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Yuan WS, Hong D, Luo YX, Li XH, Liu FS, Liu ZT, Liu QJ. Pressure and temperature effects on the Raman spectra of LLM-105. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123170. [PMID: 37517265 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, only one crystal structure of LLM-105 (2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide) (P21/n) has been discovered, and there are still debates on its phase transition point and phase diagram. Based on previous work, we performed crystal structure, Raman spectra, and vibrational properties calculations on LLM-105 crystal. Our results indicate that the crystal structure of LLM-105 remains stable until compressed to 49 GPa, beyond which it may undergo two phase transitions at pressure intervals of 49.0-49.1 GPa and 51.4-51.5 GPa, respectively. Analysis of Raman shift results suggests that these two phase transitions may be reversible, with an intermediate phase possibly acting as a transition phase. Additionally, based on the quasi-harmonic approximation, we fitted the experimental data of LLM-105 lattice expansion state, obtaining the volume at zero pressure and using it for Raman spectra calculations. The results demonstrated the accuracy of this quasi-harmonic approximation method in describing the redshift of Raman peaks during the heating process and the excitation ratio of Raman peaks in different wavenumber ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuo Yuan
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Hong
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China; School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liutai Avenue 1166, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ying-Xi Luo
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Han Li
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
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Napiórkowska E, Milcarz K, Szeleszczuk Ł. Review of Applications of Density Functional Theory (DFT) Quantum Mechanical Calculations to Study the High-Pressure Polymorphs of Organic Crystalline Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14155. [PMID: 37762459 PMCID: PMC10532210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its inception, chemistry has been predominated by the use of temperature to generate or change materials, but applications of pressure of more than a few tens of atmospheres for such purposes have been rarely observed. However, pressure is a very effective thermodynamic variable that is increasingly used to generate new materials or alter the properties of existing ones. As computational approaches designed to simulate the solid state are normally tuned using structural data at ambient pressure, applying them to high-pressure issues is a highly challenging test of their validity from a computational standpoint. However, the use of quantum chemical calculations, typically at the level of density functional theory (DFT), has repeatedly been shown to be a great tool that can be used to both predict properties that can be later confirmed by experimenters and to explain, at the molecular level, the observations of high-pressure experiments. This article's main goal is to compile, analyze, and synthesize the findings of works addressing the use of DFT in the context of molecular crystals subjected to high-pressure conditions in order to give a general overview of the possibilities offered by these state-of-the-art calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.N.); (K.M.)
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3
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O’Connor D, Bier I, Tom R, Hiszpanski AM, Steele BA, Marom N. Ab Initio Crystal Structure Prediction of the Energetic Materials LLM-105, RDX, and HMX. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:6275-6289. [PMID: 38173900 PMCID: PMC10763925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is performed for the energetic materials (EMs) LLM-105 and α-RDX, as well as the α and β conformational polymorphs of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), using the genetic algorithm (GA) code, GAtor, and its associated random structure generator, Genarris. Genarris and GAtor successfully generate the experimental structures of all targets. GAtor's symmetric crossover scheme, where the space group symmetries of parent structures are treated as genes inherited by offspring, is found to be particularly effective. However, conducting several GA runs with different settings is still important for achieving diverse samplings of the potential energy surface. For LLM-105 and α-RDX, the experimental structure is ranked as the most stable, with all of the dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods used here. For HMX, the α form was persistently ranked as more stable than the β form, in contrast to experimental observations, even when correcting for vibrational contributions and thermal expansion. This may be attributed to insufficient accuracy of dispersion-inclusive DFT methods or to kinetic effects not considered here. In general, the ranking of some putative structures is found to be sensitive to the choice of the DFT functional and the dispersion method. For LLM-105, GAtor generates a putative structure with a layered packing motif, which is desirable thanks to its correlation with low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that CSP is a useful tool for studying the ubiquitous polymorphism of EMs and shows promise of becoming an integral part of the EM development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana O’Connor
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna M. Hiszpanski
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Brad A. Steele
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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4
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Wang J, Sun X, Gao C, Xu Z, Mai D, Dai R, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang Z. Pressure-Modulated Dissolution Behavior of LLM-105 Crystals in High-Temperature Water. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24654-24662. [PMID: 37457462 PMCID: PMC10339438 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of the microstructural evolution and reaction kinetics of energetic materials with high-temperature and high-pressure water contributes to the understanding of their microscopic physicochemical origin, which can provide critical experimental data for the use of energetic materials. As a promising high-energy and insensitive energetic material, LLM-105 has been investigated under extreme conditions such as high pressure and high temperature. However, little information is available about the effect of water on LLM-105 under high pressure and high temperature. In this work, the interaction between LLM-105 and water under HP-HT was investigated in detail. As a result, the dissolving behavior of LLM-105 in water under high pressure and high temperature is related to the initial pressure. When the initial pressure is less than 1 GPa, LLM-105 crystals are dissolved in high-temperature water; when the initial pressure is above 1 GPa, LLM-105 particles are only decomposed in high-temperature water. When the solution is saturated at a high temperature, recrystallization of the LLM-105 sample appears in the solution. High pressure hindered the dissolution process of the sample in HP-HT water because the interaction between the solute and the solvent was weakened by high pressure. The initial pressure is one of the significant parameters that determines whether LLM-105 crystals can be dissolved in high-temperature water. More importantly, water under high pressure and high temperature can not only act as a solvent when dissolving the samples but also act as a catalyst to accelerate the decomposition process. In addition, the HP-HT water reduced the decomposition temperature of the LLM-105 crystal to a large extent. The research in this paper not only provides insights into the interaction between LLM-105 and water but also contributes to the performance of energetic materials under extreme conditions and their practical applications in complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- The
Centre for Physical Experiments, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chan Gao
- College
of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University
of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- Department
of Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Di Mai
- Department
of Physics, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The
Centre for Physical Experiments, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The
Centre for Physical Experiments, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The
Centre for Physical Experiments, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Key
Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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High-pressure induced structural changes of energetic ionic salts: Dihydroxylammonium 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diolate (MAD-X1). Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Wang J, Gao C, Xu Z, Zhong C, Dai R, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang Z. Pressure effects on the thermal decomposition of the LLM-105 crystal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2396-2402. [PMID: 35019913 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal mechanical responses under high temperature and high pressure are basic information to understand the performance of energetic materials. In this work, the pressure effects on the thermal decay of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) are explored. Up to the initial pressure of 4.6 GPa, the pressure dependent decomposition boundary is built and no phase transition occurs until the decomposition of the LLM-105 crystal. The decomposition temperature is significantly lifted via a weak loading pressure. The experimental measurement confirms the decomposition products, including NO2, CO2 and NH3, which are predicted by the density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics method. The calculation described the details of thermal decay in the initial stages under high pressure. The sudden drop in the shifts of the Raman modes associated with hydrogen bonds under high pressure indicates the strengthening of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the occurrence of intermolecular hydrogen transfer prior to crystal decomposition. The simulation supported the existence of intermolecular hydrogen transfer and provided the transfer path and decomposition mechanism. All of these jobs not only contribute significantly to the understanding of thermal decomposition of energetic materials as a function of pressure, but also contribute to the understanding of sensitivity mechanisms and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chan Gao
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zilong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China. .,Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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7
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Compression Behavior and Vibrational Properties of New Energetic Material LLM-105 Analyzed Using the Dispersion-Corrected Density Functional Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226831. [PMID: 34833923 PMCID: PMC8625217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a newly energetic material with an excellent performance and low sensitivity and has attracted considerable attention. On the basis of the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D), the high-pressure responses of vibrational properties, in conjunction with structural properties, are used to understand its intermolecular interactions and anisotropic properties under hydrostatic and uniaxial compressions. At ambient and pressure conditions, the DFT-D scheme could reasonably describe the structural parameters of LLM-105. The hydrogen bond network, resembling a parallelogram shape, links two adjacent molecules and contributes to the structure stability under hydrostatic compression. The anisotropy of LLM-105 is pronounced, especially for Raman spectra under uniaxial compression. Specifically, the red-shifts of modes are obtained for [100] and [010] compressions, which are caused by the pressure-induced enhance of the strength of the hydrogen bonds. Importantly, coupling modes and discontinuous Raman shifts are observed along [010] and [001] compressions, which are related to the intramolecular vibrational redistribution and possible structural transformations under uniaxial compressions. Overall, the detailed knowledge of the high-pressure responses of LLM-105 is established from the atomistic level. Uniaxial compression responses provide useful insights for realistic shock conditions.
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8
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First-principles calculations of the electronic, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Jiang J, Liu J, Chen Y, Wu Q, Ju Z, Zhang S. Detonation response mechanism of shocked LLM-105 using ReaxFF-lg and MSST. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1902517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Liu
- Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahong Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Ju
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Hamilton BW, Steele BA, Sakano MN, Kroonblawd MP, Kuo IFW, Strachan A. Predicted Reaction Mechanisms, Product Speciation, Kinetics, and Detonation Properties of the Insensitive Explosive 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1766-1777. [PMID: 33617263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a relatively new and promising insensitive high-explosive (IHE) material that remains only partially characterized. IHEs are of interest for a range of applications and from a fundamental science standpoint, as the root causes behind insensitivity are poorly understood. We adopt a multitheory approach based on reactive molecular dynamic simulations performed with density functional theory, density functional tight-binding, and reactive force fields to characterize the reaction pathways, product speciation, reaction kinetics, and detonation performance of LLM-105. We compare and contrast these predictions to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), a prototypical IHE, and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX), a more sensitive and higher performance material. The combination of different predictive models allows access to processes operative on progressively longer timescales while providing benchmarks for assessing uncertainties in the predictions. We find that the early reaction pathways of LLM-105 decomposition are extremely similar to TATB; they involve intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Additionally, the detonation performance of LLM-105 falls between that of TATB and HMX. We find agreement between predictive models for first-step reaction pathways but significant differences in final product formations. Predictions of detonation performance result in a wide range of values, and one-step kinetic parameters show the similar reaction rates at high temperatures for three out of four models considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden W Hamilton
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brad A Steele
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael N Sakano
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew P Kroonblawd
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - I-Feng W Kuo
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Muravyev NV, Monogarov KA, Melnikov IN, Pivkina AN, Kiselev VG. Learning to fly: thermochemistry of energetic materials by modified thermogravimetric analysis and highly accurate quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15522-15542. [PMID: 34286759 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The standard state enthalpy of formation and the enthalpy of sublimation are essential thermochemical parameters determining the performance and application prospects of energetic materials (EM). Direct experimental measurements of these properties are complicated by low volatility and high heat release in bomb calorimetry experiments. As a result, the uncertainties in the reported enthalpies of formation for a number of even well-known CHNO-containing compounds might amount up to tens kJ mol-1, while for some novel high-nitrogen molecules they reach even hundreds of kJ mol-1. The present study reports a facile approach to determining the solid-state formation enthalpies comprised of complementary high-level quantum chemical calculations of the gas-phase thermochemistry and advanced thermal analysis techniques yielding sublimation enthalpies. The thermogravimetric procedure for the measurement of sublimation enthalpy was modified by using low external pressures (down to 0.2 Pa). This allows for observing sublimation/vaporization instead of thermal decomposition of the compounds studied. Extensive benchmarking on nonenergetic and energetic compounds reveals the average and maximal absolute errors of the sublimation enthalpies of 3.3 and 11.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. The comparison of the results with those obtained from the widely used Trouton-Williams empirical equation shows that the latter underestimates the sublimation enthalpy up to 140 kJ mol-1. Therefore, we performed a reparametrization of the latter equation with simple chemical descriptors that reduces the mean error down to 30 kJ mol-1. Highly accurate multi-level procedures W2-F12 and/or W1-F12 in conjunction with the atomization energy approach were used to calculate theoretically the gas-phase formation enthalpies. In several cases, the DLPNO-CCSD(T) enthalpies of isodesmic reactions were also employed to obtain the gas-phase thermochemistry for medium-sized important EMs. Combining the obtained thermochemical properties, we determined the solid-state enthalpies of formation for nearly 60 species containing various important explosophoric groups, from common nitroaromatics, nitroethers, and nitramines to novel nitrogen-rich heterocyclic species (e.g., the derivatives of pyrazole, tetrazole, furoxan, etc.). The large-scale benchmarking against the available experimental solid-state enthalpies of formation yielded the maximal inaccuracy of the proposed method of 25 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Muravyev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Konstantin A Monogarov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Igor N Melnikov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vitaly G Kiselev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Wang X, Zeng Q, Li J, Yang M. First-Principles-Based Force Field for 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21054-21062. [PMID: 31867497 PMCID: PMC6921264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a highly promising energetic material (EM) with high safety. Understanding its microscopic response mechanisms within the external stimulus is meaningful for the design of EMs. In order to comprehend the complicated phenomena, it is necessary to employ molecular simulation methods to investigate the response mechanisms with the force field (FF) at an atomic level. In this work, we developed a tailored FF for LLM-105 based on first-principles calculations. The validity of the FF was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations. The structural parameters of LLM-105 predicted by FF are in good agreement with the experimental values, such as lattice constant, bond length, bond angle, dihedral angle and center of mass, and so forth. Moreover, the FF possesses good performance to describe the structural response on pressure accurately. In general, our work not only builds a balanced FF in gas and condensed phases, but also provides a useful tool to study the properties about LLM-105 at a large scale, which is helpful to improve the understanding about the balance between energy and safety in EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute
of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Mingli Yang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610065, China
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13
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Luo T, Wang Y, Huang H, Shang F, Song X. An Electrospun Preparation of the NC/GAP/Nano-LLM-105 Nanofiber and Its Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E854. [PMID: 31167442 PMCID: PMC6630257 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an energetic composite fiber, in which 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) nanoparticles intimately incorporated with a nitrocellulose/glycidyl azide polymer (NC/GAP) fiber, was prepared by the electrospinning method. The morphology and structure of the nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The nanofibers possessed a three-dimensional (3D) net structure and a large specific surface area. Thermal analysis, energetic performance, and sensitivities were investigated, and they were compared with NC/GAP and LLM-105 nanoparticles. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers show higher decomposition rates and lower decomposition temperatures. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 decomposed to CO2, CO, H2O, N2O, and a few NO, -CH2O-, and -CH- fragments, in the thermal-infrared spectrometry online (TG-IR) measurement. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers demonstrated a higher standard specific impulse (Isp), a higher combustion chamber temperature (Tc), and a higher specialty height (H50). The introduction of nano-LLM-105 in the NC/GAP matrix results in an improvement in energetic performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100821, China.
| | - Feifei Shang
- Teaching and Research Support Center, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China.
| | - Xiaolan Song
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
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Wang X, Hu W, Wu Y, Huang F. Computational analysis of mesoscale thermomechanical ignition behavior of impacted LLM-105 based explosives. RSC Adv 2019; 9:16095-16105. [PMID: 35521386 PMCID: PMC9064355 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LLM-105 (2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide) is an insensitive high explosive crystal which has performance between that of HMX and TATB. An elastoviscoplastic dislocation model is developed for LLM-105 crystal, which accounts for the dislocation evolutions at the crystal interior and crystal wall and strain-rate dependent work hardening. Three different crystal morphology (cubic, icosahedral, rodlike) of LLM-105 based explosive computational models were constructed and subjected to an impact velocity of 200 m s−1 and 500 m s−1. Effects of crystal morphology and initial dislocation density on thermomechanical ignition behavior of LLM-105 based explosives were analyzed. Dislocation density of both crystal interiors and crystal walls in the rodlike LLM-105 based explosive increases slower than that in the cubic and icosahedral explosives. Both the volume averaged and localized stress and dislocation density are the lowest for the rodlike explosive. At the impact velocity of 500 m s−1, a temperature rise due to volumetric work, plasticity work and chemical reaction is sufficiently high to lead to the ignition of the cubic explosive, which shows that the rodlike explosive is the least sensitive among the three explosives. Moreover, with the increase of initial dislocation density, the corresponding volume averaged and localized stress and temperature increase as well. Results presented bridge the macroscale thermomechanical ignition response with the mesoscale deformation mechanisms, which is essential for better understanding the ignition mechanisms and guiding the design of LLM-105 based formulations. Mesoscale thermomechanical ignition behavior of LLM-105 based explosives was quantified through a developed elastoviscoplastic dislocation model for LLM-105 crystal.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- XinJie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - WeiJia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - YanQing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - FengLei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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Initial Mechanisms for the Unimolecular Thermal Decomposition of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010125. [PMID: 30602673 PMCID: PMC6337266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial channels of thermal decomposition mechanism of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) molecule were investigated. The results of quantum chemical calculations revealed four candidates involved in the reaction pathway, including the C⁻NO₂ bond homolysis, nitro⁻nitrite rearrangement followed by NO elimination, and H transfer from amino to acyl O and to nitro O with the subsequent OH or HONO elimination, respectively. In view of the further kinetic analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, the C⁻NO₂ bond homolysis was suggested to be the dominant step that triggered the decomposition of LLM-105 at temperatures above 580 K. Below this temperature, two types of H transfer were considered as the primary reactions, which have advantages including lower barrier and high rate compared to the C⁻NO₂ bond dissociation. It could be affirmed that these two types of H transfer are reversible processes, which could buffer against external thermal stimulation. Therefore, the excellent thermal stability of LLM-105, that is nearly identical to that of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, can be attributed to the reversibility of H transfers at relatively low temperatures. However, subsequent OH or HONO elimination reactions occur with difficulty because of their slow rates and extra energy barriers. Although nitro⁻nitrite rearrangement is theoretically feasible, its rate constant is too small to be observed. This study facilitates the understanding of the essence of thermal stability and detailed decomposition mechanism of LLM-105.
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Pagoria P, Zhang M, Zuckerman N, Lee G, Mitchell A, DeHope A, Gash A, Coon C, Gallagher P. Synthetic Studies of 2,6‐Diamino‐3,5‐Dinitropyrazine‐ 1‐Oxide (LLM‐105) from Discovery to Multi‐Kilogram Scale. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Pagoria
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Mao‐Xi Zhang
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Nathaniel Zuckerman
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Gregory Lee
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Mitchell
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alan DeHope
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Alexander Gash
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Clifford Coon
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
| | - Patrick Gallagher
- Energetic Materials Center, Materials Science Division, Physical and Life SciencesLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) P.O. Box 808, L-282 Livermore CA 94551
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Structural, mechanical properties, and vibrational spectra of LLM-105 under high pressures from a first-principles study. J Mol Model 2017; 23:275. [PMID: 28891015 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the structure, mechanical properties, and vibrational spectra of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105), an energetic molecular crystal, with a first-principles method based on density functional theory (DFT) using the recentely developped HASEM package. The elastic constants, acoustic velocity, and parameters of equations of state were calculated, and the predicted ordering of stiffness constants is C 33 (38.5 GPa) > C 11 (24.0 GPa) > C 22 (17.7 GPa). We also investigated the structure and equation of state of LLM-105 under hydrostatic pressure up to 100 GPa. The predicted structures are in good agreement with experimental results available from ambient pressure to 20 GPa. Under compressions, the LLM-105 crystal exhibits anisotropic compressibility, with a highly incompressible response along the a-axis and c-axis. It is worth noting that there is a sudden change in the lattice parameters and change rate of volume at ~30 GPa. Based on the intermolecular interaction analysis and vibrational spectra, a phase transition at the hydrostatic pressure of ~30 GPa is predicted.
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Peterson C, Penchoff D, Wilson A. Prediction of Thermochemical Properties Across the Periodic Table. ANNUAL REPORTS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.arcc.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stavrou E, Riad Manaa M, Zaug JM, Kuo IFW, Pagoria PF, Kalkan B, Crowhurst JC, Armstrong MR. The high pressure structure and equation of state of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) up to 20 GPa: X-ray diffraction measurements and first principles molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4932683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elissaios Stavrou
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M. Riad Manaa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Joseph M. Zaug
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - I-Feng W. Kuo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Philip F. Pagoria
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Bora Kalkan
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jonathan C. Crowhurst
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Michael R. Armstrong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, P.O. Box 808 L-350, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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