns collected with (especially time-of-flight) neutron reflectometers are difficult to transform into reciprocal space for comparison with model calculations. A program package is presented for a generic two-dimensional transformation of reflectometry data intoqspace and back. The data are represented on an orthogonal grid, allowing cuts along directions relevant for theoretical modelling. This treatment includes background subtraction as well as a full characterization of the resolution function. The method is optimized for computational performance using repeatable operations and standardized instrument settings.
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18
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Piscitelli F, Khaplanov A, Devishvili A, Schmidt S, Höglund C, Birch J, Dennison AJC, Gutfreund P, Hall-Wilton R, Van Esch P. Neutron reflectometry on highly absorbing films and its application to 10B 4C-based neutron detectors. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150711. [PMID: 26997902 PMCID: PMC4786047 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron reflectometry is a powerful tool used for studies of surfaces and interfaces. The absorption in the typical studied materials is neglected and this technique is limited only to the reflectivity measurement. For strongly absorbing nuclei, the absorption can be directly measured by using the neutron-induced fluorescence technique which exploits the prompt particle emission of absorbing isotopes. This technique is emerging from soft matter and biology where highly absorbing nuclei, in very small quantities, are used as a label for buried layers. Nowadays, the importance of absorbing layers is rapidly increasing, partially because of their application in neutron detection; a field that has become more active also due to the 3He-shortage. We extend the neutron-induced fluorescence technique to the study of layers of highly absorbing materials, in particular 10B4C. The theory of neutron reflectometry is a commonly studied topic; however, when a strong absorption is present the subtle relationship between the reflection and the absorption of neutrons is not widely known. The theory for a general stack of absorbing layers has been developed and compared to measurements. We also report on the requirements that a 10B4C layer must fulfil in order to be employed as a converter in neutron detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piscitelli
- European Spallation Source ERIC, PO Box 176, Lund 22100, Sweden; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France; Department of Physics, University of Perugia, Piazza Università 1, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - A Khaplanov
- European Spallation Source ERIC, PO Box 176, Lund 22100, Sweden; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | | | - S Schmidt
- European Spallation Source ERIC, PO Box 176, Lund 22100, Sweden; Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - C Höglund
- European Spallation Source ERIC, PO Box 176, Lund 22100, Sweden; Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - J Birch
- Thin Film Physics Division , Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - A J C Dennison
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, BP 516, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - P Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) , 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - R Hall-Wilton
- European Spallation Source ERIC, PO Box 176, Lund 22100, Sweden; Mid-Sweden University, Sundsvall 85170, Sweden
| | - P Van Esch
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) , 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
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19
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Mishra D, Petracic O, Devishvili A, Theis-Bröhl K, Toperverg BP, Zabel H. Polarized neutron reflectivity from monolayers of self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:136001. [PMID: 25765283 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/13/136001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We prepared monolayers of iron oxide nanoparticles via self-assembly on a bare silicon wafer and on a vanadium film sputter deposited onto a plane sapphire substrate. The magnetic configuration of nanoparticles in such a dense assembly was investigated by polarized neutron reflectivity. A theoretical model fit shows that the magnetic moments of nanoparticles form quasi domain-like configurations at remanence. This is attributed to the dipolar coupling amongst the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mishra
- Institute for Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Vorobiev A, Dennison A, Chernyshov D, Skrypnychuk V, Barbero D, Talyzin AV. Graphene oxide hydration and solvation: an in situ neutron reflectivity study. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12151-12156. [PMID: 25208613 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03621b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide membranes were recently suggested for applications in separation of ethanol from water using a vapor permeation method. Using isotope contrast, neutron reflectivity was applied to evaluate the amounts of solvents intercalated into a membrane from pure and binary vapors and to evaluate the selectivity of the membrane permeation. Particularly, the effect of D2O, ethanol and D2O-ethanol vapours on graphene oxide (GO) thin films (∼25 nm) was studied. The interlayer spacing of GO and the amount of intercalated solvents were evaluated simultaneously as a function of vapour exposure duration. The significant difference in neutron scattering length density between D2O and ethanol allows distinguishing insertion of each component of the binary mixture into the GO structure. The amount of intercalated solvent at saturation corresponds to 1.4 molecules per formula unit for pure D2O (∼1.4 monolayers) and 0.45 molecules per formula unit (one monolayer) for pure ethanol. This amount is in addition to H2O absorbed at ambient humidity. Exposure of the GO film to ethanol-D2O vapours results in intercalation of GO with both solvents even for high ethanol concentration. A mixed D2O-ethanol layer inserted into the GO structure is water enriched compared to the composition of vapours due to slower ethanol diffusion into GO interlayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Vorobiev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
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