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Miller A, Halstead M, Besley E, Stace AJ. Designing stable binary endohedral fullerene lattices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10044-10052. [PMID: 35415738 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle lattices and endohedral fullerenes have both been identified as potential building blocks for future electronic, magnetic and optical devices; here it is proposed that it could be possible to combine those concepts and design stable nanoparticle lattices composed from binary collections of endohedral fullerenes. The inclusion of an atom, for example Ca or F, within a fullerene cage is known to be accompanied by a redistribution of surface charge, whereby the cage can acquire either a negative (Ca) or positive (F) charge. From calculations involving a combination of van der Waals and many-body electrostatic interactions, it is predicted that certain binary combinations, for example a metal (A) and a halogen (B), could result in the formation of stable nanoparticle lattices with the familiar AB and AB2 stoichiometries. Much of the stability is due to Coulomb interactions, however, charge-induced and van der Waals interactions, which always enhance stability, are found to extend the range of charge on a cage over which lattices are stable. Some lattice types are shown to be three or four times more stable than an equivalent neutral C60 structure. An extension of the calculations to the fabrication of structures involving endohedral C84 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Miller
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Matthew Halstead
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Stace
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Lao KU, Yang Y, DiStasio RA. Electron confinement meet electron delocalization: non-additivity and finite-size effects in the polarizabilities and dispersion coefficients of the fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5773-5779. [PMID: 33666598 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05638c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we used finite-field derivative techniques and density functional theory (DFT) to compute the static isotropic polarizability series (αl with l = 1, 2, 3) for the C60-C84 fullerenes and quantitatively assess the intrinsic non-additivity in these fundamental response properties. By comparing against classical models of the fullerenes as conducting spherical shells (or solid spheres) of uniform electron density, a detailed critical analysis of the derived effective scaling laws (α1 ∼ N1.2, α2 ∼ N2.0, α3 ∼ N2.7) demonstrates that the electronic structure of finite-sized fullerenes-a unique dichotomy of electron confinement and delocalization effects due to their quasi-spherical cage-like structures and encapsulated void spaces-simultaneously limits and enhances their quantum mechanical response to electric field perturbations. Corresponding frequency-dependent polarizabilities were obtained by inputting the αl series into the hollow sphere model (within the modified single frequency approximation), and used to compute the molecular dispersion coefficients (Cn with n = 6, 8, 9, 10) needed to describe the non-trivial van der Waals (vdW) interactions in fullerene-based systems. Using first-order perturbation theory in conjunction with >140 000 DFT calculations, we also computed the non-negligible zero-point vibrational contributions to α1 in C60 and C70, thereby enabling a more accurate and direct comparison between theory and experiment for these quintessential nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Tao J, Perdew JP, Tang H, Shahi C. Origin of the size-dependence of the equilibrium van der Waals binding between nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:074110. [PMID: 29471641 DOI: 10.1063/1.5018572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructures can be bound together at equilibrium by the van der Waals (vdW) effect, a small but ubiquitous many-body attraction that presents challenges to density functional theory. How does the binding energy depend upon the size or number of atoms in one of a pair of identical nanostructures? To answer this question, we treat each nanostructure as a whole object, not as a collection of atoms. Our calculations start from an accurate static dipole polarizability for each considered nanostructure, and an accurate equilibrium center-to-center distance for the pair (the latter from experiment or from the vdW-DF-cx functional). We consider the competition in each term -C2k/d2k (k = 3, 4, 5) of the long-range vdW series for the interaction energy, between the size dependence of the vdW coefficient C2k and that of the 2kth power of the center-to-center distance d. The damping of these vdW terms can be negligible, but in any case, it does not affect the size dependence for a given term in the absence of non-vdW binding. To our surprise, the vdW energy can be size-independent for quasi-spherical nanoclusters bound to one another by vdW interaction, even with strong nonadditivity of the vdW coefficient, as demonstrated for fullerenes. We also show that, for low-dimensional systems, the vdW interaction yields the strongest size-dependence, in stark contrast to that of fullerenes. We illustrate this with parallel planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The size dependences of other morphologies or bonding types lie between, as shown by sodium clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Tao
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-1801, USA
| | - John P Perdew
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-1801, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-1801, USA
| | - Chandra Shahi
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-1801, USA
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Mo Y, Tian G, Car R, Staroverov VN, Scuseria GE, Tao J. Performance of a nonempirical density functional on molecules and hydrogen-bonded complexes. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:234306. [PMID: 28010100 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Tao and Mo derived a meta-generalized gradient approximation functional based on a model exchange-correlation hole. In this work, the performance of this functional is assessed on standard test sets, using the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. These test sets include 223 G3/99 enthalpies of formation, 99 atomization energies, 76 barrier heights, 58 electron affinities, 8 proton affinities, 96 bond lengths, 82 harmonic vibrational frequencies, 10 hydrogen-bonded molecular complexes, and 22 atomic excitation energies. Our calculations show that the Tao-Mo functional can achieve high accuracy for most properties considered, relative to the local spin-density approximation, Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof, and Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria functionals. In particular, it yields the best accuracy for proton affinities, harmonic vibrational frequencies, hydrogen-bond dissociation energies and bond lengths, and atomic excitation energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Mo
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Guocai Tian
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Roberto Car
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Viktor N Staroverov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Jianmin Tao
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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Mo Y, Tian G, Tao J. Performance of a nonempirical exchange functional from density matrix expansion: comparative study with different correlations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21707-21713. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Tao and Mo proposed a meta-generalized gradient approximation for the exchange–correlation energy with remarkable accuracy for molecules, solids, and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Mo
- Department of Physics
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Guocai Tian
- Department of Physics
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization
| | - Jianmin Tao
- Department of Physics
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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Aich N, Boateng LK, Sabaraya IV, Das D, Flora JRV, Saleh NB. Aggregation Kinetics of Higher-Order Fullerene Clusters in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3562-3571. [PMID: 26928084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation kinetics of nC60 and higher-order fullerene (HOF) clusters, i.e., nC70, nC76, and nC84, was systematically studied under a wide range of mono- (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolytes and using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Suwanee River Humic Acid (SRHA) was also used to determine the effect of natural macromolecules on nHOF aggregation. An increase in electrolyte concentration resulted in electrical double-layer compression of the negatively charged fullerene clusters, and the nC60s and nHOFs alike displayed classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) type interaction. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) displayed a strong negative correlation with the carbon number in fullerenes and was estimated as 220, 150, 100, and 70 mM NaCl and 10, 12, 6, and 7.5 mM CaCl2 for nC60, nC70, nC76, and nC84, respectively. The aggregation mechanism (i.e., van der Waals interaction domination) was enumerated via molecular dynamics simulation and modified DLVO model. The presence of SRHA (2.5 mg TOC/L) profoundly influenced the aggregation behavior by stabilizing all fullerene clusters, even at a 100 mM NaCl concentration. The results from this study can be utilized to predict aggregation kinetics of nHOF clusters other than the ones studied here. The scaling factor for van der Waals interaction can also be used to model nHOF cluster interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Linkel K Boateng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Indu Venu Sabaraya
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dipesh Das
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph R V Flora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Wu YA, Li L, Li Z, Kinaci A, Chan MKY, Sun Y, Guest JR, McNulty I, Rajh T, Liu Y. Visualizing Redox Dynamics of a Single Ag/AgCl Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst at Atomic Resolution. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3738-3746. [PMID: 26937679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of gas-solid reactions at the atomic scale is of great importance for determining the mechanism of catalysis. This is especially true in the study of heterostructures because of structural correlation between the different parts. However, such experiments are challenging and have rarely been accomplished. In this work, atomic scale redox dynamics of Ag/AgCl heterostructures have been studied using in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) in combination with density function theory (DFT) calculations. The reduction of Ag/AgCl to Ag is likely a result of the formation of Cl vacancies while Ag(+) ions accept electrons. The oxidation process of Ag/AgCl has been observed: rather than direct replacement of Cl by O, the Ag/AgCl nanocatalyst was first reduced to Ag, and then Ag was oxidized to different phases of silver oxide under different O2 partial pressures. Ag2O formed at low O2 partial pressure, whereas AgO formed at atmospheric pressure. By combining in situ ETEM observation and DFT calculations, this structural evolution is characterized in a distinct nanoscale environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin A Wu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Liang Li
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alper Kinaci
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Maria K Y Chan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yugang Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Guest
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ian McNulty
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Tao J, Rappe AM. Communication: Accurate higher-order van der Waals coefficients between molecules from a model dynamic multipole polarizability. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:031102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4940397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Tao
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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