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Engel RY, Alexander O, Atak K, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Cascella M, Chardonnet V, Chiuzbaian GS, David C, Döring F, Eschenlohr A, Gerasimova N, de Groot F, Guyader LL, Humphries OS, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kubec A, Laarmann T, Lambert CH, Lüning J, Marangos JP, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Pfau B, Rösner B, Rossnagel K, Rothenbach N, Scherz A, Schlappa J, Scholz M, Schunck JO, Setoodehnia K, Stamm C, Techert S, Vinko SM, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev AA, Yin Z, Beye M. Electron population dynamics in resonant non-linear x-ray absorption in nickel at a free-electron laser. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054501. [PMID: 37841290 PMCID: PMC10576398 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron lasers provide bright, ultrashort, and monochromatic x-ray pulses, enabling novel spectroscopic measurements not only with femtosecond temporal resolution: The high fluence of their x-ray pulses can also easily enter the regime of the non-linear x-ray-matter interaction. Entering this regime necessitates a rigorous analysis and reliable prediction of the relevant non-linear processes for future experiment designs. Here, we show non-linear changes in the L 3 -edge absorption of metallic nickel thin films, measured with fluences up to 60 J/cm2. We present a simple but predictive rate model that quantitatively describes spectral changes based on the evolution of electronic populations within the pulse duration. Despite its simplicity, the model reaches good agreement with experimental results over more than three orders of magnitude in fluence, while providing a straightforward understanding of the interplay of physical processes driving the non-linear changes. Our findings provide important insights for the design and evaluation of future high-fluence free-electron laser experiments and contribute to the understanding of non-linear electron dynamics in x-ray absorption processes in solids at the femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Alexander
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank de Groot
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beye
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Schreck S, Diesen E, Dell'Angela M, Liu C, Weston M, Capotondi F, Ogasawara H, LaRue J, Costantini R, Beye M, Miedema PS, Halldin Stenlid J, Gladh J, Liu B, Wang HY, Perakis F, Cavalca F, Koroidov S, Amann P, Pedersoli E, Naumenko D, Nikolov I, Raimondi L, Abild-Pedersen F, Heinz TF, Voss J, Luntz AC, Nilsson A. Atom-Specific Probing of Electron Dynamics in an Atomic Adsorbate by Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:276001. [PMID: 36638285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.276001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electronic excitation occurring on adsorbates at ultrafast timescales from optical lasers that initiate surface chemical reactions is still an open question. Here, we report the ultrafast temporal evolution of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of a simple well-known adsorbate prototype system, namely carbon (C) atoms adsorbed on a nickel [Ni(100)] surface, following intense laser optical pumping at 400 nm. We observe ultrafast (∼100 fs) changes in both XAS and XES showing clear signatures of the formation of a hot electron-hole pair distribution on the adsorbate. This is followed by slower changes on a few picoseconds timescale, shown to be consistent with thermalization of the complete C/Ni system. Density functional theory spectrum simulations support this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schreck
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Diesen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jerry LaRue
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Roberto Costantini
- CNR-IOM, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Piter S Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Naumenko
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivaylo Nikolov
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alan C Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Humphries OS, Marjoribanks RS, van den Berg QY, Galtier EC, Kasim MF, Lee HJ, Miscampbell AJF, Nagler B, Royle R, Wark JS, Vinko SM. Probing the Electronic Structure of Warm Dense Nickel via Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:195001. [PMID: 33216608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of bright free-electron lasers (FEL) has revolutionized our ability to create and study matter in the high-energy-density (HED) regime. Current diagnostic techniques have been successful in yielding information on fundamental thermodynamic plasma properties, but provide only limited or indirect information on the detailed quantum structure of these systems, and on how it is affected by ionization dynamics. Here we show how the valence electronic structure of solid-density nickel, heated to temperatures of around 10 of eV on femtosecond timescales, can be probed by single-shot resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Linac Coherent Light Source FEL. The RIXS spectrum provides a wealth of information on the HED system that goes well beyond what can be extracted from x-ray absorption or emission spectroscopy alone, and is particularly well suited to time-resolved studies of electronic-structure dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R S Marjoribanks
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A J F Miscampbell
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Nagler
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Royle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Femtosecond X-ray induced changes of the electronic and magnetic response of solids from electron redistribution. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5289. [PMID: 31754109 PMCID: PMC6872582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant X-ray absorption, where an X-ray photon excites a core electron into an unoccupied valence state, is an essential process in many standard X-ray spectroscopies. With increasing X-ray intensity, the X-ray absorption strength is expected to become nonlinear. Here, we report the onset of such a nonlinearity in the resonant X-ray absorption of magnetic Co/Pd multilayers near the Co L[Formula: see text] edge. The nonlinearity is directly observed through the change of the absorption spectrum, which is modified in less than 40 fs within 2 eV of its threshold. This is interpreted as a redistribution of valence electrons near the Fermi level. For our magnetic sample this also involves mixing of majority and minority spins, due to sample demagnetization. Our findings reveal that nonlinear X-ray responses of materials may already occur at relatively low intensities, where the macroscopic sample is not destroyed, providing insight into ultrafast charge and spin dynamics.
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Abstract
A proposal for building a Free Electron Laser, EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB, at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, is at present under consideration. This FEL facility will provide a unique combination of a high brightness GeV-range electron beam generated in a X-band RF linac, a 0.5 PW-class laser system and the first FEL source driven by a plasma accelerator. The FEL will produce ultra-bright pulses, with up to 10 12 photons/pulse, femtosecond timescale and wavelength down to 3 nm, which lies in the so called “water window”. The experimental activity will be focused on the realization of a plasma driven short wavelength FEL able to provide high-quality photons for a user beamline. In this paper, we describe the main classes of experiments that will be performed at the facility, including coherent diffraction imaging, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering and photofragmentation measurements. These techniques will allow studying a variety of samples, both biological and inorganic, providing information about their structure and dynamical behavior. In this context, the possibility of inducing changes in samples via pump pulses leading to the stimulation of chemical reactions or the generation of coherent excitations would tremendously benefit from pulses in the soft X-ray region. High power synchronized optical lasers and a TeraHertz radiation source will indeed be made available for THz and pump–probe experiments and a split-and-delay station will allow performing XUV-XUV pump–probe experiments.
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Chergui M. Time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies of chemical systems: New perspectives. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:031001. [PMID: 27376102 PMCID: PMC4902826 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The past 3-5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Johnson SL. Preface to Special Topic: Invited Papers of the 3rd International Conference on Ultrafast Structural Dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:023401. [PMID: 27191008 PMCID: PMC4851626 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to visualize the real-time dynamics of atomic, magnetic, and electronic structure is widely recognized in many fields as a key element underpinning many important processes in chemistry, materials science, and biology. The need for an improved understanding of such processes becomes acute as energy conversion processes on fast time scales become increasingly relevant to problems in science and technology. This special issue, containing invited papers from participants at the 3rd International Conference on Ultrafast Structural Dynamics held June 10-12, 2015 in Zurich, Switzerland, discusses several recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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