1
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Gamboni G, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. The Chemical Bond at the Bottom of the Periodic Table: The Case of the Heavy Astatine and the Super-Heavy Tennessine. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400310. [PMID: 38708605 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we study the chemical bond in molecules containing heavy and super-heavy elements according to the current state-of-the-art bonding models. An Energy Decomposition Analysis in combination with Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence (EDA-NOCV) within the relativistic four-component Dirac-Kohn-Sham (DKS) framework is employed, which allows to successfully include the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects on the chemical bond description. Simple halogen-bonded adducts ClX⋯L (X=At, Ts; L=NH3, Br-, H2O, CO) of astatine and tennessine have been selected to assess a trend on descending along a group, while modulating the ClX⋯L bond features through the different electronic nature of the ligand L. Interesting effects caused by SOC have been revealed: i) a huge increase of the ClTs dipole moment (which is almost twice as that of ClAt), ii) a lowering of the ClX⋯L bonding energy arising from different contributions to the ClX…L interaction energy strongly depending on the nature of L, iii) a quenching of one of the π back-donation components to the bond. In the ClTs(CO) adduct, the back-donation from ClTs to CO becomes the most important component. The analysis of the electronic structure of the ClX dimers allows for a clear interpretation of the SOC effects in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gamboni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Baykov SV, Katlenok EA, Baykova SO, Semenov AV, Bokach NA, Boyarskiy VP. Conformation-Associated C··· dz2-Pt II Tetrel Bonding: The Case of Cyclometallated Platinum(II) Complex with 4-Cyanopyridyl Urea Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4052. [PMID: 38612862 PMCID: PMC11012616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of 3-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (1) to cis-[Pt(CNXyl)2Cl2] (2) gave a new cyclometallated compound 3. It was characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 195Pt) and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as crystallized to obtain two crystalline forms (3 and 3·2MeCN), whose structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. In the crystalline structure of 3, two conformers (3A and 3B) were identified, while the structure 3·2MeCN had only one conformer 3A. The conformers differed by orientation of the N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl moiety relative to the metallacycle plane. In both crystals 3 and 3·2MeCN, the molecules of the Pt(II) complex are associated into supramolecular dimers, either {3A}2 or {3B}2, via stacking interactions between the planes of two metal centers, which are additionally supported by hydrogen bonding. The theoretical consideration, utilizing a number of computational approaches, demonstrates that the C···dz2(Pt) interaction makes a significant contribution in the total stacking forces in the geometrically optimized dimer [3A]2 and reveals the dz2(Pt)→π*(PyCN) charge transfer (CT). The presence of such CT process allowed for marking the C···Pt contact as a new example of a rare studied phenomenon, namely, tetrel bonding, in which the metal site acts as a Lewis base (an acceptor of noncovalent interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (E.A.K.); (A.V.S.); (V.P.B.)
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3
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Rossi E, Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L, Ciancaleoni G. Monomeric gold hydrides for carbon dioxide reduction: ligand effect on the reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303512. [PMID: 38189856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We analyzed the ligand electronic effect in the reaction between a [LAu(I)H]0/- hydride species and CO2, leading to a coordinated formate [LAu(HCOO)]0/-. We explored 20 different ligands, such as carbenes, phosphines and others, carefully selected to cover a wide range of electron-donor and -acceptor properties. We included in the study the only ligand, an NHC-coordinated diphosphene, that, thus far, experimentally demonstrated facile and reversible reaction between the monomeric gold(I) hydride and carbon dioxide. We elucidated the previously unknown reaction mechanism, which resulted to be concerted and common to all the ligands: the gold-hydrogen bond attacks the carbon atom of CO2 with one oxygen atom coordinating to the gold center. A correlation between the ligand σ donor ability, which affects the electron density at the reactive site, and the kinetic activation barriers of the reaction has been found. This systematic study offers useful guidelines for the rational design of new ligands for this reaction, while suggesting a few promising and experimentally accessible potential candidates for the stoichiometric or catalytic CO2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, US
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- CIRCC, Bari, Italy
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4
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Cooperative small molecule activation by apolar and weakly polar bonds through the lens of a suitable computational protocol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1222-1238. [PMID: 38126734 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule activation processes are central in chemical research and cooperativity is a valuable tool for the fine-tuning of the efficiency of these reactions. In this contribution, we discuss recent and remarkable examples in which activation processes are mediated by bimetallic compounds featuring apolar or weakly polar metal-metal bonds. Relevant experimental breakthroughs are thoroughly analyzed from a computational perspective. We highlight how the rational and non-trivial application of selected computational approaches not only allows rationalization of the observed reactivities but also inferring of general principles applicable to activation processes, such as the breakdown of the structure-reactivity relationship in carbon dioxide activation in a cooperative framework. We finally provide a simple yet unbiased computational protocol to study these reactions, which can support experimental advances aimed at expanding the range of applications of apolar and weakly polar bonds as catalysts for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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5
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Schmitt M, Krossing I. Terminal end-on coordination of dinitrogen versus isoelectronic CO: A comparison using the charge displacement analysis. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:149-158. [PMID: 35312076 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The metal dinitrogen bonding in a wide series of terminal end-on dinitrogen complexes is investigated with the charge displacement analysis based on natural orbitals of chemical valence (CD-NOCV). The effect of the σ donation and π backdonation on the NN bond are discussed and compared with the observations for a series of carbonyl complexes, published in 2016 by Tarantelli et al. The σ donation is relative invariant over the series of dinitrogen complexes and has no significant effect on the NN bond strength, whereas the π backdonation causes a considerable elongation of the NN bond. Some uncommon examples of weakly bound dinitrogen with blue-shifted stretching frequency compared to free N2 (ν = 2330 cm-1 ) are known. The dinitrogen bonding in these complexes is simulated with a point charge. Apparently, electrostatics account for the shortened N─N bond in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Radical-like reactivity for dihydrogen activation by coinage metal-aluminyl complexes: computational evidence inspired by experimental main group chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:889-896. [PMID: 36755722 PMCID: PMC9890964 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The computational study of an unprecedented reactivity of coinage metal-aluminyl complexes with dihydrogen is reported. In close resemblance to group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes, the complexes are predicted to activate H2 under mild conditions. Two different reaction pathways are found disclosing a common driving force, i.e., the nucleophilic behavior of the electron-sharing M-Al (M = Cu, Ag, Au) bond, which enables a cooperative and diradical-like mechanism. This mode of chemical reactivity emerges as a new paradigm for dihydrogen activation and calls for experimental feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
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7
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Widening the Landscape of Small Molecule Activation with Gold-Aluminyl Complexes: A Systematic Study of E-H (E=O, N) Bonds, SO 2 and N 2 O Activation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203584. [PMID: 36660925 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The electronic features of gold-aluminyl complexes have been thoroughly explored. Their similarity with Group 14 dimetallenes and other metal-aluminyl complexes suggests that their reactivity with small molecules beyond carbon dioxide could be accessed. In this work, the reactivity of the [t Bu3 PAuAl(NON)] (NON=4,5-bis(2,6 diisopropylanilido)-2,7-ditert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) complex towards water, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide is computationally explored. The reaction mechanisms computed for each substrate strongly suggest that all activation processes are in principle experimentally feasible. Electronic structure analysis highlights that, in all cases, the reactivity is driven by the presence of the poorly polarized electron-sharing gold-aluminyl bond, which induces a radical-like reactivity of the complex towards all the substrates. A flat topology of the potential energy surface (PES) has been found for the reaction with N2 O, where two almost isoenergetic transition states can be located along the same reaction coordinate with different geometries, suggesting that the N2 O binding mode may not be a good indicator of the nature of N2 O activation in a cooperative bimetallic reactivity. In addition, the catalytic potentialities of these complexes have been explored in the framework of nitrous oxide reduction. The study reveals that the [t Bu3 PAuAl(NON)] complex might be an efficient catalyst towards oxidation of phosphines (and boranes) via N2 O reduction. These findings underline recurring trends in the novel chemistry of gold-aluminyl complexes and call for experimental feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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8
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Mechanistic Study of Alkyne Insertion into Cu-Al and Au-Al Bonds: A Paradigm Shift for Coinage Metal Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:21095-21106. [PMID: 36493466 PMCID: PMC9795551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of the insertion reaction of 3-hexyne into Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds in M-aluminyl (M = Cu, Au) complexes is computationally elucidated. The mechanism is found to be radical-like, with the Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds acting as nucleophiles toward the alkyne, and predicts a less efficient reactivity for the gold-aluminyl complex. The proposed mechanism well rationalizes the kinetic (or thermodynamic) control on the formation of the syn (or anti) insertion product into the Cu-Al bond (i.e., dimetallated alkene) which has been recently reported. A comparative analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the reduced reactivity at the gold site─usually showing higher efficiency than copper as a "standard" electrophile in alkyne activation─arises from a common feature, i.e., the highly stable 6s Au orbital. The relativistic lowering of the 6s orbital, making it more suitable for accepting electron density and thus enhancing the electrophilicity of gold complexes, in the gold-aluminyl system is responsible for a less nucleophilic Au-Al bond and, consequently, a less efficient alkyne insertion. These findings demonstrate that the unconventional electronic structure and the electron-sharing nature of the M-Al bond induce a paradigm shift in the properties of coinage metal complexes. In particular, the peculiar radical-like reactivity, previously shown also with carbon dioxide, suggests that these complexes might efficiently insert/activate other small molecules, opening new and unexplored paths for their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
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9
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Nottoli G, Ballotta B, Rampino S. Local Charge-Displacement Analysis: Targeting Local Charge-Flows in Complex Intermolecular Interactions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084107. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge-displacement (CD) analysis has recently proven to be a simple and powerful scheme for quantitatively analyzing the profile of the charge redistribution occurring upon intermolecular interactions along a given interaction axis. However, when two molecular fragments bind through complex interactions involving multiple concurrent charge flows, ordinary CD analysis is capable of providing only an averaged picture of the related charge-flow profiles and no detailed information on each of them. In this article, we combine CD analysis with a Hirshfeld partitioning of the molecular charge redistribution for a local analysis on focused portions of the molecule, allowing for a detailed characterization of one charge flow at a time. The resulting scheme - the local charge-displacement (LCD) analysis - is tested on the intriguing case of the dimethyl sulfide (DMS)-sulfur dioxide (SO2) complex, characterized by concurrent charge flows relating to a sulfur-sulfur homo-chalcogen interaction and a pair of hydrogen bonds. The LCD scheme is then applied to the analysis of multiple hydrogen bonding in the acetic acid dimer, of base-pairing interactions in DNA, and of ambifunctional hydrogen bonding in the ammonia-pyridine complex.
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10
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Sorbelli D, Rossi E, Havenith RWA, Klein JEMN, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Gold-Aluminyl and Gold-Diarylboryl Complexes: Bonding and Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7327-7337. [PMID: 35512414 PMCID: PMC9115750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The unconventional
carbon dioxide insertion reaction of a gold-aluminyl
[tBu3PAuAl(NON)] complex has been recently shown
to be related to the electron-sharing character of the Au–Al
bond that acts as a nucleophile and stabilizes the insertion product
through a radical-like behavior. Since a gold-diarylboryl [IPrAuB(o-tol)2] complex with similar reactivity features
has been recently reported, in this work we computationally investigate
the reaction of carbon dioxide with [LAuX] (L = phosphine, N-heterocyclic
carbene (NHC); X = Al(NON), B(o-tol)2)
complexes to get insights into the Al/B anionic and gold ancillary
ligand effects on the Au–Al/B bond nature, electronic structure,
and reactivity of these compounds. We demonstrate that the Au–Al
and Au–B bonds possess a similar electron-sharing nature, with
diarylboryl complexes displaying a slightly more polarized bond as
Au(δ+)–B(δ–). This
feature reduces the radical-like reactivity toward CO2,
and the Al/B anionic ligand effect is found to favor aluminyls over
boryls, despite the greater oxophilicity of B. Remarkably, the ancillary
ligand of gold has a negligible electronic trans effect on the Au–X
bond and only a minor impact on the formation of the insertion product,
which is slightly more stable with carbene ligands. Surprisingly,
we find that the modification of the steric hindrance at the carbene
site may exert a sizable control over the reaction, with more sterically
hindered ligands thermodynamically disfavoring the formation of the
CO2 insertion product. The Au−Al and Au−B
bonds have both an electron-sharing
nature, with the diarylboryl gold complexes displaying a more polarized
Auδ+−Bδ− bond. The
gold ligand (phosphine or N-heterocyclic carbene) has a negligible
electronic effect on the Au−X bond, consistently with a radical-like
reactivity of the complexes with carbon dioxide, which favors the
gold-aluminyl over the gold-diarylboryl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Chemistry of (bio)Molecular Materials and Devices, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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11
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Unraveling differences in aluminyl and carbene coordination chemistry: bonding in gold complexes and reactivity with carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4623-4634. [PMID: 35656139 PMCID: PMC9020189 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00630h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic properties of aluminyl anions have been reported to be strictly related to those of carbenes, which are well-known to be easily tunable via selected structural modifications imposed on their backbone. Since peculiar reactivity of gold-aluminyl complexes towards carbon dioxide has been reported, leading to insertion of CO2 into the Au-Al bond, in this work the electronic structure and reactivity of Au-Al complexes with different aluminyl scaffolds have been systematically studied and compared to carbene analogues. The analyses reveal that, instead, aluminyls and carbenes display a very different behavior when bound to gold, with the aluminyls forming an electron-sharing and weakly polarized Au-Al bond, which turns out to be poorly modulated by structural modifications of the ligand. The reactivity of gold-aluminyl complexes towards CO2 shows, both qualitatively and quantitatively, similar reaction mechanisms, reflecting the scarce tunability of their electronic structure and bond nature. This work provides further insights and perspectives on the properties of the aluminyl anions and their behavior as coordination ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
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12
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. What Singles out Aluminyl Anions? A Comparative Computational Study of the Carbon Dioxide Insertion Reaction in Gold-Aluminyl, -Gallyl, and -Indyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1704-1716. [PMID: 34986633 PMCID: PMC8790757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anionic aluminum(I) anions ("aluminyls") are the most recent discovery along Group 13 anions, and the understanding of the unconventional reactivity they are able to induce at a coordinated metal site is at an early stage. A striking example is the efficient insertion of carbon dioxide into the Au-Al bond of a gold-aluminyl complex. The reaction occurs via a cooperative mechanism, with the gold-aluminum bond being the actual nucleophile and the Al site also behaving as an electrophile. In the complex, the Au-Al bond has been shown to be mainly of an electron-sharing nature, with the two metal fragments displaying a diradical-like reactivity with CO2. In this work, the analogous reactivity with isostructural Au-X complexes (X = Al, Ga, and In) is computationally explored. We demonstrate that a kinetically and thermodynamically favorable reactivity with CO2 may only be expected for the gold-aluminyl complex. The Au-Al bond nature, which features the most (nonpolar) electron-sharing character among the Group 13 anions analyzed here, is responsible for its highest efficiency. The radical-like reactivity appears to be a key ingredient to stabilize the CO2 insertion product. This investigation elucidates the special role of Al in these hetero-binuclear compounds, providing new insights into the peculiar electronic structure of aluminyls, which may help for the rational control of their unprecedented reactivity toward carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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13
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A Comprehensive Analysis of the Metal-Nitrile Bonding in an Organo-Diiron System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237088. [PMID: 34885670 PMCID: PMC8659010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitriles (N≡CR) are ubiquitous in coordination chemistry, yet literature studies on metal-nitrile bonding based on a multi-technique approach are rare. We selected an easily-available di-organoiron framework, containing both π-acceptor (CO, aminocarbyne) and donor (Cp = η5-C5H5) ligands, as a suitable system to provide a comprehensive description of the iron-nitrile bond. Thus, the new nitrile (2-12)CF3SO3 and the related imine/amine complexes (8-9)CF3SO3 were synthesized in 58-83% yields from the respective tris-carbonyl precursors (1a-d)CF3SO3, using the TMNO strategy (TMNO = trimethylamine-N-oxide). The products were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR (solution and solid state) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the structures of (2)CF3SO3, (3)CF3SO3, (5)CF3SO3 and (11)CF3SO3 were ascertained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Salient spectroscopic data of the nitrile complexes are coherent with the scale of electron-donor power of the R substituents; otherwise, this scale does not match the degree of Fe → N π-back-donation and the Fe-N bond energies, which were elucidated in (2-7)CF3SO3 by DFT calculations.
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14
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Sagresti L, Rampino S. Charge-Flow Profiles along Curvilinear Paths: A Flexible Scheme for the Analysis of Charge Displacement upon Intermolecular Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216409. [PMID: 34770822 PMCID: PMC8586930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Charge-Displacement (CD) analysis has proven to be a powerful tool for a quantitative characterization of the electron-density flow occurring upon chemical bonding along a suitably chosen interaction axis. In several classes of interesting intermolecular interactions, however, an interaction axis cannot be straightforwardly defined, and the CD analysis loses consistency and usefulness. In this article, we propose a general, flexible reformulation of the CD analysis capable of providing a quantitative view of the charge displacement along custom curvilinear paths. The new scheme naturally reduces to ordinary CD analysis if the path is chosen to be a straight line. An implementation based on a discrete sampling of the electron densities and a Voronoi space partitioning is described and shown in action on two test cases of a metal-carbonyl and a pyridine-ammonia complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sagresti
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Reactivity of a Gold-Aluminyl Complex with Carbon Dioxide: A Nucleophilic Gold? J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14433-14437. [PMID: 34472349 PMCID: PMC8447181 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A gold-aluminyl complex has been recently reported to feature an unconventional gold nucleophilic center, which was revealed through reactivity with carbon dioxide leading to the Au-CO2 coordination mode. In this work, we computationally investigate the reaction mechanism, which is found to be cooperative, with the gold-aluminum bond being the actual nucleophile and Al also behaving as electrophile. The Au-Al bond is shown to be mainly of an electron-sharing nature, with the two metal fragments displaying a diradical-like reactivity with CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) c/o Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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16
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Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L. Tuning the Gold(I)‐Carbon σ Bond in Gold‐Alkynyl Complexes through Structural Modifications of the NHC Ancillary Ligand: Effect on Spectroscopic Observables and Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
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17
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Ciancaleoni G, Rocchigiani L. Assessing the Orbital Contribution in the "Spodium Bond" by Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence-Charge Displacement Analysis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4683-4692. [PMID: 33760600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The term "spodium bond" (SpB) has been recently proposed to describe the noncoordinative interaction that can be established between a polarized group 12 metal and a mild Lewis base (LB). Most of the systems showing short metal-donor distances compatible with SpB are characterized by the coexistence of multiple weak interactions, including hydrogen and halogen bonding, making the assessment of real importance of SpB difficult. Here, we show that the relative importance of each contribution can be probed by dissecting the orbital component of the interaction through the extended transition state-natural orbital for chemical valence-charge displacement analysis (ETS-NOCV-CD). The latter gives useful information about relative energies and electrons involved, for model systems ([(thiourea)2MX2]···LB; M = Zn, Cd, and Hg; X = Cl and I; and LB = CH2S, CH2O, CH3CN, and CO) and a variety of structures extracted from experimentally characterized adducts, allowing us to demonstrate the lack of a direct correlation between a favorable metal-base distance and the presence of an orbital contribution for the SpB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Università degli Studi di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
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18
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Sorbelli D, De Santis M, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L. Spectroscopic/Bond Property Relationship in Group 11 Dihydrides via Relativistic Four-Component Methods. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10565-10579. [PMID: 33327724 PMCID: PMC8016197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group 11 dihydrides MH2- (M = Cu, Ag, Au, Rg) have been much less studied than the corresponding MH compounds, despite having potentially several interesting applications in chemical research. In this work, their main spectroscopic constants (bond lengths, dissociation energies, and force constants) have been evaluated by means of highly accurate relativistic four-component coupled cluster (4c-CCSD(T)) calculations in combination with large basis sets. Periodic trends have been quantitatively explained by the charge-displacement/natural orbitals for chemical valence (CD-NOCV) analysis based on the four-component relativistic Dirac-Kohn-Sham method, which allows a consistent picture of the nature of the M-H bond to be obtained on going down the periodic table in terms of Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson bonding components. A strong ligand-to-metal donation drives the M-H bond and it is responsible for the heterolytic (HM···H-) dissociation energies to increase monotonically from Cu to Rg, with RgH2- showing the strongest and most covalent M-H bond. The "V"-shaped trend observed for the bond lengths, dissociation energies, and stretching frequencies can be explained in terms of relativistic effects and, in particular, of the relativistically enhanced sd hybridization occurring at the metal, which affects the metal-ligand distances in heavy transition-metal complexes. The sd hybridization is very small for Cu and Ag, whereas it becomes increasingly important for Au and Rg, being responsible for the increasing covalent character of the bond, the sizable contraction of the Au-H and Rg-H bonds, and the observed trend. This work rationalizes the spectroscopic/bond property relationship in group 11 dihydrides within highly accurate relativistic quantum chemistry methods, paving the way for their applications in chemical bond investigations involving heavy and superheavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium
for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium
for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Cesario D, Fortino M, Marino T, Nunzi F, Russo N, Sicilia E. The role of the halogen bond in iodothyronine deiodinase: Dependence on chalcogen substitution in naphthyl-based mimetics. J Comput Chem 2020; 40:944-951. [PMID: 30681189 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects on the activity of thyroxine (T4) due to the chalcogen replacement in a series of peri-substituted naphthalenes mimicking the catalytic function of deiodinase enzymes are computationally examined using density functional theory. In particular, T4 inner-ring deiodination pathways assisted by naphthyl-based models bearing two tellurols and a tellurol-thiol pair in peri-position are explored and compared with the analogous energy profiles for the naphthalene mimic having two selenols. The presence of a halogen bond (XB) in the intermediate formed in the first step and involved in the rate-determining step of the reaction is assumed to facilitate the process increasing the rate of the reaction. The rate-determining step calculated energy barrier heights allow rationalizing the experimentally observed superior catalytic activity of tellurium containing mimics. Charge displacement analysis is used to ascertain the presence and the role of the electron density charge transfer occurring in the rate-determining step of the reaction, suggesting the incipient formation or presence of a XB interaction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cesario
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Fortino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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20
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Ciancaleoni G, Belpassi L. Disentanglement of orthogonal hydrogen and halogen bonds via natural orbital for chemical valence: A charge displacement analysis. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1185-1193. [PMID: 32011001 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As known, the electron density of covalently bound halogen atoms is anisotropically distributed, making them potentially able to establish many weak interactions, acting at the same time as halogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors. Indeed, there are many examples in which the halogen and hydrogen bond coexist in the same structure and, if a correct bond analysis is required, their separation is mandatory. Here, the advantages and limitations of coupling the charge displacement analysis with natural orbital for chemical valence method (NOCV-CD) to separately analyze orthogonal weak interactions are shown, for both symmetric and asymmetric adducts. The methodology gives optimal results with intermolecular adducts but, in the presence of an organometallic complex, also intramolecular interactions can be correctly analyzed. Beyond the methodological aspects, it is shown that correctly separate and quantify the interactions can give interesting chemical insights about the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta"-CNR (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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21
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Belpassi L, De Santis M, Quiney HM, Tarantelli F, Storchi L. BERTHA: Implementation of a four-component Dirac–Kohn–Sham relativistic framework. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164118. [PMID: 32357778 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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22
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Izquierdo MA, Tarantelli F, Broer R, Bistoni G, Belpassi L, Havenith RWA. Orbital Decomposition of the Carbon Chemical Shielding Tensor in Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:1177-1183. [PMID: 32362781 PMCID: PMC7188322 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The good performance of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in terms of versatility and selectivity, has called the attention of experimentalists and theoreticians attempting to understand their electronic properties. Analyses of the Au(I)–C bond in [(NHC)AuL]+/0 (L stands for a neutral or negatively charged ligand), through the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model and the charge displacement function, have revealed that NHC is not purely a σ‐donor but may have a significant π‐acceptor character. It turns out, however, that only the σ‐donation bonding component strongly correlates with one specific component of the chemical shielding tensor. Here, in extension to earlier works, a current density analysis, based on the continuous transformation of the current density diamagnetic zero approach, along a series of [(NHC)AuL]+/0 complexes is presented. The shielding tensor is decomposed into orbital contributions using symmetry considerations together with a spectral analysis in terms of occupied to virtual orbital transitions. Analysis of the orbital transitions shows that the induced current density is largely influenced by rotational transitions. The orbital decomposition of the shielding tensor leads to a deeper understanding of the ligand effect on the magnetic response properties and the electronic structure of (NHC)‐Au fragments. Such an orbital decomposition scheme may be extended to other magnetic properties and/or substrate‐metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Izquierdo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular Science University of Valencia P.O. Box 22085 46071 Valencia Spain
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche del CNR "G. Natta" (SCITEC-CNR) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Ria Broer
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche del CNR "G. Natta" (SCITEC-CNR) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 (S3), B -9000 Gent Belgium
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23
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Martino M, Salvadori A, Lazzari F, Paoloni L, Nandi S, Mancini G, Barone V, Rampino S. Chemical promenades: Exploring potential-energy surfaces with immersive virtual reality. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1310-1323. [PMID: 32058615 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The virtual-reality framework AVATAR (Advanced Virtual Approach to Topological Analysis of Reactivity) for the immersive exploration of potential-energy landscapes is presented. AVATAR is based on modern consumer-grade virtual-reality technology and builds on two key concepts: (a) the reduction of the dimensionality of the potential-energy surface to two process-tailored, physically meaningful generalized coordinates, and (b) the analogy between the evolution of a chemical process and a pathway through valleys (potential wells) and mountain passes (saddle points) of the associated potential energy landscape. Examples including the discovery of competitive reaction paths in simple A + BC collisional systems and the interconversion between conformers in ring-puckering motions of flexible rings highlight the innovation potential that augmented and virtual reality convey for teaching, training, and supporting research in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martino
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Surajit Nandi
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Rossi E, De Santis M, Sorbelli D, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Spin-orbit coupling is the key to unraveling intriguing features of the halogen bond involving astatine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1897-1910. [PMID: 31912075 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on the halogen bond involving astatine has been investigated using state-of-the-art two- and four-component relativistic calculations. Adducts between Cl-X (X = Cl, Br, I and At) and ammonia have been selected to establish a trend on going down the periodic table. The SOC influence has been explored not only on the geometric and energetic features that can be used to characterize the halogen bond strength but also on the three main contributions to it that are the charge transfer, the "σ-hole" (i.e. the localized region with a net positive electrostatic potential at the halogen site) and the "polar flattening" (which is related to the effective shape of the halogen site). A surprisingly large increase of the Cl-At dipole moment, due to the inclusion of SOC, has been worked out using four-component CCSD(T) reference calculations, indicating that this bond is significantly more ionic than one may predict. Due to the SOC effect, which induces a peculiar charge accumulation on the At side in the Cl-At dimer, a weakening of the astatine-mediated halogen bond occurs arising from the (i) reduced amount of charge transfer, (ii) decrease of the polar flattening and (iii) lowering of the short-range Coulomb potential. The analysis of the electronic structure of the Cl-At moiety allows for a rationalization of the SOC effects on all the considered features of the halogen bond, including an unprecedented unsymmetrical charge back-donation from Cl-At to ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Loriano Storchi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. D'Annunzio, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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25
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Rossi-Fernández AC, Villegas-Escobar N, Guzmán-Angel D, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Ferullo RM, Castellani NJ, Toro-Labbé A. Theoretical study of glycine amino acid adsorption on graphene oxide. J Mol Model 2020; 26:33. [PMID: 31982975 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The non-dissociative and dissociative adsorptions of zwitterionic Gly on graphene oxide (GO) was studied in the framework of DFT using a cluster model approach. In this work, the interaction with an epoxy group of GO basal plane was mainly considered. As a comparison, the non-dissociative and dissociative adsorptions of neutral Gly were also taken into account. The non-dissociative adsorption modes for zwitterionic and neutral Gly conformers show binding energies of 12.2 and 14.4 kcal mol-1, respectively. These molecules are thought to remain over the GO surface due to attractive noncovalent interactions. Two dissociative adsorption modes, for Z-Gly and N-Gly, show smaller binding energies of 7.2 and 8.4 kcal mol-1, where the deprotonated species links strongly through a C-O or C-N covalent bond to the GO surface. The results obtained in the present theoretical approach to the glycine/graphene oxide system support the fact that glycine can be attached to epoxy groups of graphene oxide basal planes in addition to the anchoring on edge oxidation groups. In summary, we conclude that glycine can be used as a reducing agent as well as a functionalizer of GO sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Rossi-Fernández
- Departamento de Química-Física, Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile. .,Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), CONICET-UNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Departamento de Química-Física, Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Angel
- Departamento de Química-Física, Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Departamento de Química-Física, Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo M Ferullo
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), CONICET-UNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norberto J Castellani
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR), CONICET-UNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Departamento de Química-Física, Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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Ciancaleoni G, Nunzi F, Belpassi L. Charge Displacement Analysis-A Tool to Theoretically Characterize the Charge Transfer Contribution of Halogen Bonds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020300. [PMID: 31940866 PMCID: PMC7024339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical bonding analysis is of prime importance for the deep understanding of the various chemical interactions, covalent or not. Among the various methods that have been developed in the last decades, the analysis of the Charge Displacement function (CD) demonstrated to be useful to reveal the charge transfer effects in many contexts, from weak hydrogen bonds, to the characterization of σ hole interactions, as halogen, chalcogen and pnictogen bonding or even in the decomposition of the metal-ligand bond. Quite often, the CD analysis has also been coupled with experimental techniques, in order to give a complete description of the system under study. In this review, we focus on the use of CD analysis on halogen bonded systems, describing the most relevant literature examples about gas phase and condensed phase systems. Chemical insights will be drawn about the nature of halogen bond, its cooperativity and its influence on metal-ligand bond components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-9351
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
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27
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Potenti S, Paoloni L, Nandi S, Fusè M, Barone V, Rampino S. Chemical bonding in cuprous complexes with simple nitriles: octet rule and resonance concepts versus quantitative charge-redistribution analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20238-20247. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resonance structures for six cuprous complexes with simple nitriles are interpreted by means of a quantitative analysis of charge redistribution upon copper-nitrile bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Surajit Nandi
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- SMART Laboratory
- 56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Marco Fusè
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- SMART Laboratory
- 56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- SMART Laboratory
- 56126 Pisa
- Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) – Sezione di Pisa
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- SMART Laboratory
- 56126 Pisa
- Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) – Sezione di Pisa
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28
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Klenner MA, Zhang B, Ciancaleoni G, Howard JK, Maynard-Casely HE, Clegg JK, Massi M, Fraser BH, Pascali G. Rhenium(i) complexation–dissociation strategy for synthesising fluorine-18 labelled pyridine bidentate radiotracers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8853-8865. [PMID: 35496512 PMCID: PMC9049978 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorine-18 radiolabelling method employing rhenium(i) mediation is described herein. In less than 1 minute, fluorine-18 labelled complexes and ligands were synthesised in greater than 80% and 60% radiochemical yields (RCY), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Klenner
- Human Health & National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences
- Curtin University
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - James K. Howard
- Human Health & National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australia
| | - Helen E. Maynard-Casely
- Human Health & National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australia
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- St. Lucia
- Australia
| | | | - Benjamin H. Fraser
- Human Health & National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australia
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- Human Health & National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
- Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre
- The University of Sydney
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29
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The pivotal role of the counterion in gold catalyzed hydration and alkoxylation of alkynes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Buttarazzi E, Rosi F, Ciancaleoni G. Influence of halogen bonding on gold(i)-ligand bond components and DFT characterization of a gold-iodine halogen bond. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20478-20485. [PMID: 31463502 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A gold(i) complex bearing nitrogen acyclic carbene (NAC) and selenourea (SeU) has been used to verify whether the second-sphere SeI halogen bond (XB) is able to modify the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson components of the Au-C and Au-Se bonds. The chosen system was found to be thermically unstable but it allowed an in-depth theoretical study by means of Energy Decomposition Analysis, Natural Bond Orbital and Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence methods, coupled with Charge Displacement analysis. Indeed, in the presence of iodoperfluoroalkanes as XB donors, iodine interacts with the lone pair of the coordinated selenium, enhancing the Au ← C σ donation and depressing the Au → C π back-donation, as demonstrated also by the increase of the rotational barrier of the C-N bond of the NAC (see G. Ciancaleoni and others, Chem. - Eur. J., 2015, 21, 2467). On the other hand, in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), the gold directly establishes a XB with the iodine by using its d lone pairs. This AuI XB is favored by the low steric hindrance of the ligands coordinated to the gold and the presence of the amino protons of SeU, which establish additional hydrogen bonds with the NIS. Also in this case, the effect is to increase the σ acidity and decrease the π basicity of the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Buttarazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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31
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De Santis M, Rampino S, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F. The Chemical Bond and s–d Hybridization in Coinage Metal(I) Cyanides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11716-11729. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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32
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Sorbelli D, Nunes dos Santos Comprido L, Knizia G, Hashmi ASK, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P, Klein JEMN. Cationic Gold(I) Diarylallenylidene Complexes: Bonding Features and Ligand Effects. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1671-1679. [PMID: 31039277 PMCID: PMC6617728 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using computational approaches, we qualitatively and quantitatively assess the bonding components of a series of experimentally characterized Au(I) diarylallenylidene complexes (N.Kim, R.A.Widenhoefer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4722-4726). Our results clearly demonstrate that Au(I) engages only weakly in π-backbonding, which is, however, a tunable bonding component. Computationally identified trends in bonding are clearly correlated with the substitution patterns of the aryl substituents in the Au(I) diarylallenylidene complexes and good agreement is found with the previously reported experimental data, such as IR spectra, 13 C NMR chemical shifts and rates of decomposition together with their corresponding barrier heights, further substantiating the computational findings. The description of the bonding patterns in these complexes allow predictions of their spectroscopic features, their reactivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto 806123PerugiaItaly
| | - Laura Nunes dos Santos Comprido
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningen, TheNetherlands
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Gerald Knizia
- Department of ChemistryPennsylvania State University401A Chemistry Bldg; University ParkPA 16802USA
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia Elce di Sotto 8Perugia06123Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto 806123PerugiaItaly
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia Elce di Sotto 8Perugia06123Italy
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningen, TheNetherlands
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33
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A Modern-Fortran Program for Chemical Kinetics on Top of Anharmonic Vibrational Calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24311-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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34
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Gregori L, Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. Alkyne Activation with Gold(III) Complexes: A Quantitative Assessment of the Ligand Effect by Charge-Displacement Analysis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3115-3129. [PMID: 30775914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative assessment of the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson components of the Au(III)-alkyne bond in a series of cationic and dicationic bis- and monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes with 2-butyne via charge-displacement (CD) analysis is reported. Bonding between Au(III) and 2-butyne invariably shows a dominant σ donation component, a smaller, but significant, π back-donation, and a remarkable polarization of the alkyne CC triple bond toward the metal fragment. A very large net electron charge transfer from CC triple bond to the metal fragment results, which turns out to be unexpectedly insensitive to the charge of the complex and more strictly related to the nature of the ancillary ligand. The combination of σ donation, π back-donation, and polarization effects is in fact modulated by the different ligand frameworks, with ligands bearing atoms different from carbon in trans position with respect to the alkyne emerging as especially interesting for both imparting Au(III)-alkyne bond stability and inducing a more effective alkyne activation. A first attempt to figure out a rationale on the bonding/reactivity relationship for Au(III)-alkyne is made by performing a comparative study in a model nucleophilic attack of water to the alkyne triple bond. Smaller π back-donation facilitates alkyne slippage in the transition states, which is energetically less demanding for Au(III) than for Au(I), and suggests a greater propensity of Au(III) to facilitate the nucleophilic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gregori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
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35
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Marrazzini G, Gabbiani C, Ciancaleoni G. Interplay between Gold(I)-Ligand Bond Components and Hydrogen Bonding: A Combined Experimental/Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1344-1353. [PMID: 31459403 PMCID: PMC6647975 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of weak interactions on the donation/back-donation bond components in the complex [(NHC)Au(SeU)]+ (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; SeU = selenourea) has been studied by coupling experimental and theoretical techniques. In particular, NMR 1H and pulsed-field gradient spin-echo titrations allowed us to characterize the hydrogen bond (HB) between the -NH2 moieties of SeU and the anions PF6 - and ClO4 -, whereas 77Se NMR spectroscopy allowed us to characterize the Au-Se bond. Theoretically, the Au-Se and Au-C orbital interactions have been decomposed using the natural orbital for the chemical valence framework and the bond components quantified through the charge displacement analysis. This methodology provides the quantification of the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) components for the Au-C and Au-Se bonds in the absence and presence of the second-sphere HB. The results presented here show that the anion has a dual mode action: it modifies the conformation of the cation by ion pairing (and this already influences the DCD components) and it induces new polarization effects that depend on the relative anion/cation relative orientation. The perchlorate polarizes SeU, enhancing the Se → Au σ donation and the Au → C back-donation and depressing the C → Au σ donation. On the contrary, the hexafluorophosphate depresses both the Se → Au and C → Au σ donations.
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36
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Patti A, Pedotti S, Mazzeo G, Longhi G, Abbate S, Paoloni L, Bloino J, Rampino S, Barone V. Ferrocenes with simple chiral substituents: an in-depth theoretical and experimental VCD and ECD study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9419-9432. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocenes bearing chiral pendants are investigated through VCD and ECD. The VCD spectra are best interpreted by GVPT2-anharmonic DFT calculations. Diagnostic bands related to the absolute configuration of the title compounds are found in both kinds of spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry – CNR
- 95126 Catania
- Italy
| | - Sonia Pedotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry – CNR
- 95126 Catania
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale (DMMT)
- Università di Brescia
- 25123 Brescia
- Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale (DMMT)
- Università di Brescia
- 25123 Brescia
- Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale (DMMT)
- Università di Brescia
- 25123 Brescia
- Italy
| | | | - Julien Bloino
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (CNR-ICCOM) Area della Ricerca CNR
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37
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Klenner MA, Pascali G, Zhang B, Ciancaleoni G, Massi M, Fraser BH. Effect of Rhenium(I) Complexation on Aza-Michael Additions to 5-Amino-1,10-Phenanthroline with [18F]Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride towards PET Optical Tracer Development. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugations with the recently developed [18F]ethenesulfonyl fluoride ([18F]ESF) were performed on 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline, in its free form and coordinated to a rhenium(i) tricarbonyl complex, as a means of radiosynthesizing dual-modal optical and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. The Michael-donating ability of the aromatic amine was noticeably perturbed on coordination with the rhenium(i) centre, resulting in decreased radiochemical yields from 34%, in the case of the free ligand, to 1%. We attribute the decreased nucleophilicity of the amine to metal deactivation from the electron-withdrawing feature of the rhenium(i) tricarbonyl centre, based on spectroscopic and computational evidence, thus highlighting this effect as a crucial parameter in designing late-stage metal coordination methods employing related aza-Michael additions. Photophysical analyses were also performed on the ESF-conjugated rhenium(i) complex, exhibiting a longer decay lifetime from the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state when compared with the non-conjugated analogue.
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38
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Altun A, Neese F, Bistoni G. Effect of Electron Correlation on Intermolecular Interactions: A Pair Natural Orbitals Coupled Cluster Based Local Energy Decomposition Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 15:215-228. [PMID: 30495957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of post-Hartree-Fock (post-HF) energy decomposition schemes that are able to decompose the HF and correlation components of the interaction energy into chemically meaningful contributions is a very active field of research. One of the challenges is to provide a clear-cut quantification to the elusive London dispersion component of the intermolecular interaction. London dispersion is well-known to be a pure correlation effect, and as such it is not properly described by mean field theories. In this context, we have recently developed the local energy decomposition (LED) analysis, which provides a chemically meaningful decomposition of the interaction energy between two or more fragments computed at the domain-based local pair natural orbitals coupled cluster (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) level of theory. In this work, this scheme is used in conjunction with other interpretation tools to study a series of molecular adducts held together by intermolecular interactions of different natures. The HF and correlation components of the interaction energy are thus decomposed into a series of chemically meaningful contributions. Emphasis is placed on discussing the physical effects associated with the inclusion of electron correlation. It is found that four distinct physical effects can contribute to the magnitude of the correlation part of intermolecular binding energies (Δ EintC): (i) London dispersion, (ii) the correlation correction to the reference induction energy, (iii) the correlation correction to the electron sharing process, and (iv) the correlation correction to the permanent electrostatics. As expected, the largest contribution to the correlation binding energy of neutral, apolar molecules is London dispersion, as in the argon dimer case. In contrast, the correction for the HF induction energy dominates Δ EintC in systems in which an apolar molecule interacts with charged or strongly polar species, as in Ar-Li+. This effect has its origin in the systematic underestimation of polarizabilities at the HF level of theory. For similar reasons, electron sharing largely contributes to the correlation binding energy of covalently bound molecules, as in the beryllium dimer case. Finally, the correction for HF permanent electrostatics significantly contributes to Δ EintC in molecules with strong dipoles, such as water and hydrogen fluoride dimers. This effect originates from the characteristic overestimation of dipole moments at the HF level of theory, leading in some cases to positive Δ EintC values. Our results are apparently in contrast to the widely accepted view that Δ EintC is typically dominated by London dispersion, at least, in the strongly interacting region. Clearly, post-HF energy decomposition schemes are very powerful tools to analyze, categorize, and understand the various contributions to the intermolecular interaction energy. Hopefully, this will eventually lead to insights that are helpful in designing systems with tailored properties. All analysis tools presented in this work will be available free of charge in the next release of the ORCA program package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Altun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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39
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Bartalucci N, Belpassi L, Marchetti F, Pampaloni G, Zacchini S, Ciancaleoni G. Ubiquity of cis-Halide → Isocyanide Direct Interligand Interaction in Organometallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14554-14563. [PMID: 30430836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a density functional theory (DFT) analysis of the Nb(V)-C bond in various NbCl5(L) complexes, discovering that the carbon ligand L receives electronic density from the metal (classical back-donation) and from the chlorides in the cis position (direct interligand interaction). Here we report the synthesis and the structural characterization of two new coordination compounds of niobium pentahalides, i.e., NbX5(CNXyl) (X = Cl, Br; Xyl = 2,6-C6H3Me2), and the corresponding DFT analyses of the Nb(V)-C bond using the Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence-Charge Displacement (NOCV-CD) approach, confirming the presence of a cis-halide → isocyanide direct interligand interaction. To verify whether the latter is limited to Nb complexes or not, we performed a NOCV-CD analysis on a series of several organometallic complexes based on Ti(IV), Nb(V), Ta(V), Rh(III), Pd(II), and Au(III), all of which bear one halide ligand and m-xylyl-isocyanide in a mutual cis position, revealing that the cis-halide → isocyanide interaction is always present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bartalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 , Pisa 56124 , Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , Perugia I-06123 , Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 , Pisa 56124 , Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 , Pisa 56124 , Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" , Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 , Pisa 56124 , Italy
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40
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Ciancaleoni G. Lewis Base Activation of Lewis Acid: A Detailed Bond Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16292-16300. [PMID: 31458265 PMCID: PMC6643480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a Lewis base (LB) on the nucleophilic attack on chalcogeniranium (chalcogen = sulfur and selenium) cations, the so-called LB activation of a Lewis acid, has been studied coupling natural orbital for chemical valence decomposition of the orbital interaction energy with charge displacement analysis. This methodology provides a detailed and accurate description of all the interactions (LB···chalcogen, chalcogen···olefin and olefin···ammonia) present in the system and leads to a deeper understanding of how they influence each other at all stages of the reaction: reactant complex, transition state, and product complex. In particular, the bond between the chalcogen and the olefin has been decomposed in terms of σ donation/π back-donation and the bond components quantified. This allowed determination of a linear relationship between the activation barrier of the nucleophilic attack and the net amount of charge donated by the olefin to the chalcogen.
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41
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Obenchain DA, Spada L, Alessandrini S, Rampino S, Herbers S, Tasinato N, Mendolicchio M, Kraus P, Gauss J, Puzzarini C, Grabow JU, Barone V. Unveiling the Sulfur-Sulfur Bridge: Accurate Structural and Energetic Characterization of a Homochalcogen Intermolecular Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15822-15826. [PMID: 30303600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
By combining rotational spectroscopy in supersonic expansion with the capability of state-of-the-art quantum-chemical computations in accurately determining structural and energetic properties, the genuine nature of a sulfur-sulfur chalcogen bond between dimethyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide has been unveiled in a gas-jet environment free from collision, solvent and matrix perturbations. A SAPT analysis pointed out that electrostatic S⋅⋅⋅S interactions play the dominant role in determining the stability of the complex, largely overcoming dispersion and C-H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen-bond contributions. Indeed, in agreement with the analysis of the quadrupole-coupling constants and of the methyl internal rotation barrier, the NBO and NOCV/CD approaches show a marked charge transfer between the sulfur atoms. Based on the assignment of the rotational spectra for 7 isotopologues, an accurate semi-experimental equilibrium structure for the heavy-atom backbone of the molecular complex has been determined, which is characterized by a S⋅⋅⋅S distance (2.947(3) Å) well below the sum of van der Waals radii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Rampino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sven Herbers
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicola Tasinato
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Peter Kraus
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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42
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Unveiling the Sulfur-Sulfur Bridge: Accurate Structural and Energetic Characterization of a Homochalcogen Intermolecular Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Li W, Spada L, Tasinato N, Rampino S, Evangelisti L, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Melandri S, Barone V, Puzzarini C. Theory Meets Experiment for Noncovalent Complexes: The Puzzling Case of Pnicogen Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13853-13857. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Li
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Nicola Tasinato
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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44
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Salvadori A, Fusè M, Mancini G, Rampino S, Barone V. Diving into chemical bonding: An immersive analysis of the electron charge rearrangement through virtual reality. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:2607-2617. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salvadori
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Marco Fusè
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Giordano Mancini
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7; 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- SMART Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7; 56126 Pisa Italy
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45
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Li W, Spada L, Tasinato N, Rampino S, Evangelisti L, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Melandri S, Barone V, Puzzarini C. Theory Meets Experiment for Noncovalent Complexes: The Puzzling Case of Pnicogen Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Li
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Nicola Tasinato
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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46
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Pastorczak E, Corminboeuf C. Perspective: Found in translation: Quantum chemical tools for grasping non-covalent interactions. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:120901. [PMID: 28388098 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today's quantum chemistry methods are extremely powerful but rely upon complex quantities such as the massively multidimensional wavefunction or even the simpler electron density. Consequently, chemical insight and a chemist's intuition are often lost in this complexity leaving the results obtained difficult to rationalize. To handle this overabundance of information, computational chemists have developed tools and methodologies that assist in composing a more intuitive picture that permits better understanding of the intricacies of chemical behavior. In particular, the fundamental comprehension of phenomena governed by non-covalent interactions is not easily achieved in terms of either the total wavefunction or the total electron density, but can be accomplished using more informative quantities. This perspective provides an overview of these tools and methods that have been specifically developed or used to analyze, identify, quantify, and visualize non-covalent interactions. These include the quantitative energy decomposition analysis schemes and the more qualitative class of approaches such as the Non-covalent Interaction index, the Density Overlap Region Indicator, or quantum theory of atoms in molecules. Aside from the enhanced knowledge gained from these schemes, their strengths, limitations, as well as a roadmap for expanding their capabilities are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pastorczak
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. Ligand Effect on Bonding in Gold(III) Carbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6161-6175. [PMID: 29741374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We quantitatively assess the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) components of the Au(III)-CO bond and the charge density polarization at the CO, in a series of neutral, cationic, and dicationic bis- and monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes via charge-displacement (CD) analysis. A striking feature concerns the very small net electron charge flux from CO to the metal fragment which is unexpectedly stable toward both the charge of the complex and the oxidation state of gold (I, III). All systems exhibit a similar trend for the σ charge rearrangement in the region of the carbonyl bond, where, by contrast, the π back-donation trend variation is large, which is strictly correlated to the change in CO bond distance and the shift in CO stretching frequencies, in close analogy with the gold(I) carbonyl complexes. In the whole series of gold(III) compounds, a large Au(III) ← CO σ donation is measured (from 0.19 to 0.31 electrons), as well as a significant Au(III) → CO π back-donation (from -0.09 to -0.22 electrons), which however is not generally able to completely balance the polarization of the CO π electrons in the direction from oxygen to carbon (C ← O) induced by the presence of the metal fragment [LAu(III)]0/+1/+2. Surprisingly, all the gold(III) complexes in the series are characterized by a very small anisotropy in the Au(III) → CO in-plane and out-of-plane π back-donation components, in sharp contrast with the marked anisotropy found before for the experimentally characterized [(C^N^C)Au(III)CO]+ complex. A first attempt to figure out a rationale on the bonding/reactivity relationship for Au(III)-CO is made by performing a comparative study with an isostructural [(N^N^C)Pt(II)CO]+ complex in a model water-gas shift (WGS) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
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48
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Relativistic quantum chemistry involving heavy atoms. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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De Santis M, Rampino S, Quiney HM, Belpassi L, Storchi L. Charge-Displacement Analysis via Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence in the Four-Component Relativistic Framework. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1286-1296. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rampino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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50
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Fusè M, Rimoldi I, Facchetti G, Rampino S, Barone V. Exploiting coordination geometry to selectively predict the σ-donor and π-acceptor abilities of ligands: a back-and-forth journey between electronic properties and spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2397-2400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordination geometry switches the carbonyl stretching frequency into a selective probe of the σ-donor and π-acceptor abilities of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Rimoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Università di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Giorgio Facchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Università di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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