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Geng L, Du Q, Li M, Yin B, Luo Z, Zhao J. The s-p Nonhybrid Nature Causes Adaptive Superatomic States of Bismuth Clusters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300167. [PMID: 37358027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint experimental and theoretical study on the stability and reactivity of Bin + (n=5-33) clusters. The alternating odd-even effect on the reaction rates of Bin + clusters with NO is observed, and Bi7 + finds the most inertness. First-principles calculation results reveal that the lowest energy structures of Bi6-9 + exhibit quasi-spherical geometry pertaining to the jellium shell model; however, the Bin + (n≥10) clusters adopt assembly structures. The prominent stability of Bi7 + is associated with its highly symmetric structure and superatomic states with a magic number of 34e closed shell. For the first time, we demonstrate that the unique s-p nonhybrid feature in bismuth rationalizes the stability of Bi6-9 + clusters within the jellium model, by filling the 6s electrons into the superatomic orbitals (forming "s-band"). Interestingly, the stability of 18e "s-band" coincides with the compact structure for Bin + at n≤9 but assembly structures for n≥10, showing an accommodation of the s electrons to the geometric structure. The atomic p-orbitals also allow to form superatomic orbitals at higher energy levels, contributing to the preferable structures of tridentate binding units. We illustrate the s-p nonhybrid nature accommodates the structure and superatomic states of bismuth clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
| | - Mengxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
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Jones RO. The chemical bond in solids-revisited. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:343001. [PMID: 35636399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article complements an earlier topical review of the chemical bond (Jones 2018J. Phys.: Condens. Matter30153001), starting in the mid-19th century and seen from the perspective of a condensed matter physicist. The discussion of applications focused on the structure and properties of phase change materials. We review here additional aspects of chemistry, particularly some that have raised interest recently in this context. Concepts such as 'electron-rich', 'electron-deficient (excess orbital)', 'hypervalent', 'three-centre', and 'metavalent' bonds, and 'multicentre hyperbonding' are now found in the condensed matter literature. They are surveyed here, as well as the bond in metals and the 'Peierls' distortion. What are these concepts, are they related, and are they sometimes new labels for established, but unfamiliar ideas? 'Half bonds' and 'fractional valencies' play a central role in this discussion. It is remarkable that they were introduced 100 years ago, but ignored or forgotten, and have needed to be rediscovered more than once.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1 and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Emuna M, Matityahu S, Yahel E, Makov G, Greenberg Y. A reversible transition in liquid Bi under pressure. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:034505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Emuna
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - S. Matityahu
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - E. Yahel
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - G. Makov
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Y. Greenberg
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
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Lahm ME, Hoobler PR, Turney JM, Peterson KA, Schaefer HF. The bismuth tetramer Bi4: the ν3 key to experimental observation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21881-21889. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03529f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic identification of Bi4 has been very elusive. Two constitutional Bi4 isomers of Td and C2v symmetry are investigated and each is found to be a local energetic minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E. Lahm
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- Georgia
| | - Preston R. Hoobler
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- Georgia
| | - Justin M. Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- Georgia
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- Georgia
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- Georgia
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Jones RO, Ahlstedt O, Akola J, Ropo M. Density functional study of structure and dynamics in liquid antimony and Sb n clusters. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:194502. [PMID: 28527440 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional/molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on liquid antimony (588 atoms and six temperatures between 600 K and 1300 K) and on neutral Sb clusters with up to 14 atoms. We study structural patterns (coordination numbers, bond angles, and ring patterns, structure factors, pair distribution functions) and dynamical properties (vibration frequencies, diffusion constants, power spectra, dynamical structure factors, viscosity) and compare with available experimental results and with the results of our previous simulations on Bi. Three short covalent bonds characteristic of pnictogens are common in the clusters, and higher temperatures lead in the liquid to broader bond angle distributions, larger total cavity volumes, and weaker correlations between neighboring bond lengths. There are clear similarities between the properties of Sb and Bi aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Jones
- Peter Grünberg Institut PGI-1 and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O Ahlstedt
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - J Akola
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - M Ropo
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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Deep melting reveals liquid structural memory and anomalous ferromagnetism in bismuth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3375-3380. [PMID: 28289195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615874114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As an archetypal semimetal with complex and anisotropic Fermi surface and unusual electric properties (e.g., high electrical resistance, large magnetoresistance, and giant Hall effect), bismuth (Bi) has played a critical role in metal physics. In general, Bi displays diamagnetism with a high volumetric susceptibility ([Formula: see text]10-4). Here, we report unusual ferromagnetism in bulk Bi samples recovered from a molten state at pressures of 1.4-2.5 GPa and temperatures above [Formula: see text]1,250 K. The ferromagnetism is associated with a surprising structural memory effect in the molten state. On heating, low-temperature Bi liquid (L) transforms to a more randomly disordered high-temperature liquid (L') around 1,250 K. By cooling from above 1,250 K, certain structural characteristics of liquid L' are preserved in L. Bi clusters with characteristics of the liquid L' motifs are further preserved through solidification into the Bi-II phase across the pressure-independent melting curve, which may be responsible for the observed ferromagnetism.
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Ropo M, Akola J, Jones RO. Collective excitations and viscosity in liquid Bi. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Ropo
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jaakko Akola
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - R. O. Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut (PGI-1) and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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