Explicit correlation treatment of the potential energy surface of CO2 dimer

Propagated (fragment) Pipek-Mezey Wannier functions in real-time time-dependent density functional theory

Localization procedures are an important tool for analysis of complex systems in quantum chemistry, since canonical molecular orbitals are delocalized and can, therefore, be difficult to align with chemical intuition and obscure information at the local level of the system. This especially applies to calculations obeying periodic boundary conditions. The most commonly used approach to localization is Foster-Boys Wannier functions, which use a unitary transformation to jointly minimize the second moment of the orbitals. This procedure has proven to be robust and fast but has a side effect of often mixing σ- and π-type orbitals. σ/π-separation is achieved by the Pipek-Mezey Wannier function (PMWF) approach [Lehtola and Jónsson, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 642 (2014) and Jónsson et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 13, 460 (2017)], which defines the spread functional in terms of partial charges instead. We have implemented a PMWF algorithm in the CP2K software package using the Cardoso-Souloumiac algorithm to enable their application to real-time time-dependent density functional theory. The method is demonstrated on stacked CO2 molecules, linear acetylenic carbon, boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene, and nitrogen-vacancy doped diamond. Finally, we discuss its computational scaling and recent efforts to improve it with fragment approaches.

Towards the generation of potential energy surfaces of weakly bound medium-sized molecular systems: the case of benzonitrile-He complex

Currently, the explicitly correlated coupled cluster method is used routinely to generate the multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces (mD-PESs) of van der Waals complexes of small molecular systems relevant for atmospheric, astrophysical and industrial applications. Although very accurate, this method is computationally prohibitive for medium and large molecules containing clusters. For instance, the recent detections of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the interstellar medium, such as benzonitrile, revealed the need to establish an accurate enough electronic structure approach to map the mD-PESs of these species interacting with the surrounding gases. As a benchmark, we have treated the case of the polar molecule benzonitrile interacting with helium, where we use post-Hartree-Fock and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) techniques. Accordingly, we show that MP2 and distinguishable-cluster approximation (DCSD) cannot be used for this purpose, whereas accurate enough PESs may be obtained using the corresponding explicitly correlated versions (MP2-F12 or DCSD-F12) with a reduction in computational costs. Alternatively, computations revealed that SAPT(DFT) is as performant as CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ, making it the method of choice for mapping the mD-PESs of COMs containing clusters. Therefore, we have used this approach to generate the 3D-PES of the benzonitrile-He complex along the intermonomer Jacobi coordinates. As an application, we have incorporated the analytic form of this PES into quantum dynamical computations to determine the cross sections of the rotational (de-)excitation of benzonitrile colliding with helium at a collision energy of 10 cm-1.

Increase of Radiative Forcing through Midinfrared Absorption by Stable CO2 Dimers?

We performed matrix-isolation infrared (MI-IR) spectroscopy of carbon dioxide monomers, CO₂, and dimers, (CO₂)₂, trapped in neon and in air. On the basis of vibration configuration interaction (VCI) calculations accounting for mode coupling and anharmonicity, we identify additional infrared-active bands in the MI-IR spectra due to the (CO₂)₂ dimer. These bands are satellite bands next to the established CO₂ monomer bands, which appear in the infrared window of Earth’s atmosphere at around 4 and 15 μm. In a systematic carbon dioxide mixing ratio study using neon matrixes, we observe a significant fraction of the dimer at mixing ratios above 300 ppm, with a steep increase up to 1000 ppm. In neon matrix, the dimer increases the IR absorbance by about 15% at 400 ppm compared to the monomer absorbance alone. This suggests a high fraction of the (CO₂)₂ dimer in our matrix experiments. In atmospheric conditions, such increased absorbance would significantly amplify radiative forcings and, thus, the greenhouse warming. To enable a comparison of our laboratory experiment with various atmospheric conditions (Earth, Mars, Venus), we compute the thermodynamics of the dimerization accordingly. The dimerization is favored at low temperatures and/or high carbon dioxide partial pressures. Thus, we argue that matrix isolation does not trap the gas composition “as is”. Instead, the gas is precooled to 40 K, where CO₂ dimerizes before being trapped in the matrix, already at very low carbon dioxide partial pressures. In the context of planetary atmospheres, our results improve understanding of the greenhouse effect for planets of rather thick CO₂ atmospheres such as Venus, where a significant fraction of the (CO₂)₂ dimer can be expected. There, the necessity of including the mid-IR absorption by stable (CO₂)₂ dimers in databases used for modeling radiative forcing, such as HITRAN, arises.

Efficient prediction for high precision CO-N2 potential energy surface by stacking ensemble DNN

High-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) for van der Waals systems with spectroscopic accuracy, is of great importance for quantum dynamics and an extremely challenge job. CO-N₂ is a typical van der Waals system and its high-precision PES may help elucidate weak interaction mechanisms. Taking CO-N₂ potential energies calculated by CCSD(T)-F12b/aug-cc-pVQZ as the benchmark, we establish an accurate, robust, and efficient machine learning model by using only four molecular structure descriptors based on 7966 benchmark potential energies. The highest accuracy is obtained by a stacking ensemble DNN (SeDNN). Its evaluation parameters MAE, RMSE, and R² reach 0.096, 0.163, 0.9999 cm^-1 , respectively, and the spectroscopic accuracy for vibration spectrum is achieved with predicted PES, which shows SeDNN superior goodness-of-fit and prediction performance. An elaborated PES with the reported global minimum has been predicted with the model, which perfectly reproduces CCSD(T) potential energies and the analytical MLR PES [PCCP, 2018, 20, 2036]. The critical points (global minimum, TSI, TSII, and their barriers), potential curve, and entire PES profile are remarkably consistent with CCSD(T) calculations. To further improve the usability of constructing PESs in practice, the size of the training set (energy points) for the model is reduced to 50%, 30%, and 20% of the database, respectively. The results show that even training with the smallest training set (1593 points), the PES only differs 2.555 cm^-1 with the analytic MLR PES. Therefore, the proposed SeDNN is promisingly an alternative efficient tool to construct subtle PES for van der Waals systems.

Vibrational energy pooling via collisions between asymmetric stretching excited CO2: a quasi-classical trajectory study on an accurate full-dimensional potential energy surface

In low temperature plasmas, energy transfer between asymmetric stretching excited CO₂ molecules can be highly efficient, which leads to further excitation (and de-excitation) of the CO₂ molecules: CO₂(v_as) + CO₂(v_as) → CO₂(v_as + 1) + CO₂(v_as - 1). Through such a vibrational ladder climbing mechanism, CO₂ can be activated and eventually dissociates. To gain mechanistic insight of such processes, a full-dimensional accurate potential energy surface (PES) for the CO₂ + CO₂ system is developed using the permutational invariant polynomial-neural network method based on CCSD(T)-F12a/AVTZ energies at about 39 000 geometries. This PES is used in quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) studies of the vibrational energy transfer between CO₂ molecules excited in the asymmetric stretching mode. A machine learning algorithm is used to determine state-specific rate coefficients for the vibrational transfer processes from a limited data set. In addition to the CO₂(v_as + 1) + CO₂(v_as - 1) channel, the QCT simulations revealed significant contributions from the CO₂(v_as + 2,3) + CO₂(v_as - 2,3) channels, particularly at low collision energies/temperatures. These multi-vibrational-quantum processes are attributed to enhanced energy flow in the collisional complex formed by enhanced dipole-dipole interaction between asymmetric stretching excited CO₂ molecules.

Fitting potential energy and induced dipole surfaces of the van der Waals complex CH4-N2 using non-product quadrature grids

We present an extensive study of the five-dimensional potential energy and induced dipole surfaces of the CH₄-N₂ complex assuming rigid-rotor approximation. Within the supermolecular approach, ab initio calculations of the interaction energies and dipoles were carried out at the CCSD(T)-F12 and CCSD(T) levels of theory using the correlation-consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, respectively. Both potential energy and induced dipole surfaces inherit the symmetry of the molecular system and transform under the A₁⁺ and A₂⁺ irreducible representations of the molecular symmetry group G₄₈, respectively. One can take advantage of the symmetry when fitting the surfaces; first, when constructing angular basis functions and second, when selecting the grid points. The approach to the construction of scalar and vectorial basis functions exploiting the eigenfunction method [Q. Chen, J. Ping and F. Wang, Group Representation Theory for Physicists, World Scientific, 2nd edn, 2002] is developed. We explore the use of Sobolev-type quadrature grids as building blocks of robust quadrature rules adapted to the symmetry of the molecular system. Temperature variations of the cross second virial coefficient and first classical spectral moments of the rototranslational collision-induced band were derived. A reasonable agreement between calculated values and experimental data was found attesting to the high quality of constructed surfaces.

Simulation of collision-induced absorption spectra based on classical trajectories and ab initio potential and induced dipole surfaces. II. CO2-Ar rototranslational band including true dimer contribution

This paper presents further development of the new semi-classical trajectory-based formalism described in Paper I [Chistikov et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 194106 (2019)]. We report the results of simulation and analysis of the low-frequency collision-induced absorption (CIA) in CO₂-Ar, including its true dimer component. Our consideration relies on the use of ab initio intermolecular potential energy and induced dipole surfaces for CO₂-Ar calculated in an assumption of a rigid CO₂ structure using the CCSD(T) method. The theory, the details of which are reported in Paper I [Chistikov et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 194106 (2019)], permits taking into account the effect of unbound and quasi-bound classical trajectories on the CIA in the range of a rototranslational band. This theory is largely extended by trajectory-based simulation of the true bound dimer absorption in the present paper. The spectra are obtained from a statistical average over a vast ensemble of classical trajectories restricted by properly chosen domains in the phase space. Rigorous classical theory is developed for two low-order spectral moments interpreted as the Boltzmann-weighted average of the respective dipole functions. These spectral moments were then used to check the accuracy of our trajectory-based spectra, for which both spectral moments can be evaluated independently in terms of specific integrals over the trajectory-based calculated spectral profiles. Good agreement between the spectral moments calculated as integrals over the frequency domain or the phase space largely supports the reliability of our simulated CIA spectra, which conform with the available microwave and far-infrared observations.

Ultraviolet spectroscopy of pressurized and supercritical carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is prevalent in planetary atmospheres and sees use in a variety of industrial applications. Despite its ubiquitous nature, its photochemistry remains poorly understood. In this work we explore the density dependence of pressurized and supercritical CO₂ electronic absorption spectra by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy over the wavelength range 1455-2000 Å. We show that the lowest absorption band transition energy is unaffected by a density increase up to and beyond the thermodynamic critical point (137 bar, 308 K). However, the diffuse vibrational structure inherent to the spectrum gradually decreases in magnitude. This effect cannot be explained solely by collisional broadening and/or dimerization. We suggest that at high densities close proximity of neighboring CO₂ molecules with a variety of orientations perturbs the multiple monomer electronic state potential energy surfaces, facilitating coupling between binding and dissociative states. We estimate a critical radius of ~4.1 Å necessary to cause such perturbations.

Explicitly correlated potential energy surface of the CH3Cl-He van der Waals complex and applications

A new 3D-potential energy surface (3D-PES) for the weakly bound CH₃Cl-He complex is mapped in Jacobi coordinates. Electronic structure calculations are performed using the explicitly correlated coupled clusters with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations approach in conjunction with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. Then, an analytical expansion of this 3D-PES is derived. This PES shows three minimal structures for collinear C-Cl-He arrangements and for He located in between two H atoms, in the plane parallel to the three H atoms, which is near the center of mass of CH₃Cl. The latter form corresponds to the global minimum. Two maxima are also found, which connect the minimal structures. We then evaluated the pressure broadening coefficients of the spectral lines of CH₃Cl in a helium bath based on our ab initio potential. Satisfactory agreement with experiments was observed, confirming the good accuracy of our 3D-PES. We also derived the bound rovibronic levels for ortho- and para-CH₃Cl-He dimers after quantum treatment of the nuclear motions. For both clusters, computations show that although the ground vibrational state is located well above the intramolecular isomerization barriers, the rovibronic levels may be associated with a specific minimal structure. This can be explained by vibrational localization and vibrational memory effects.

Exploring CO2 @sI Clathrate Hydrates as CO2 Storage Agents by Computational Density Functional Approaches

The formation of specific clathrate hydrates and their transformation at given thermodynamic conditions depends on the interactions between the guest molecule/s and the host water lattice. Understanding their structural stability is essential to control structure-property relations involved in different technological applications. Thus, the energetic aspects relative to CO₂ @sI clathrate hydrate are investigated through the computation of the underlying interactions, dominated by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, from first-principles electronic structure approaches. The stability of the CO₂ @sI clathrate is evaluated by combining bottom-up and top-down approaches. Guest-free and CO₂ guest-filled aperiodic cages, up to the gradually CO₂ occupation of the entire sI periodic unit cells were considered. Saturation, cohesive and binding energies for the systems are determined by employing a variety of density functionals and their performance is assessed. The dispersion corrections on the non-covalent interactions are found to be important in the stabilization of the CO₂ @sI energies, with the encapsulation of the CO₂ into guest-free/empty cage/lattice being always an energetically favorable process for most of the functionals studied. The PW86PBE functional with XDM or D3(BJ) dispersion corrections predicts a lattice constant in accord to the experimental values available, and simultaneously provides a reliable description for the guest-host interactions in the periodic CO₂ @sI crystal, as well as the energetics of its progressive single cage occupancy process. It has been found that the preferential orientation of the single CO₂ in the large sI crystal cages has a stabilizing effect on the hydrate, concluding that the CO₂ @sI structure is favored either by considering the individual building block cages or the complete sI unit cell crystal. Such benchmark and methodology cross-check studies benefit new data-driven model research by providing high-quality training information, with new insights that indicate the underlying factors governing their structure-driven stability, and triggering further investigations for controlling the stabilization of these promising long-term CO₂ storage materials.

Structural Stability of the CO2 @sI Hydrate: a Bottom-Up Quantum Chemistry Approach on the Guest-Cage and Inter-Cage Interactions

Through reliable first-principles computations, we have demonstrated the impact of CO₂ molecules enclathration on the stability of sI clathrate hydrates. Given the delicate balance between the interaction energy components (van der Waals, hydrogen bonds) present on such systems, we follow a systematic bottom-up approach starting from the individual 5¹² and 5¹² 6² sI cages, up to all existing combinations of two-adjacent sI crystal cages to evaluate how such clathrate-like models perform on the evaluation of the guest-host and first-neighbors inter-cage effects, respectively. Interaction and binding energies of the CO₂ occupation of the sI cages were computed using DF-MP2 and different DFT/DFT-D electronic structure methodologies. The performance of selected DFT functionals, together with various semi-classical dispersion corrections schemes, were validated by comparison with reference ab initio DF-MP2 data, as well as experimental data from x-ray and neutron diffraction studies available. Our investigation confirms that the inclusion of the CO₂ in the cage/s is an energetically favorable process, with the CO₂ molecule preferring to occupy the large 5¹² 6² sI cages compared to the 5¹² ones. Further, the present results conclude on the rigidity of the water cages arrangements, showing the importance of the inter-cage couplings in the cluster models under study. In particular, the guest-cage interaction is the key factor for the preferential orientation of the captured CO₂ molecules in the sI cages, while the inter-cage interactions seems to cause minor distortions with the CO₂ guest neighbors interactions do not extending beyond the large 5¹² 6² sI cages. Such findings on these clathrate-like model systems are in accord with experimental observations, drawing a direct relevance to the structural stability of CO₂ @sI clathrates.

Explicitly correlated potential energy surface of the CO2-CO van der Waals dimer and applications

The four-dimensional-potential energy surface (4D-PES) of the CO2-CO van der Waals complex is generated using the explicitly correlated coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitation (CCSD(T)-F12) method in conjunction with the augmented correlation-consistent triple zeta (aug-cc-pVTZ) basis set. This 4D-PES is developed over the set of inter-molecular coordinates and where the CO2 and CO monomers are treated as rigid rotors. Afterwards, analytic fits of this 4D-PES are carried out. In addition to the already known C-bound and O-bound stable structures of CO2-CO, we characterise a new isomer: it has a T-shaped structure where the O atom of the CO2 moiety points into the centre of mass of CO. We also find the saddle points connecting these minimal structures. This new isomer may play a role during the intramolecular isomerization processes at low energies. Then, the 4D-PES expansion is incorporated into bound vibrational state computations of C-bound and O-bound complexes. We also computed the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient for CO2-CO. A good agreement with experiments is found.

Lennard-Jones Intermolecular Potentials for the Description of 6-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles Interacting with the Isoelectronic CO2 and CS2

We have generated Lennard-Jones potentials for the interaction between CX₂ (X = O, S) and 11 nitrogen-doped benzene derivatives in different orientations at the M06-2X/def2-tzvpp level as tools to parametrize accurate force fields and to better understand the interaction of these greenhouse gases with heterocyclic building blocks used in the design of capture and detection systems. We find that the most favorable interactions are found between the carbon in CO₂ and the main heterocycle in the ring in a parallel orientation, whereas the preferred interaction mode of CS₂ is established between sulfur and the π density of the aromatic ring. The fact that the preferences for interaction sites and orientations of CO₂ and CS₂ are most of the times opposite helps in terms of ensuring the selectivity of these systems in front of these two isoelectronic compounds. The existence of very good linear correlations ( R² values very close to one) between the number of nitrogen atoms in the heterocyclic ring and the depth of the interaction potential wells opens the door to the use of these results in generating coarse-grained potentials or models with predictive power for use in the design of larger systems.

Understanding the anharmonic vibrational structure of the carbon dioxide dimer

Understanding the vibrational structure of the CO₂ system is important to confirm the potential energy surface and interactions in such van der Waals complexes. In this work, we use our previously developed mbCO2 potential function to explore the vibrational structure of the CO₂ monomer and dimer. The potential function has been trained to reproduce the potential energies at the CCSD(T)-F12b/aug-cc-pVTZ level of electronic structure theory. The harmonic approximation, as well as anharmonic corrections using vibrational structure theories such as vibrational self-consistent field, vibrational second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation, and vibrational configuration interaction (VCI), is applied to address the vibrational motions. We compare the vibrational results using the mbCO2 potential function with traditional electronic structure theory results and to experimental frequencies. The anharmonic results for the monomer most closely match the experimental data to within 3 cm^-1, including the Fermi dyad frequencies. The intermolecular and intramolecular dimer frequencies were treated separately and show good agreement with the most recent theoretical and experimental results from the literature. The VCI treatment of the dimer vibrational motions accounts for vibrational mixing and delocalization, such that we observe the dimer Fermi resonance phenomena, both in the intramolecular and intermolecular regions.

Rotational (de-)excitation of isocyanogen by collision with helium at low energies

Isocyanogen, CNCN, was discovered very recently in the interstellar medium (ISM). At present, the rate coefficients for the rotational (de-)excitation of CNCN by collisions with He are determined. First, we mapped the interaction potential between CNCN and He in Jacobi coordinates using highly correlated ab initio methodology. Then, an analytical expansion of the CNCN-He potential energy surface is derived. Later on, quantum dynamical treatments of nuclear motions are performed using the close coupling technique. We obtained the cross sections for the rotational (de-)excitation of CNCN after a collision by He up to 2000 cm^-1 total energies. These cross sections are used to deduce the collision rates in the 10-300 K range. These data are needed for modeling the CNCN abundances in the ISM. This work should help for determining the abundance of such non-symmetrical dicyanopolyynes in astrophysical media and indirectly the symmetric one [Cyanogen (NCCN)].

Molecular Modeling Analysis of CO2 Absorption by Glymes

The properties of diglyme + CO₂ systems were analyzed through density functional theory and molecular dynamics methods with the objective of inferring the microscopic properties of CO₂ capture by glyme-based solvents and the effect of ether group regarding solvents affinity toward CO₂. Calculations of diglyme + CO₂ molecular clusters using density functional theory allowed accurate quantification and characterization of short-range intermolecular forces between these molecules, whereas the molecular dynamics simulation of diglyme + CO₂ liquid mixtures, for different CO₂ contents, were the means to infer the properties and dynamics of bulk liquid phases upon CO₂ absorption. Likewise, liquid diglyme + CO₂ gas interfaces were also studied using molecular dynamics methods to examine the kinetics of CO₂ capture, adsorption at the gas-liquid interface, and the mechanism of interface crossing, which is of pivotal importance for the design of CO₂ capturing units.

Intermolecular configurations dominated by quadrupole-quadrupole electrostatic interactions: explicit correlation treatment of the five-dimensional potential energy surface and infrared spectra for the CO-N2 complex

A thorough understanding of the intermolecular configurations of van der Waals complexes is a great challenge due to their weak interactions, floppiness and anharmonic nature. Although high-resolution microwave or infrared spectroscopy provides one of the most direct and precise pieces of experimental evidence, the origin and key role in determining such intermolecular configurations of a van der Waals system strongly depend on its highly accurate potential energy surface (PES) and a detailed analysis of its ro-vibrational wavefunctions. Here, a new five-dimensional potential energy surface for the van der Waals complex of CO-N₂ which explicitly incorporates the dependence on the stretch coordinate of the CO monomer is generated using the explicitly correlated couple cluster (CCSD(T)-F12) method in conjunction with a large basis set. Analytic four-dimensional PESs are obtained by the least-squares fitting of vibrationally averaged interaction energies for v = 0 and v = 1 to the Morse/Long-Range potential mode (V_MLR). These fits to 7966 points have root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of 0.131 cm^-1 and 0.129 cm^-1 for v = 0 and v = 1, respectively, with only 315 parameters. Energy decomposition analysis is carried out, and it reveals that the dominant factor in controlling intermolecular configurations is quadrupole-quadrupole electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the rovibrational levels and wave functions are obtained for the first time. The predicted infrared transitions and intensities for the ortho-N₂-CO complex as well as the calculated energy levels for para-N₂-CO are in good agreement with the available experimental data with RMSD discrepancies smaller than 0.068 cm^-1. The calculated infrared band origin shift associated with the fundamental band frequency of CO is -0.721 cm^-1 for ortho-N₂-CO which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of -0.739 cm^-1. The agreement with experimental values validates the high quality of the PESs and enhances our confidence to explain the observed mystery lines around 2163 cm^-1.

Development of a Flexible-Monomer Two-Body Carbon Dioxide Potential and Its Application to Clusters up to (CO2 )13

A flexible-monomer two-body potential energy function was developed that approaches the high level CCSD(T)/CBS potential energy surface (PES) of carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) systems. This function was generated by fitting the electronic energies of unique CO₂ monomers and dimers to permutationally invariant polynomials. More than 200,000 CO₂ configurations were used to train the potential function. Comparisons of the PESs of six orientations of flexible CO₂ dimers were evaluated to demonstrate the accuracy of the potential. Furthermore, the potential function was used to determine the minimum energy structures of CO₂ clusters containing as many as 13 molecules. For isomers of (CO₂ )₃ , the potential demonstrated energetic agreement with the M06-2X functional and structural agreement of the B2PLYP-D functional at substantially reduced computational costs. A separate function, fit to MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ reference energies, was developed to directly compare the two-body potential to the ab initio MP2 level of theory. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Advances in spectroscopy and dynamics of small and medium sized molecules and clusters

Investigations of the spectroscopy and dynamics of small- and medium-sized molecules and clusters represent a hot topic in atmospheric chemistry, biology, physics, atto- and femto-chemistry and astrophysics.

Five intermolecular vibrations of the CO2 dimer observed via infrared combination bands

The weakly bound van der Waals dimer (CO₂)₂ has long been of considerable theoretical and experimental interest. Here, we study its low frequency intermolecular vibrations by means of combination bands in the region of the CO₂ monomer ν₃ fundamental (≈2350 cm^-1), which are observed using a tunable infrared laser to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion. With the help of a recent high level ab initio calculation by Wang, Carrington, and Dawes, four intermolecular frequencies are assigned: the in-plane disrotatory bend (22.26 cm^-1); the out-of-plane torsion (23.24 cm^-1); twice the disrotatory bend (31.51 cm^-1); and the in-plane conrotatory bend (92.25 cm^-1). The disrotatory bend and torsion, separated by only 0.98 cm^-1, are strongly mixed by Coriolis interactions. The disrotatory bend overtone is well behaved, but the conrotatory bend is highly perturbed and could not be well fitted. The latter perturbations could be due to tunneling effects, which have not previously been observed experimentally for CO₂ dimer. A fifth combination band, located 1.3 cm^-1 below the conrotatory bend, remains unassigned.

Energy transfer dynamics and kinetics of elementary processes (promoted) by gas-phase CO2 -N2 collisions: Selectivity control by the anisotropy of the interaction

In this work, we exploit a new formulation of the potential energy and of the related computational procedures, which embodies the coupling between the intra and intermolecular components, to characterize possible propensities of the collision dynamics in energy transfer processes of interest for simulation and control of phenomena occurring in a variety of equilibrium and nonequilibrium environments. The investigation reported in the paper focuses on the prototype CO2 -N2 system, whose intramolecular component of the interaction is modeled in terms of a many body expansion while the intermolecular component is modeled in terms of a recently developed bonds-as-interacting-molecular-centers' approach. The main advantage of this formulation of the potential energy surface is that of being (a) truly full dimensional (i.e., all the variations of the coordinates associated with the molecular vibrations and rotations on the geometrical and electronic structure of the monomers, are explicitly taken into account without freezing any bonds or angles), (b) more flexible than other usual formulations of the interaction and (c) well suited for fitting procedures better adhering to accurate ab initio data and sensitive to experimental arrangement dependent information. Specific attention has been given to the fact that a variation of vibrational and rotational energy has a higher (both qualitative and quantitative) impact on the energy transfer when a more accurate formulation of the intermolecular interaction (with respect to that obtained when using rigid monomers) is adopted. This makes the potential energy surface better suited for the kinetic modeling of gaseous mixtures in plasma, combustion and atmospheric chemistry computational applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Energy transfer upon collision of selectively excited CO2 molecules: State-to-state cross sections and probabilities for modeling of atmospheres and gaseous flows

Carbon dioxide molecules can store and release tens of kcal/mol upon collisions, and such an energy transfer strongly influences the energy disposal and the chemical processes in gases under the extreme conditions typical of plasmas and hypersonic flows. Moreover, the energy transfer involving CO2 characterizes the global dynamics of the Earth-atmosphere system and the energy balance of other planetary atmospheres. Contemporary developments in kinetic modeling of gaseous mixtures are connected to progress in the description of the energy transfer, and, in particular, the attempts to include non-equilibrium effects require to consider state-specific energy exchanges. A systematic study of the state-to-state vibrational energy transfer in CO2 + CO2 collisions is the focus of the present work, aided by a theoretical and computational tool based on quasiclassical trajectory simulations and an accurate full-dimension model of the intermolecular interactions. In this model, the accuracy of the description of the intermolecular forces (that determine the probability of energy transfer in molecular collisions) is enhanced by explicit account of the specific effects of the distortion of the CO2 structure due to vibrations. Results show that these effects are important for the energy transfer probabilities. Moreover, the role of rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom is found to be dominant in the energy exchange, while the average contribution of translations, under the temperature and energy conditions considered, is negligible. Remarkable is the fact that the intramolecular energy transfer only involves stretching and bending, unless one of the colliding molecules has an initial symmetric stretching quantum number greater than a threshold value estimated to be equal to 7.

Potential energy surface of the CO2-N2 van der Waals complex

Four-dimensional potential energy surface (4D-PES) of the atmospherically relevant CO2-N2 van der Waals complex is generated using the explicitly correlated coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitation (CCSD(T)-F12) method in conjunction with the augmented correlation consistent triple zeta (aug-cc-pVTZ) basis set. This 4D-PES is mapped along the intermonomer coordinates. An analytic fit of this 4D-PES is performed. Our extensive computations confirm that the most stable form corresponds to a T-shape structure where the nitrogen molecule points towards the carbon atom of CO2. In addition, we located a second isomer and two transition states in the ground state PES of CO2-N2. All of them lay below the CO2 + N2 dissociation limit. This 4D-PES is flat and strongly anisotropic along the intermonomer coordinates. This results in the possibility of the occurrence of large amplitude motions within the complex, such as the inversion of N2, as suggested in the recent spectroscopic experiments. Finally, we show that the experimentally established deviations from the C2v structure at equilibrium for the most stable isomer are due to the zero-point out-of-plane vibration correction.

Theoretical spectroscopic characterization of the ArBeO complex

Using the recently developed explicitly correlated coupled cluster method in connection with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, we generated the three-dimensional potential energy surface (3D-PES) of the ground state of the Ar-BeO complex. This PES covers the regions of the global and local minima, the saddle point, and the dissociation of the complex. The PES is also used for the calculation of the rovibrational spectrum up to the dissociation limit. The high density of levels which is observed favors the mixing of the states and hence the occurrence of anharmonic resonances. The wavefunctions of the high rovibrational levels exhibit large amplitude motions in addition to strong anharmonic resonances. Our theoretical spectrum should be helpful in identifying the van der Waals modes of this complex in laboratory.