1
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Kistanov AA. Atomic insights into the interaction of N 2, CO 2, NH 3, NO, and NO 2 gas molecules with Zn 2(V, Nb, Ta)N 3 ternary nitride monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13719-13730. [PMID: 38669029 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The search for promising carrier blocking layer materials with high stability, including resistance to surface inhibition by environmental molecules that cause a drop in carrier mobility, is critical for the production of tandem solar cells. Based on density functional theory calculations, the reaction of atmospheric gases, including N2, CO2, NH3, NO, and NO2, with three promising Zn2(V, Nb, Ta)N3 monolayers is discovered. The results suggest the chemical adsorption of NH3 and physical adsorption of NO and NO2. In addition, the Zn2(V, Nb, Ta)N3 monolayers are characterized by a weak bonding with N2 and CO2. Charge redistribution is found at the interface between the monolayers and NH3, NO and NO2 molecules, leading to the formation of a local surface dipole that affects the functionality of the Zn2(V, Nb, Ta)N3 monolayers. The Zn2VN3 monolayer is less reactive with atmospheric gases and thus is the most promising for application in tandem solar cells. Notably, the revealed nontrivial behavior of the Zn2(V, Nb, Ta)N3 monolayers towards N-containing gases makes them promising for application in gas sensing. Specifically, the Zn2TaN3 monolayer is the most promising for application in molecular sensing due to its high reversibility and distinguished interaction with NH3, NO, and NO2 gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kistanov
- The Laboratory of Metals and Alloys Under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa 450076, Russia.
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2
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Cartus J, Jeindl A, Hofmann OT. Can We Predict Interface Dipoles Based on Molecular Properties? ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32270-32276. [PMID: 34870047 PMCID: PMC8638305 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We apply high-throughput density functional theory calculations and symbolic regression to hybrid inorganic/organic interfaces with the intent to extract physically meaningful correlations between the adsorption-induced work function modifications and the properties of the constituents. We separately investigate two cases: (1) hypothetical, free-standing self-assembled monolayers with a large intrinsic dipole moment and (2) metal-organic interfaces with a large charge-transfer-induced dipole. For the former, we find, without notable prior assumptions, the Topping model, as expected from the literature. For the latter, highly accurate correlations are found, which are, however, clearly unphysical.
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3
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Kurahashi M, Sun X. Observation of a Half-Metallic Interface State for Pyridine-Adsorbed H/Fe 3O 4(100). J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8489-8494. [PMID: 34450015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecule/half-metallic oxide interfaces play essential roles in recent molecular spintronics devices, yet factors governing the spin polarization of the hybridized interface state (HIS) formed there remain unclear because of the lack of direct spectroscopic evidence for it. Here, we present a spin-polarized metastable deexcitation spectroscopy (SPMDS) experiment, which is sensitive to the topmost surface, showing that the adsorption of pyridine on H-terminated Fe3O4(100) at 100 K produces a highly spin-polarized HIS, while no such HIS forms on a bare Fe3O4(100) surface. A density functional theory calculation has predicted the formation of half-metallic HIS, which is consistent with the SPMDS results. This can be understood on the basis of the interface chemical bonding formed by the coordination of the nitrogen end of pyridine to the surface Fe atom where half-metallic conduction electrons are distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kurahashi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Xia Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Krumland J, Gil G, Corni S, Cocchi C. LayerPCM: An implicit scheme for dielectric screening from layered substrates. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224114. [PMID: 34241221 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present LayerPCM, an extension of the polarizable-continuum model coupled to real-time time-dependent density-functional theory, for an efficient and accurate description of the electrostatic interactions between molecules and multilayered dielectric substrates on which they are physisorbed. The former are modeled quantum-mechanically, while the latter are treated as polarizable continua characterized by their dielectric constants. The proposed approach is purposely designed to simulate complex hybrid heterostructures with nano-engineered substrates including a stack of anisotropic layers. LayerPCM is suitable for describing the polarization-induced renormalization of frontier energy levels of the adsorbates in the static regime. Moreover, it can be reliably applied to simulating laser-induced ultrafast dynamics of molecules through the inclusion of electric fields generated by Fresnel-reflection at the substrate. Depending on the complexity of the underlying layer structure, such reflected fields can assume non-trivial shapes and profoundly affect the dynamics of the photo-excited charge carriers in the molecule. In particular, the interaction with the substrate can give rise to strong delayed fields, which lead to interference effects resembling those of multi-pulse-based spectroscopy. The robustness of the implementation and the above-mentioned features are demonstrated with a number of examples, ranging from intuitive models to realistic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Krumland
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gil
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Kaiser A, Torres Ceja E, Liu Y, Huber F, Müller R, Herr U, Thonke K. H 2S sensing for breath analysis with Au functionalized ZnO nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205505. [PMID: 33498025 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a H2S selective resistive gas sensor design based on a chemical field effect transistor (ChemFET) with open gate formed by hundreds of high temperature chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grown zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NW). The sensing ability of pristine ZnO NWs and surface functionalized ZnO NWs for H2S is analysed systematically. ZnO NWs are functionalized by deposition of discontinuous gold (Au) nanoparticle films of different thicknesses of catalyst layer ranging from 1 to 10 nm and are compared in their gas sensing properties. All experiments were performed in a temperature stabilized small volume compartment with adjustable gas mixture at room temperature. The results allow for a well-founded understanding of signal-to-noise ratio, enhanced response, and improved limit of detection due to the Au functionalisation. Comprehension and controlled application of the beneficial effects of Au catalyst on ZnO NWs allow for the detection of very low H2S concentrations down to 10 ppb, and a theoretically estimated 500 ppt in synthetic air at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kaiser
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Erick Torres Ceja
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yujia Liu
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Huber
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Raphael Müller
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herr
- Institute of Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Thonke
- Institute of Quantum Matter/Semiconductor Physics Group, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO)/laser-induced graphene (LIG) composites were prepared by mixing ZnO, grown by laser-assisted flow deposition, with LIG produced by laser irradiation of a polyimide, both in ambient conditions. Different ZnO:LIG ratios were used to infer the effect of this combination on the overall composite behavior. The optical properties, assessed by photoluminescence (PL), showed an intensity increase of the excitonic-related recombination with increasing LIG amounts, along with a reduction in the visible emission band. Charge-transfer processes between the two materials are proposed to justify these variations. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evidenced increased electron transfer kinetics and an electrochemically active area with the amount of LIG incorporated in the composites. As the composites were designed to be used as transducer platforms in biosensing devices, their ability to detect and quantify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was assessed by both PL and CV analysis. The results demonstrated that both methods can be employed for sensing, displaying slightly distinct operation ranges that allow extending the detection range by combining both transduction approaches. Moreover, limits of detection as low as 0.11 mM were calculated in a tested concentration range from 0.8 to 32.7 mM, in line with the values required for their potential application in biosensors.
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7
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Xu F, Testoff TT, Wang L, Zhou X. Cause, Regulation and Utilization of Dye Aggregation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E4478. [PMID: 33003462 PMCID: PMC7582523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important member of third generation solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have the advantages of being low cost, having an easy fabrication process, utilizing rich raw materials and a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), prompting nearly three decades as a research hotspot. Recently, increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs has proven troublesome. Sensitizers, as the most important part, are no longer limited to molecular engineering, and the regulation of dye aggregation has become a widely held concern, especially in liquid DSSCs. This review first presents the operational mechanism of liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, including the influencing factors of various parameters on device efficiency. Secondly, the mechanism of dye aggregation was explained by molecular exciton theory, and the influence of various factors on dye aggregation was summarized. We focused on a review of several methods for regulating dye aggregation in liquid and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed. In addition, the important application of quantum computational chemistry in the study of dye aggregation was introduced. Finally, an outlook was proposed that utilizing the advantages of dye aggregation by combining molecular engineering with dye aggregation regulation is a research direction to improve the performance of liquid DSSCs in the future. For solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs), the effects of solid electrolytes also need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Thomas T. Testoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300345, China; (F.X.); (L.W.)
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8
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The Potential of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Determining Interface Dipoles of Self-Assembled Monolayers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10175735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current manuscript we assess to what extent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a suitable tool for probing the dipoles formed at interfaces between self-assembled monolayers and metal substrates. To that aim, we perform dispersion-corrected, slab-type band-structure calculations on a number of biphenyl-based systems bonded to an Au(111) surface via different docking groups. In addition to changing the docking chemistry (and the associated interface dipoles), the impacts of polar tail group substituents and varying dipole densities are also investigated. We find that for densely packed monolayers the shifts of the peak positions of the simulated XP spectra are a direct measure for the interface dipoles. In the absence of polar tail group substituents they also directly correlate with adsorption-induced work function changes. At reduced dipole densities this correlation deteriorates, as work function measurements probe the difference between the Fermi level of the substrate and the electrostatic energy far above the interface, while core level shifts are determined by the local electrostatic energy in the region of the atom from which the photoelectron is excited.
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9
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Geng X, Wang F, Tian H, Feng Q, Zhang H, Liang R, Shen Y, Ju Z, Gou GY, Deng N, Li YT, Ren J, Xie D, Yang Y, Ren TL. Ultrafast Photodetector by Integrating Perovskite Directly on Silicon Wafer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2860-2868. [PMID: 32027117 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal (SC) perovskite is currently a promising material due to its high quantum efficiency and long diffusion length. However, the reported perovskite photodetection range (<800 nm) and response time (>10 μs) are still limited. Here, to promote the development of perovskite-integrated optoelectronic devices, this work demonstrates wider photodetection range and shorter response time perovskite photodetector by integrating the SC CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) perovskite on silicon (Si). The Si/MAPbBr3 heterojunction photodetector with an improved interface exhibits high-speed, broad-spectrum, and long-term stability performances. To the best of our knowledge, the measured detectable spectrum (405-1064 nm) largely expands the widest response range reported in previous perovskite-based photodetectors. In addition, the rise time is as fast as 520 ns, which is comparable to that of commercial germanium photodetectors. Moreover, the Si/MAPbBr3 device can maintain excellent photocurrent performance for up to 3 months. Furthermore, typical gray scale face imaging is realized by scanning the Si/MAPbBr3 single-pixel photodetector. This work using an ultrafast photodetector by directly integrating perovskite on Si can promote advances in next-generation integrated optoelectronic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshun Geng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qixin Feng
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renrong Liang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenyi Ju
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningqin Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Tao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Aldahhak H, Powroźnik P, Pander P, Jakubik W, Dias FB, Schmidt WG, Gerstmann U, Krzywiecki M. Toward Efficient Toxic-Gas Detectors: Exploring Molecular Interactions of Sarin and Dimethyl Methylphosphonate with Metal-Centered Phthalocyanine Structures. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:6090-6102. [PMID: 32952768 PMCID: PMC7497713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and reliable detection of lethal agents such as sarin is of increasing importance. Here, density-functional theory (DFT) is used to compare the interaction of sarin with single-metal-centered phthalocyanine (MPc) and MPc layer structures to a benign model system, i.e., the adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The calculations show that sarin and DMMP behave nearly identical to the various MPcs studied. Among NiPc, CuPc, CoPc, and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), we find the interaction of both sarin and DMMP to be the strongest with ZnPc, both in terms of interaction energy and adsorption-induced work function changes. ZnPc is thus proposed as a promising sensor for sarin detection. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the theoretically predicted charge transfer from DMMP to ZnPc is confirmed and identified as a key component in the sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Aldahhak
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Paulina Powroźnik
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany
- Institute
of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, S. Konarskiego Str. 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Pander
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Wiesław Jakubik
- Institute
of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, S. Konarskiego Str. 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Fernando B. Dias
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute
of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, S. Konarskiego Str. 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- E-mail:
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11
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Schöttner L, Erker S, Schlesinger R, Koch N, Nefedov A, Hofmann OT, Wöll C. Doping-Induced Electron Transfer at Organic/Oxide Interfaces: Direct Evidence from Infrared Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:4511-4516. [PMID: 32140201 PMCID: PMC7050012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer at organic/inorganic interfaces critically influences the properties of molecular adlayers. Although for metals such charge transfers are well documented by experimental and theoretical results, in the case of semiconductors, clear and direct evidence for a transfer of electrons or holes from oxides with their typically high ionization energy is missing. Here, we present data from infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy demonstrating that despite a high ionization energy, electrons are transferred from ZnO into a prototype strong molecular electron acceptor, hexafluoro-tetracyano-naphthoquinodimethane (F6-TCNNQ). Because there are no previous studies of this type, the interpretation of the pronounced vibrational red shifts observed in the experiment was aided by a thorough theoretical analysis using density functional theory. The calculations reveal that two mechanisms govern the pronounced vibrational band shifts of the adsorbed molecules: electron transfer into unoccupied molecular levels of the organic acceptor and also the bonding between the surface Zn atoms and the peripheral cyano groups. These combined experimental data and the theoretical analysis provide the so-far missing evidence of interfacial electron transfer from high ionization energy inorganic semiconductors to molecular acceptors and indicates that n-doping of ZnO plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Schöttner
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional
Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S. Erker
- Graz
University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - R. Schlesinger
- Humboldt
Universität zu Berlin, Institut für
Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N. Koch
- Humboldt
Universität zu Berlin, Institut für
Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Nefedov
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional
Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - O. T. Hofmann
- Graz
University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Wöll
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional
Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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12
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García Rey N, Arnolds H. Ultrafast dynamics of the dipole moment reversal in a polar organic monolayer. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174702. [PMID: 31067873 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine layers on Cu(110) possess a strong electric field due to the large dipole of adsorbed pyridine. This electric field is visible as an enhanced sum frequency response from both the copper surface electrons and the aromatic C-H stretch of pyridine via a third order susceptibility. In response to a visible pump pulse, both surface electron and C-H stretch sum frequency signals are reduced on a subpicosecond time scale. In addition, the relative phase between the two signals changes over a few hundred femtoseconds, which indicates a change in the electronic structure of the adsorbate. We explain the transients as a consequence of the previously observed pyridine dipole field reversal when the pump pulse excites electrons into the pyridine π* orbital. The pyridine anions in the pyridine layer cause a large-scale structural change which alters the pyridine-copper bond, reflected in the altered sum frequency response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia García Rey
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heike Arnolds
- Surface Science Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Oxford Road, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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13
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Vempati S, Deinert JC, Gierster L, Bogner L, Richter C, Mutz N, Blumstengel S, Zykov A, Kowarik S, Garmshausen Y, Hildebrandt J, Hecht S, Stähler J. Uncovering the (un-)occupied electronic structure of a buried hybrid interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:094001. [PMID: 30562727 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf98a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The energy level alignment at organic/inorganic (o/i) semiconductor interfaces is crucial for any light-emitting or -harvesting functionality. Essential is the access to both occupied and unoccupied electronic states directly at the interface, which is often deeply buried underneath thick organic films and challenging to characterize. We use several complementary experimental techniques to determine the electronic structure of p -quinquephenyl pyridine (5P-Py) adsorbed on ZnO(1 0 -1 0). The parent anchoring group, pyridine, significantly lowers the work function by up to 2.9 eV and causes an occupied in-gap state (IGS) directly below the Fermi level E F. Adsorption of upright-standing 5P-Py also leads to a strong work function reduction of up to 2.1 eV and to a similar IGS. The latter is then used as an initial state for the transient population of three normally unoccupied molecular levels through optical excitation and, due to its localization right at the o/i interface, provides interfacial sensitivity, even for thick 5P-Py films. We observe two final states above the vacuum level and one bound state at around 2 eV above E F, which we attribute to the 5P-Py LUMO. By the separate study of anchoring group and organic dye combined with the exploitation of the occupied IGS for selective interfacial photoexcitation, this work provides a new pathway for characterizing the electronic structure at buried o/i interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vempati
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abt. Physikalische Chemie, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Erker S, Hofmann OT. Fractional and Integer Charge Transfer at Semiconductor/Organic Interfaces: The Role of Hybridization and Metallicity. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:848-854. [PMID: 30732451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic/organic interfaces show two phenomenologically different types of charge transfer: On inert substrates, charge is localized, leading to a coexistence of neutral and charged molecules. Conversely, on metals, which have more available charge carriers and a larger propensity to hybridize, the charge is homogeneously delocalized. In this contribution, we use hybrid density functional theory to study the adsorption of the strong electron acceptor F4TCNQ on ZnO(10-10) as a function of the substrate's doping concentration. This system undergoes a joint charge donation/backdonation reaction. Because only the former is driven by hybridization, this allows us to study the impact of hybridization and the availability of charge carriers separately. We find that here both charge-transfer types are simultaneously at work. Whereas hybridization determines the charge localization, the charge-carrier concentration determines the amount of transferred charge. Consequently, at low doping concentrations, most of the electron acceptors become slightly positively, rather than negatively, charged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Erker
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Oliver T Hofmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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15
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Turkina O, Nabok D, Gulans A, Cocchi C, Draxl C. Electronic and Optical Excitations at the Pyridine/ZnO(101¯0) Hybrid Interface. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Turkina
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Dmitrii Nabok
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andris Gulans
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Claudia Draxl
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
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16
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Global and local aspects of the surface potential landscape for energy level alignment at organic-ZnO interfaces. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Schießl SP, Faber H, Lin YH, Rossbauer S, Wang Q, Zhao K, Amassian A, Zaumseil J, Anthopoulos TD. Hybrid Modulation-Doping of Solution-Processed Ultrathin Layers of ZnO Using Molecular Dopants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3952-3959. [PMID: 26437002 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative doping approach that exploits the use of organic donor/acceptor molecules for the effective tuning of the free electron concentration in quasi-2D ZnO transistor channel layers is reported. The method relies on the deposition of molecular dopants/formulations directly onto the ultrathin ZnO channels. Through careful choice of materials combinations, electron transfer from the dopant molecule to ZnO and vice versa is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P Schießl
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Materials Science, Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Faber
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephan Rossbauer
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qingxiao Wang
- Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging and Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kui Zhao
- Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Department of Materials Science, Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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18
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Hewlett RM, McLachlan MA. Surface Structure Modification of ZnO and the Impact on Electronic Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3893-3921. [PMID: 26936217 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely utilized, versatile material implemented in a diverse range of technological applications, particularly in optoelectronic devices, where its inherent transparency, tunable electronic properties, and accessible nanostructures can be combined to confer superior device properties. ZnO is a complex material with a rich and intricate defect chemistry, and its properties can be extremely sensitive to processing methods and conditions; consequently, surface modification of ZnO using both inorganic and organic species has been explored to control and regulate its surface properties, particularly at heterointerfaces in electronic devices. Here, the properties of ZnO are described in detail, particularly its surface chemistry, along with the role of defects in governing its electronic properties, and methods employed to modulate the behavior of as-grown ZnO. An outline is also given on how the native and modified oxide interact with molecular materials. To illustrate the diverse range of surface modification methods and their subsequent influence on electronic properties, a comprehensive review of the modification of ZnO surfaces at molecular interfaces in hybrid photovoltaic (hPV) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is presented. This is a case study rather than a progress report, aiming to highlight the progress made toward controlling and altering the surface properties of ZnO, and to bring attention to the ways in which this may be achieved by using various interfacial modifiers (IMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hewlett
- Department of Materials & Centre for Plastic Electronics, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Martyn A McLachlan
- Department of Materials & Centre for Plastic Electronics, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
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19
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Kelly LL, Racke DA, Kim H, Ndione P, Sigdel AK, Berry JJ, Graham S, Nordlund D, Monti OLA. Hybridization-Induced Carrier Localization at the C60 /ZnO Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3960-3965. [PMID: 26596518 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic coupling and ground-state charge transfer at the C60 /ZnO hybrid interface is shown to localize carriers in the C60 phase. This effect, revealed by resonant X-ray photoemission, arises from interfacial hybridization between C60 and ZnO. Such localization at carrier-selective electrodes and interlayers may lead to severely reduced carrier harvesting efficiencies and increased recombination rates in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David A Racke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hyungchul Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Paul Ndione
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Center for Photovoltaics, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Ajaya K Sigdel
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Center for Photovoltaics, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Center for Photovoltaics, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Samuel Graham
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Campus, Stanford Synchrotron Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Oliver L A Monti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, 118 E. Fourth St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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20
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Kelly LL, Racke DA, Schulz P, Li H, Winget P, Kim H, Ndione P, Sigdel AK, Brédas JL, Berry JJ, Graham S, Monti OLA. Spectroscopy and control of near-surface defects in conductive thin film ZnO. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:094007. [PMID: 26871256 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/9/094007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of inorganic semiconductor interfaces functionalized with extended π-conjugated organic molecules can be strongly influenced by localized gap states or point defects, often present at low concentrations and hard to identify spectroscopically. At the same time, in transparent conductive oxides such as ZnO, the presence of these gap states conveys the desirable high conductivity necessary for function as electron-selective interlayer or electron collection electrode in organic optoelectronic devices. Here, we report on the direct spectroscopic detection of a donor state within the band gap of highly conductive zinc oxide by two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. We show that adsorption of the prototypical organic acceptor C60 quenches this state by ground-state charge transfer, with immediate consequences on the interfacial energy level alignment. Comparison with computational results suggests the identity of the gap state as a near-surface-confined oxygen vacancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L Kelly
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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21
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Courtright BAE, Jenekhe SA. Polyethylenimine Interfacial Layers in Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices: Effects of Ethoxylation and Molecular Weight on Efficiency and Temporal Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26167-26175. [PMID: 26550983 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a comparative study of polyethylenimine (PEI) and ethoxylated-polyethylenimine (PEIE) cathode buffer layers in high performance inverted organic photovoltaic devices. The work function of the indium-tin oxide (ITO)/zinc oxide (ZnO) cathode was reduced substantially (Δφ = 0.73-1.09 eV) as the molecular weight of PEI was varied from 800 g mol(-1) to 750 000 g mol(-1) compared with the observed much smaller reduction when using a PEIE thin film (Δφ = 0.56 eV). The reference inverted polymer solar cells based on the small band gap polymer PBDTT-FTTE (ITO/ZnO/PBDTT-FTTE:PC70BM/MoO3/Ag), without a cathode buffer layer, had an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.06 ± 0.22%. Incorporation of a PEIE cathode buffer layer in the same PBDTT-FTTE:PC70BM blend devices gave an enhanced performance with a PCE of 7.37 ± 0.53%. In contrast, an even greater photovoltaic efficiency with a PCE of 8.22 ± 0.10% was obtained in similar PBDTT-FTTE:PC70BM blend solar cells containing a PEI cathode buffer layer. The temporal stability of the inverted polymer solar cells was found to increase with increasing molecular weight of the cathode buffer layer. The results show that PEI is superior to PEIE as a cathode buffer layer in high performance organic photovoltaic devices and that the highest molecular weight PEI interlayer provides the highest temporal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A E Courtright
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
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22
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Sasmal M, Maiti TK, Bhattacharyya TK. Ultra-Low Level Detection of L-Histidine Using Solution-Processed ZnO Nanorod on Flexible Substrate. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:634-40. [PMID: 25993704 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2430753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a novel label free and sensitive approach for the detection of L-histidine. This is a simple and reliable method for ultra-low level detection of L-histidine. All solution processed synthesizing technique was utilized to develop such type of detection scheme. Silicon substrate was replaced by normal transparent sheet to make it more facile and cost-effective detection technique. Fabricated device for L-histidine detection works upon the variation of current through the ZnO nanorod with L-histidine concentration. Operation principle strongly depends upon the electron charge transfer between metal cation and L-histidine inside the chelating complex. Morphological, structural and optical characterization of solution processed synthesized ZnO nanorod (ZnO NR) was carried out prior to sensor device fabrication. Our sensor device exhibits the sensitivity around 0.86 nA/fM and lower limit of detection (LOD) ∼ 0.1 fM(S/N=3).
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23
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Sasmal M, Maiti TK, Bhattacharyya TK. Synthesis of ZnO Nanosphere for Picomolar Level Detection of Bovine Serum Albumin. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:129-37. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2359072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Shong B, Wong KT, Bent SF. Strong Carbon-Surface Dative Bond Formation by tert-Butyl Isocyanide on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5848-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonggeun Shong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Keith T. Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stacey F. Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Huang YL, Wruss E, Egger DA, Kera S, Ueno N, Saidi WA, Bucko T, Wee ATS, Zojer E. Understanding the adsorption of CuPc and ZnPc on noble metal surfaces by combining quantum-mechanical modelling and photoelectron spectroscopy. Molecules 2014; 19:2969-92. [PMID: 24609018 PMCID: PMC6271497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19032969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are an important class of organic semiconductors and, thus, their interfaces with metals are both of fundamental and practical relevance. In the present contribution we provide a combined theoretical and experimental study, in which we show that state-of-the-art quantum-mechanical simulations are nowadays capable of treating most properties of such interfaces in a quantitatively reliable manner. This is shown for Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) and Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces. Using a recently developed approach for efficiently treating van der Waals (vdW) interactions at metal/organic interfaces, we calculate adsorption geometries in excellent agreement with experiments. With these geometries available, we are then able to accurately describe the interfacial electronic structure arising from molecular adsorption. We find that bonding is dominated by vdW forces for all studied interfaces. Concomitantly, charge rearrangements on Au(111) are exclusively due to Pauli pushback. On Ag(111), we additionally observe charge transfer from the metal to one of the spin-channels associated with the lowest unoccupied π-states of the molecules. Comparing the interfacial density of states with our ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) experiments, we find that the use of a hybrid functionals is necessary to obtain the correct order of the electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li Huang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Elisabeth Wruss
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David A Egger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Satoshi Kera
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1- 33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Ueno
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1- 33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Tomas Bucko
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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26
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Cornil D, Van Regemorter T, Beljonne D, Cornil J. Work function shifts of a zinc oxide surface upon deposition of self-assembled monolayers: a theoretical insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20887-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated at the DFT level the way the work function of ZnO is affected upon deposition of self-assembled monolayers made of 4-tert-butylpyridine and various benzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - T. Van Regemorter
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - D. Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - J. Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons (UMons)
- Mons 7000, Belgium
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