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Sun WM, Wu D. Recent Progress on the Design, Characterization, and Application of Superalkalis. Chemistry 2019; 25:9568-9579. [PMID: 31025432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Superalkalis are clusters or molecules featuring lower ionization energies (IEs) than that of cesium atoms, and thus exhibit excellent reducing properties. Such special species have great potential to be used in the synthesis of unusual charge-transfer salts and cluster-assembled nanomaterials with tailored properties, in the reduction of carbon dioxide, or as hydrogen storage materials and noble-gas-trapping agents, etc. In this regard, ongoing efforts have been devoted to designing and characterizing superalkalis of new types. The recent progress on the study of superalkalis in terms of theoretical design, characterization, and potential application is summarized in this minireview. We hope this review will not only provide a broad overview of this research field, but also highlight the prospect of further extending the experimental synthesis and practical application of superalkalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
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Nowiak G, Skurski P, Anusiewicz I. Attaching an alkali metal atom to an alkaline earth metal oxide (BeO, MgO, or CaO) yields a triatomic metal oxide with reduced ionization potential and redirected polarity. J Mol Model 2016; 22:87. [PMID: 26994021 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a series of neutral triatomic metal oxides MON and their corresponding cations MON (+) (M = Be, Mg, Ca; N = Li, Na, K) was postulated and verified theoretically using ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df)//MP2/6-311+G(3df) level of theory. The calculations revealed that the vertical ionization potentials (IPs) of the MON radicals (calculated using the outer-valence Green's function technique (OVGF) with the 6-311+G(3df) basis set) were ca. 2-3 eV smaller than the IPs of the corresponding MO and NO systems or that of the isolated M atom. Population analysis of the neutral triatomic MON molecules and their corresponding MO counterparts indicated that the attachment of an alkali metal atom to any oxide MO (BeO, MgO, CaO) reverses its polarity, which manifests itself as the redirection of the dipole moment vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nowiak
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Anusiewicz
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Tong J, Wu D, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Z. Superalkali character of alkali-monocyclic (pseudo)oxocarbon clusters. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9982-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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ANUSIEWICZ IWONA. SUPERALKALI MOLECULES CONTAINING HALOGENOIDS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633611006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure and properties of hypermetalated Li 2X and Na 2X and their corresponding Li 2X+ and Na 2X+ cations utilizing halogenoids X (SCN, OCN, and CN) were investigated using ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df)//MP2/6-311+G(d) level of theory. The vertical ionization potentials of Li 2X and Na 2X radicals were calculated at the outer valence Green function level (OVGF) with the 6-311+G(3df) basis sets. It was found that all Na 2X molecules studied possess the vertical ionization potentials (VIP) that are smaller than the IP of the Na atom (5.14 eV) and thus may be termed superalkali molecules, whereas the Li 2X radicals exhibit slightly larger IPs. The smallest VIP of 4.728 eV was calculated for the Na 2 CN system. The IP dependence on the structure and the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) character is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- IWONA ANUSIEWICZ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Krapf S, Schill M, Krötz S, Koslowski T. A theoretical study of pure and mixed caesium clusters and cluster ions, CslHmO0/+n, l≤ 5: geometry, energetics and photofragmentation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14973-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gertych A, Koput J. Ab Initio Prediction of the Structure and Vibration−Rotation Spectroscopic Properties of Li2OH and Li2OH+. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3248-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Gertych
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60−780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Koput
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60−780 Poznań, Poland
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Feiden P, Cheng HP, Leygnier J, Cahuzac P, Bréchignac C. Stability and structure of cationic sodium hydroxide clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Müller IB, Cederbaum LS, Tarantelli F. Microsolvation of Li+ in Water Analyzed by Ionization and Double Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0492826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imke B. Müller
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR I.S.T.M., Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Theoretical study on the geometric and electronic structure of the lithium-rich LinFn−1 (n=2–5) clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(01)00655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yokoyama K, Tanaka H, Kudo H. Structure of Hyperlithiated Li3O and Evidence for Electronomers. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0037450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Science, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Tanaka H, Yokoyama K, Kudo H. Structure and energetics of Li[sub n](OH)[sub n−1] (n=2–5) clusters deduced from photoionization efficiency curves. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1329645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Yokoyama K, Haketa N, Tanaka H, Furukawa K, Kudo H. Ionization energies of hyperlithiated Li2F molecule and Li F−1 (n=3,4) clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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