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Fárník M. Bridging Gaps between Clusters in Molecular-Beam Experiments and Aerosol Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:287-294. [PMID: 36598955 PMCID: PMC9841566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clusters in molecular beam experiments can mimic aerosol nanoclusters and provide molecular-level details for various processes relevant to atmospheric aerosol research. Aerosol nanoclusters, particles of sizes below 10 nm, are difficult to investigate in ambient atmosphere and thus represent a gap in our understanding of the new particle formation process. Recent field measurements and laboratory experiments are closing this gap; however, experiments with clusters in molecular beams are rarely involved. Yet, they can offer an unprecedented detailed insight into the processes including particles in this size range. In this Perspective, we discuss several up-to-date molecular beam experiments with clusters and demonstrate that the investigated clusters approach aerosol nanoclusters in terms of their complexity and chemistry. We examine remaining gaps between atmospheric aerosols and clusters in molecular beams and speculate about future experiments bridging these gaps.
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Fárník M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Pluhařová E, Poterya V, Pysanenko A. Pickup and reactions of molecules on clusters relevant for atmospheric and interstellar processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3195-3213. [PMID: 33524089 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review experiments with molecules picked up on large clusters in molecular beams with the focus on the processes in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. First, we concentrate on the pickup itself, and we discuss the pickup cross sections. We measure the uptake of different atmospheric molecules on mixed nitric acid-water clusters and determine the accommodation coefficients relevant for aerosol formation in the Earth's atmosphere. Then the coagulation of the adsorbed molecules on the clusters is investigated. In the second part of this perspective, we review examples of different processes triggered by UV-photons or electrons in the clusters with embedded molecules. We start with the photodissociation of hydrogen halides and Freon CF2Cl2 on ice nanoparticles in connection with the polar stratospheric ozone depletion. Next, we mention reactions following the excitation and ionization of the molecules adsorbed on clusters. The first ionization-triggered reaction observed between two different molecules picked up on the cluster was the proton transfer between methanol and formic acid deposited on large argon clusters. Finally, negative ion reactions after slow electron attachment are illustrated by two examples: mixed nitric acid-water clusters, and hydrogen peroxide deposited on large ArN and (H2O)N clusters. The selected examples are discussed from the perspective of the atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, and several future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vinklárek IS, Rakovský J, Poterya V, Fárník M. Clustering and multiphoton effects in velocity map imaging of methyl chloride. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1823507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. S. Vinklárek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Rakovský
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vinklárek IS, Rakovský J, Poterya V, Fárník M. Different Dynamics of CH3 and Cl Fragments from Photodissociation of CH3Cl in Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7633-7643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S. Vinklárek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityKe Karlovu 3121 16Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rakovský
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Fárník M, Lengyel J. Mass spectrometry of aerosol particle analogues in molecular beam experiments. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:630-651. [PMID: 29178389 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-size particles such as ultrafine aerosol particles, ice nanoparticles, water nanodroplets, etc, play an important, however, not yet fully understood role in the atmospheric chemistry and physics. These species are often composed of water with admixture of other atmospherically relevant molecules. To mimic and investigate such particles in laboratory experiments, mixed water clusters with atmospherically relevant molecules can be generated in molecular beams and studied by various mass spectrometric methods. The present review demonstrates that such experiments can provide unprecedented details of reaction mechanisms, and detailed insight into the photon-, electron-, and ion-induced processes relevant to the atmospheric chemistry. After a brief outline of the molecular beam preparation, cluster properties, and ionization methods, we focus on the mixed clusters with various atmospheric molecules, such as hydrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid clusters, Nx Oy and halogen-containing molecules with water. A special attention is paid to their reactivity and solvent effects of water molecules on the observed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Pysanenko A, Kočišek J, Nachtigallová D, Poterya V, Fárník M. Clustering of Uracil Molecules on Ice Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1069-1077. [PMID: 28098464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We generate a molecular beam of ice nanoparticles (H2O)N, N̅ ≈ 130-220, which picks up several individual gas phase uracil (U) or 5-bromouracil (BrU) molecules. The mass spectra of the doped nanoparticles prove that the uracil and bromouracil molecules coagulate to clusters on the ice nanoparticles. Calculations of U and BrU monomers and dimers on the ice nanoparticles provide theoretical support for the cluster formation. The (U)mH+ and (BrU)mH+ intensity dependencies on m extracted from the mass spectra suggest a smaller tendency of BrU to coagulate compared to U, which is substantiated by a lower mobility of bromouracil on the ice surface. The hydrated Um·(H2O)nH+ series are also reported and discussed. On the basis of comparison with the previous experiments, we suggest that the observed propensity for aggregation on ice nanoparticles is a more general trend for biomolecules forming strong hydrogen bonds. This, together with their mobility, leads to their coagulation on ice nanoparticles which is an important aspect for astrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2, 160610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
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Rubovič P, Pysanenko A, Lengyel J, Nachtigallová D, Fárník M. Biomolecule Analogues 2-Hydroxypyridine and 2-Pyridone Base Pairing on Ice Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4720-30. [PMID: 26785038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ice nanoparticles (H2O)N, N ≈ 450 generated in a molecular beam experiment pick up individual gas phase molecules of 2-hydroxypyridine and 2-pyridone (HP) evaporated in a pickup cell at temperatures between 298 and 343 K. The mass spectra of the doped nanoparticles show evidence for generation of clusters of adsorbed molecules (HP)n up to n = 8. The clusters are ionized either by 70 eV electrons or by two photons at 315 nm (3.94 eV). The two ionization methods yield different spectra, and their comparison provides an insight into the neutral cluster composition, ionization and intracluster ion-molecule reactions, and cluster fragmentation. Quite a few molecules were reported not to coagulate on ice nanoparticles previously. The (HP)n cluster generation on ice nanoparticles represents the first evidence for coagulating of molecules and cluster formation on free ice nanoparticles. For comparison, we investigate the coagulation of HP molecules picked up on large clusters ArN, N ≈ 205, and also (HP)n clusters generated in supersonic expansions with Ar buffer gas. This comparison points to a propensity for the (HP)2 dimer generation on ice nanoparticles. This shows the feasibility of base pairing for model of biological molecules on free ice nanoparticles. This result is important for hypotheses of the biomolecule synthesis on ice grains in the space. We support our findings by theoretical calculations that show, among others, the HP dimer structures on water clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rubovič
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
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Grygoryeva K, Kubečka J, Pysanenko A, Lengyel J, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Photochemistry of Nitrophenol Molecules and Clusters: Intra- vs Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4139-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Grygoryeva
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
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Pysanenko A, Habartová A, Svrčková P, Lengyel J, Poterya V, Roeselová M, Fedor J, Fárník M. Lack of Aggregation of Molecules on Ice Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2015. [PMID: 26214577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple molecules adsorbed on the surface of nanosized ice particles can either remain isolated or form aggregates, depending on their mobility. Such (non)aggregation may subsequently drive the outcome of chemical reactions that play an important role in atmospheric chemistry or astrochemistry. We present a molecular beam experiment in which the controlled number of guest molecules is deposited on the water and argon nanoparticles in a pickup chamber and their aggregation is studied mass spectrometrically. The studied molecules (HCl, CH3Cl, CH3CH2CH2Cl, C6H5Cl, CH4, and C6H6) form large aggregates on argon nanoparticles. On the other hand, no aggregation is observed on ice nanoparticles. Molecular simulations confirm the experimental results; they reveal a high degree of aggregation on the argon nanoparticles and show that the molecules remain mostly isolated on the water ice surface. This finding will influence the efficiency of ice grain-mediated synthesis (e.g., in outer space) and is also important for the cluster science community because it shows some limitations of pickup experiments on water clusters.
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Šmídová D, Lengyel J, Pysanenko A, Med J, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Reactivity of Hydrated Electron in Finite Size System: Sodium Pickup on Mixed N2O-Water Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2865-2869. [PMID: 26267171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the reactivity of hydrated electron generated by alkali metal deposition on small water particles with nitrous oxide dopant by means of mass spectrometry and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The mixed nitrous oxide/water clusters were generated in a molecular beam and doped with Na atoms in a pickup experiment, and investigated by mass spectrometry using two different ionization schemes: an electron ionization (EI), and UV photoionization after the Na doping (NaPI). The NaPI is a soft-ionization nondestructive method, especially for water clusters provided that a hydrated electron es– is formed in the cluster. The missing signal for the doped clusters indicates that the hydrated electron is not present in the N2O containing clusters. The simulations reveal that the hydrated electron is formed, but it immediately reacts with N2O, forming first N2O– radical anion, later O–, and finally an OH• and OH– pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Šmídová
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Med
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- †J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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11
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Poterya V, Nachtigallová D, Lengyel J, Fárník M. Photodissociation of aniline N–H bonds in clusters of different nature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25004-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effects on the photodissociation of aniline in cluster environments have been investigated by H-photofragment velocity map imaging at 243 nm, mass spectrometry after electron ionization, and ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
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Svrčková P, Pysanenko A, Lengyel J, Rubovič P, Kočišek J, Poterya V, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Photodissociation dynamics of ethanethiol in clusters: complementary information from velocity map imaging, mass spectrometry and calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25734-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the solvent effects on photodissociation dynamics of the S–H bond in ethanethiol CH3CH2SH (EtSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Svrčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Peter Rubovič
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry v.v.i
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague
- Czech Republic
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