1
|
Waluk J. Nuclear Quantum Effects in Proton or Hydrogen Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:598-607. [PMID: 38198616 PMCID: PMC10801683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Proton or hydrogen transfers, basic chemical reactions, proceed either by thermally activated barrier crossing or via tunneling. Studies of molecules undergoing single or double proton or hydrogen transfer in the ground or excited electronic state reveal that tunneling can dominate under conditions usually considered to favor the thermal process. Moreover, the tunneling probability strongly varies for excitation of certain vibrational modes, which changes the effective barrier and/or proton transfer distance. When the reaction is fast compared to vibrational relaxation, the mode selectivity can still be maintained for molecules in solutions at 293 K. These observations point to dangers of relating the calculated minimum energy paths and the associated barriers to the experimentally obtained activation energies. The multidimensional character of the reaction coordinate is obvious; it can dramatically change for slowly and rapidly relaxing environments. We postulate that the hydrogen bond definition should be extended by specifically including the role of molecular vibrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan
Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waluk J. Coupling between tautomerism and radiationless deactivation in porphycenes. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Quantum yields of fluorescence of porphycenes – porphyrin isomers – can vary by orders of magnitude, even for very similar derivatives, such as meso-dimethyl- vs. meso-tetramethylporphycene. In weakly emitting porphycenes the fluorescence intensity strongly depends on viscosity and can be recovered by placing a molecule in a rigid environment. We postulate that the efficient nonradiative deactivation is due to the quantum effect, delocalization of the inner protons. The delocalization, which increases with the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds may induce structural changes that lead to distortion from planarity and, as a result, efficient S0 ← S1 internal conversion. The effect seems to be general, as indicated by good correlation between the quantum yield of fluorescence and the distance between H-bonded nitrogen atoms, the latter being a reliable measure of hydrogen bonding strength. Based on the available photophysical and X-ray data, such correlation was found so far for over 20 differently substituted porphycenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eraković M, Cvitaš MT. Vibrational Tunneling Spectra of Molecules with Asymmetric Wells: A Combined Vibrational Configuration Interaction and Instanton Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2785-2802. [PMID: 35439012 PMCID: PMC9097297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A combined approach
that uses the vibrational configuration interaction
(VCI) and semiclassical instanton theory was developed to study vibrational
tunneling spectra of molecules with multiple wells in full dimensionality.
The method can be applied to calculate low-lying vibrational states in the systems with an
arbitrary number of minima, which are not necessarily equal in energy
or shape. It was tested on a two-dimensional double-well model system
and on malonaldehyde, and the calculations reproduced the exact quantum
mechanical (QM) results with high accuracy. The method was subsequently
applied to calculate the vibrational spectrum of the asymmetrically
deuterated malonaldehyde with nondegenerate vibrational frequencies
in the two wells. The spectrum is obtained at a cost of single-well
VCI calculations used to calculate the local energies. The interactions
between states of different wells are computed semiclassically using
the instanton theory at a comparatively negligible computational cost.
The method is particularly suited to systems in which the wells are
separated by large potential barriers and tunneling splittings are
small, for example, in some water clusters, when the exact QM methods
come at a prohibitive computational cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Eraković
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko T Cvitaš
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička Cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Listkowski A, Kharchenko A, Ciąćka P, Kijak M, Masiera N, Rybakiewicz R, Luboradzki R, Fita P, Waluk J. Fluorinated Porphycenes: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Photophysics, and Tautomerism. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2197-2206. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anastasiia Kharchenko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Ciąćka
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Natalia Masiera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Renata Rybakiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| | - Roman Luboradzki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kijak M, Nawara K, Listkowski A, Masiera N, Buczyńska J, Urbańska N, Orzanowska G, Pietraszkiewicz M, Waluk J. 2 + 2 Can Make Nearly a Thousand! Comparison of Di- and Tetra- Meso-Alkyl-Substituted Porphycenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4594-4604. [PMID: 32423205 PMCID: PMC7590974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two porphycenes, substituted at the meso positions with two and four methyl groups, respectively, reveal similar absorption spectra, but their photophysical properties are completely different. 9,20-dimethylporphycene emits fluorescence with about 20% quantum yield, independent of the solvent. In contrast, fluorescence of 9,10,19,20-tetramethylporphycene is extremely weak in nonviscous solvents, but it can be recovered by placing the chromophore in a rigid environment. We propose a model that explains these differences, based on calculations and structural analogies with other extremely weakly emitting derivatives, dibenzo[cde,mno]porphycenes. The efficient S1 deactivation involves delocalization of two inner cavity protons coupled with proton translocation toward a high-energy cis tautomer. The latter process leads to distortion from planarity. The probability of deactivation increases with the strength of the intramolecular NH···N hydrogen bonds. The model also explains the observation of biexponential fluorescence decay in weakly emitting porphycenes. It can be extended to other derivatives, in particular, the asymmetrically substituted ones. We also point to the possibility of using specific porphycenes as viscosity sensors, in particular, when working in single molecule regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Nawara
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Masiera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Buczyńska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Urbańska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Orzanowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kasprzycki P, Kopycki P, Listkowski A, Gorski A, Radzewicz C, Birch DJS, Waluk J, Fita P. Influence of local microenvironment on the double hydrogen transfer in porphycene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17117-17128. [PMID: 32687131 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We performed time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence anisotropy measurements in order to study tautomerization of porphycene in rigid polymer matrices at cryogenic temperatures. Studies were carried out in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The results prove that in all studied media hydrogen tunnelling plays a significant role in the double hydrogen transfer which becomes very sensitive to properties of the environment below approx. 150 K. We also demonstrate that there exist two populations of porphycene molecules in rigid media: "hydrogen-transferring" molecules, in which tautomerization occurs on time scales below 1 ns and "frozen" molecules in which double hydrogen transfer is too slow to be monitored with nanosecond techniques. The number of "frozen" molecules increases when the sample is cooled. We explain this effect by interactions of guest molecules with a rigid host matrix which disturbs symmetry of porphycene and hinders tunnelling. Temperature dependence of the number of hydrogen-transferring molecules suggests that the factor which restores the symmetry of the double-minimum potential well in porphycene are intermolecular vibrations localized in separated regions of the amorphous polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kasprzycki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland. and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Kopycki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka, Warsaw 01-224, Poland. and Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gorski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Czesław Radzewicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - David J S Birch
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka, Warsaw 01-224, Poland. and Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Litman Y, Richardson JO, Kumagai T, Rossi M. Elucidating the Nuclear Quantum Dynamics of Intramolecular Double Hydrogen Transfer in Porphycene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2526-2534. [PMID: 30648386 PMCID: PMC6728096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We address the double hydrogen transfer
(DHT) dynamics of the porphycene molecule, a complex paradigmatic
system in which the making and breaking of H-bonds in a highly anharmonic
potential energy surface require a quantum mechanical treatment not
only of the electrons but also of the nuclei. We combine density functional
theory calculations, employing hybrid functionals and van der Waals
corrections, with recently proposed and optimized path-integral ring-polymer
methods for the approximation of quantum vibrational spectra and reaction
rates. Our full-dimensional ring-polymer instanton simulations show
that below 100 K the concerted DHT tunneling pathway dominates but
between 100 and 300 K there is a competition between concerted and
stepwise pathways when nuclear quantum effects are included. We obtain
ground-state reaction rates of 2.19 × 1011 s–1 at 150 K and 0.63 × 1011 s–1 at
100 K, in good agreement with experiment. We also reproduce the puzzling
N–H stretching band of porphycene with very good accuracy from
thermostated ring-polymer molecular dynamics simulations. The position
and line shape of this peak, centered at around 2600 cm–1 and spanning 750 cm–1, stem from a combination
of very strong H-bonds, the coupling to low-frequency modes, and the
access to cis-like isomeric conformations, which
cannot be appropriately captured with classical-nuclei dynamics. These
results verify the appropriateness of our general theoretical approach
and provide a framework for a deeper physical understanding of hydrogen
transfer dynamics in complex systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Litman
- Theory Department , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Takashi Kumagai
- Physical Chemistry Department , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mariana Rossi
- Theory Department , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peukert S, Kijak M, Ostapko J, Sepioł J, Le Bris C, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Gil M, Waluk J. Supersonic jet spectroscopy of parent hemiporphycene: Structural assignment and vibrational analysis for S 0 and S 1 electronic states. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:134307. [PMID: 30292190 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemiporphycene (HPc), a constitutional isomer of porphyrin, is studied under supersonic expansion conditions by means of laser-induced fluorescence, visible-visible hole-burning experiments, single vibronic level fluorescence techniques, and quantum chemical calculations. Only one trans form of jet-cooled HPc is observed, in contrast to solution studies that evidence a mixture of two trans tautomeric forms separated in energy by ∼1 kcal/mol. Reliable structural assignment is provided by simulating absorption and emission patterns at the density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory levels of theory. The vibronic spectra are nicely reproduced for both electronic ground and lowest excited singlet states for the most stable trans form. In contrast to another porphyrin isomer, porphycene (Pc), no tunneling or photo-induced hydrogen transfer is detected. The lower symmetry of HPc compared with Pc and the concomitant non-equivalent positions of the inner-cavity nitrogen atoms result in a non-symmetric double minimum potential for tautomerization, larger energy barrier, and a longer tunneling distance, with the average intramolecular hydrogen bond length larger in HPc than in Pc. HPc readily forms hydrates that show red-shifted absorption relative to the bare molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peukert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Ostapko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sepioł
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Catherine Le Bris
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Orsay, France
| | | | - Michał Gil
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu L, Xu Y, Cheung NH, Wong KY. Practical approach for beryllium atomic clusters: TD-DFT potential energy surfaces from equilibrium to dissociation for excited states of 2s → 2p. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Guthmuller J. The role of Herzberg-Teller effects on the resonance Raman spectrum of trans-porphycene investigated by time dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124107. [PMID: 29604833 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The S1 excited state properties as well as the associated absorption and resonance Raman (RR) spectra of trans-porphycene are investigated by means of time dependent density functional theory calculations. The relative magnitude of the Franck-Condon (FC) contribution and of the Herzberg-Teller (HT) effects is evaluated for both the absorption and RR intensities. The accuracy of the calculated spectra is assessed by employing different theoretical approximations and by comparing with experimental data. The obtained results show that Duschinsky effects lead to noticeable modifications in the absorption intensities but are nearly negligible in the RR spectrum. By contrast, the HT effects are stronger for the RR intensities compared to the absorption intensities, and these effects significantly improve the agreement with the experimental RR spectrum. Moreover, the HT effects produce different values of the RR depolarization ratios, which can be used to quantify the relative importance of the FC and HT contributions. Generally, it is found that the HT effects have a significant role on the RR spectrum of trans-porphycene and that their inclusion in the computational scheme is mandatory to accurately predict the RR intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guthmuller
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim V, Piatkowski L, Pszona M, Jäger R, Ostapko J, Sepioł J, Meixner AJ, Waluk J. Unusual effects in single molecule tautomerization: hemiporphycene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26591-26596. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal evolution of the fluorescence spectra of individual hemiporphycene molecules reveals unusual double hydrogen transfer reaction dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoriya Kim
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- D-72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | | | - Maria Pszona
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
| | - Regina Jäger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- D-72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Jakub Ostapko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
| | - Jerzy Sepioł
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and LISA+
- University of Tübingen
- D-72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gil M, Kijak M, Piwoński H, Herbich J, Waluk J. Non-typical fluorescence studies of excited and ground state proton and hydrogen transfer. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:014007. [PMID: 28248649 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa5e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence studies of tautomerization have been carried out for various systems that exhibit single and double proton or hydrogen translocation in various environments, such as liquid and solid condensed phases, ultracold supersonic jets, and finally, polymer matrices with single emitters. We focus on less explored areas of application of fluorescence for tautomerization studies, using porphycene, a porphyrin isomer, as an example. Fluorescence anisotropy techniques allow investigations of self-exchange reactions, where the reactant and product are formally identical. Excitation with polarized light makes it possible to monitor tautomerization in single molecules and to detect their three-dimensional orientation. Analysis of fluorescence from single vibronic levels of jet-isolated porphycene not only demonstrates coherent tunneling of two internal protons, but also indicates that the process is vibrational mode-specific. Next, we present bifunctional proton donor-acceptor systems, molecules that are able, depending on the environment, to undergo excited state single intramolecular or double intermolecular proton transfer. For molecules that have donor and acceptor groups located in separate moieties linked by a single bond, excited state tautomerization can be coupled to mutual twisting of the two subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gil
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fita P, Grill L, Listkowski A, Piwoński H, Gawinkowski S, Pszona M, Sepioł J, Mengesha E, Kumagai T, Waluk J. Spectroscopic and microscopic investigations of tautomerization in porphycenes: condensed phases, supersonic jets, and single molecule studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4921-4937. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tautomerization of porphycene, coherent in supersonic jets and a rate process in solutions, can be controlled for single molecules on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - L. Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - A. Listkowski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- College of Science
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University
- 01-815 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - H. Piwoński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - S. Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - M. Pszona
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - J. Sepioł
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - E. Mengesha
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - T. Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - J. Waluk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- College of Science
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University
- 01-815 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
AbstractResults of thorough investigations of tautomerism in the ground and excited electronic states performed for various organic molecules under different regimes: condensed phases, isolated and single molecules, with a special emphasis on porphycene, a porphyrin isomer, demonstrate that, in order to precisely describe the proton/hydrogen transfer path, one has to explicitly consider tunneling. Tautomerization is a multidimensional process, controlled by excitation of specific vibrational modes. Vibrational excitation can both enhance or hinder the reaction. The role of specific vibrational modes can now be assessed, even at the level of single molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland
- 2Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Tautomerization in porphycenes, constitutional isomers of porphyrins, is strongly entangled with spectral and photophysical parameters. The intramolecular double hydrogen transfer occurring in the ground and electronically excited states leads to uncommon spectroscopic characteristics, such as depolarized emission, viscosity-dependent radiationless depopulation, and vibrational-mode-specific tunneling splittings. This review starts with documentation of the electronic spectra of porphycenes: Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism are discussed, together with their analysis based on the perimeter model. Next, photophysical characteristics are presented, setting the stage for the final part, which discusses the developments in research on tautomerism. Porphycenes have been studied in different experimental regimes: molecules in condensed phases, isolated in supersonic jets and helium nanodroplets, and, recently also on the level of single molecules investigated by optical and scanning probe microscopies. Because of the rich and detailed information obtained from these diverse investigations, porphycenes emerge as very good models for studying the complex, multidimensional phenomena involved in the process of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gawinkowski S, Pszona M, Gorski A, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Kamińska I, Nogala W, Waluk J. Single molecule Raman spectra of porphycene isotopologues. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3337-3349. [PMID: 26731569 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08627b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectra have been obtained for the parent porphycene (Pc-d0) and its deuterated isotopologue (Pc-d12), located on gold and silver nanoparticles. Equal populations of "hot spots" by the two isotopologues are observed for 1 : 1 mixtures in a higher concentration range of the single molecule regime (5 × 10(-9) M). For decreasing concentrations, hot spots are preferentially populated by undeuterated molecules. This is interpreted as an indication of a lower surface diffusion coefficient of Pc-d12. The photostability of single Pc molecules placed on nanoparticles is strongly increased in comparison with polymer environments. Trans tautomeric species dominate the spectra, but the analysis of time traces reveals transient intermediates, possibly due to rare cis tautomeric forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Böckmann H, Liu S, Mielke J, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Grill L, Wolf M, Kumagai T. Direct Observation of Photoinduced Tautomerization in Single Molecules at a Metal Surface. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1034-41. [PMID: 26796945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches are of fundamental importance in nature, and light is an important stimulus to selectively drive the switching process. However, the local dynamics of a conformational change in these molecules remain far from being completely understood at the single-molecule level. Here, we report the direct observation of photoinduced tautomerization in single porphycene molecules on a Cu(111) surface by using a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and laser excitation in the near-infrared to ultraviolet regime. It is found that the thermodynamically stable trans configuration of porphycene can be converted to the metastable cis configuration in a unidirectional fashion by photoirradiation. The wavelength dependence of the tautomerization cross section exhibits a steep increase around 2 eV and demonstrates that excitation of the Cu d-band electrons and the resulting hot carriers play a dominant role in the photochemical process. Additionally, a pronounced isotope effect in the cross section (∼100) is observed when the transferred hydrogen atoms are substituted with deuterium, indicating a significant contribution of zero-point energy in the reaction. Combined with the study of inelastic tunneling electron-induced tautomerization with the STM, we propose that tautomerization occurs via excitation of molecular vibrations after photoexcitation. Interestingly, the observed cross section of ∼10(-19) cm(2) in the visible-ultraviolet region is much higher than that of previously studied molecular switches on a metal surface, for example, azobenzene derivatives (10(-23)-10(-22) cm(2)). Furthermore, we examined a local environmental impact on the photoinduced tautomerization by varying molecular density on the surface and find substantial changes in the cross section and quenching of the process due to the intermolecular interaction at high density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Böckmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Liu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Mielke
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - J Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ciąćka P, Fita P, Listkowski A, Radzewicz C, Waluk J. Evidence for Dominant Role of Tunneling in Condensed Phases and at High Temperatures: Double Hydrogen Transfer in Porphycenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:283-288. [PMID: 26727277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the double hydrogen transfer in porphycene, its 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butyl derivative, and their N-deuterated isotopologues revealed the dominant role of tunneling, even at room temperature in condensed phase. Ultrafast optical spectroscopy with polarized light employed in a wide range of temperatures allowed the identification and evaluation of contributions of two tunneling modes: vibrational ground-state tunneling, occurring from the zero vibrational level, and vibrationally activated, via a large amplitude, low-frequency mode. Good correspondence was found between the rates of incoherent tunneling occurring in condensed phase and the values estimated on the basis of tunneling splittings observed in molecules isolated in supersonic jets or helium nanodroplets. The results provide solid experimental insight into widely proposed quantum facets of ubiquitous hydrogen-transfer phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ciąćka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Czesław Radzewicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang P, Qi D, You G, Shen W, Li M, He R. Influence of Duschinsky and Herzberg-Teller effects on S0 → S1 vibrationally resolved absorption spectra of several porphyrin-like compounds. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guojian You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rongxing He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mengesha ET, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Sepioł J, Kijak M, Waluk J. Spectroscopic Study of Jet-Cooled Deuterated Porphycenes: Unusual Isotopic Effects on Proton Tunneling. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2193-203. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505553z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephriem T. Mengesha
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, ISMO, CNRS Université Paris Sud, Bât. 210−91405 Orsay Cédex, France
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52,
01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, ISMO, CNRS Université Paris Sud, Bât. 210−91405 Orsay Cédex, France
| | - J. Sepioł
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52,
01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Kijak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52,
01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Waluk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52,
01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ciąćka P, Fita P, Listkowski A, Kijak M, Nonell S, Kuzuhara D, Yamada H, Radzewicz C, Waluk J. Tautomerism in Porphycenes: Analysis of Rate-Affecting Factors. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2292-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ciąćka
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Santi Nonell
- Molecular
Engineering Group, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate
School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate
School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Czesław Radzewicz
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|