1
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Ström OE, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO. Geometry-Dependent Elastic Flow Dynamics in Micropillar Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38398996 PMCID: PMC10893274 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Regular device-scale DNA waves for high DNA concentrations and flow velocities have been shown to emerge in quadratic micropillar arrays with potentially strong relevance for a wide range of microfluidic applications. Hexagonal arrays constitute another geometry that is especially relevant for the microfluidic pulsed-field separation of DNA. Here, we report on the differences at the micro and macroscopic scales between the resulting wave patterns for these two regular array geometries and one disordered array geometry. In contrast to the large-scale regular waves visible in the quadratic array, in the hexagonal arrays, waves occur in a device-scale disordered zig-zag pattern with fluctuations on a much smaller scale. We connect the large-scale pattern to the microscopic flow and observe flow synchronization that switches between two directions for both the quadratic and hexagonal arrays. We show the importance of order using the disordered array, where steady-state stationary and highly fluctuating flow states persist in seemingly random locations across the array. We compare the flow dynamics of the arrays to that in a device with sparsely distributed pillars. Here, we observe similar vortex shedding, which is clearly observable in the quadratic and disordered arrays. However, the shedding of these vortices couples only in the flow direction and not laterally as in the dense, ordered arrays. We believe that our findings will contribute to the understanding of elastic flow dynamics in pillar arrays, helping us elucidate the fundamental principles of non-Newtonian fluid flow in complex environments as well as supporting applications in engineering involving e.g., transport, sorting, and mixing of complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas O. Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.S.); (J.P.B.)
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2
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Hidayat R, Pradana JS, Fariz A, Komalasari S, Chalimah S, Bahar H. Dual plasmonic modes in the visible light region in rectangular wave-shaped surface relief plasmonic gratings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5274. [PMID: 37002239 PMCID: PMC10066186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectangular wave-shaped surface-relief plasmonic gratings (RSR-PGs) have been fabricated from a hybrid polymer by employing a simple nanoimprint photocuring lithography technique using a silicon template, followed by gold nanolayer metallization on top of the formed replica structure. By forming a one-dimensional (1D) plasmonic grating with a periodicity of approximately 700 nm, a reflectance spectral dip was experimentally observed in the visible light region, from 600 to 700 nm, with increasing incident angle from 45° to 60°. This dip can be associated with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wave excitation, which is coupled with the diffraction order m = - 2. The calculations of reflectance spectra simulation using the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method have also been carried out, resulting in the appearance of an SPR dip in the range of 600-700 nm, for incident angles in the range of 45°-65°, which agrees with the experimental results. Interestingly, these RSR-PGs show richer plasmon characteristics than the sine-wave-shaped plasmonic gratings. The experimental and spectral simulation results revealed two different plasmonic excitation modes: long-range SPR and quasi-localized SPR (LSPR). While the long-range SPR was formed above the ridge sections along the grating structure surface, the quasi-localized SPR was locally formed inside the groove. In addition, for RSR-PGs with a narrow groove section, the long-range SPR seems to be coupled with the periodic structure of the grating, resulting in the appearance of plasmonic lattice surface resonance (LSR) that is indicated by a narrower plasmon resonance dip. These characteristics are quite different from those found in the sine wave-shaped plasmonic gratings. The present results may thus provide better insights for understanding the plasmon excitations in this type of rectangular plasmonic grating and might be useful for designing their structure for certain practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Hidayat
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Jalu Setiya Pradana
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvin Fariz
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Susi Komalasari
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Chalimah
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Herman Bahar
- Physics of Magnetism and Photonics Research Division, Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
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3
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Qiao Y, Ma Z, Onyango C, Cheng X, Dorfman KD. DNA fragmentation in a steady shear flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054109. [PMID: 36313190 PMCID: PMC9616606 DOI: 10.1063/5.0109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the susceptibility of T4 DNA (166 kilobase pairs, kbp) to fragmentation under steady shear in a cone-and-plate rheometer. After shearing for at least 30 min at a shear rate of 6000 s - 1 , corresponding to a Reynolds number of O ( 10 3 ) and a Weissenberg number of O ( 10 3 ) , 97.9 ± 1.3 % of the sample is broken into a polydisperse mixture with a number-averaged molecular weight of 62.6 ± 3.2 kbp and a polydispersity index of 1.29 ± 0.03 , as measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (with a 95% confidence interval). The molecular weight distributions observed here from a shear flow are similar to those produced by a (dominantly extensional) sink flow of DNA and are qualitatively different than the midpoint scission observed in simple extensional flow. Given the inability of shear flow to produce a sharp coil-stretch transition, the data presented here support a model where polymers can be fragmented in flow without complete extension. These results further indicate that DNA fragmentation by shear is unlikely to be a significant issue in microfluidic devices, and anomalous molecular weight observations in experiments are due to DNA processing prior to observation in the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Zixue Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Clive Onyango
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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4
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Muralidharan A, Pesch GR, Hubbe H, Rems L, Nouri-Goushki M, Boukany PE. Microtrap array on a chip for localized electroporation and electro-gene transfection. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108197. [PMID: 35810498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a localized single-cell electroporation chip to deliver exogenous biomolecules with high efficiency while maintaining high cell viability. In our microfluidic device, the cells are trapped in a microtrap array by flow, after which target molecules are supplied to the device and electrotransferred to the cells under electric pulses. The system provides the ability to monitor the electrotransfer of exogenous biomolecules in real time. We reveal through numerical simulations that localized electroporation is the mechanism of permeabilization in the microtrap array electroporation device. We demonstrate the simplicity and accuracy of this microtrap technology for electroporation by delivery of both small molecules using propidium iodide and large molecules using plasmid DNA for gene expression, illustrating the potential of this minimally invasive method to be widely used for precise intracellular delivery purposes (from bioprocess engineering to therapeutic applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Georg R Pesch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Hubbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Rems
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
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5
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Cha H, Fallahi H, Dai Y, Yuan D, An H, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Multiphysics microfluidics for cell manipulation and separation: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:423-444. [PMID: 35048916 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiphysics microfluidics, which combines multiple functional physical processes in a microfluidics platform, is an emerging research area that has attracted increasing interest for diverse biomedical applications. Multiphysics microfluidics is expected to overcome the limitations of individual physical phenomena through combining their advantages. Furthermore, multiphysics microfluidics is superior for cell manipulation due to its high precision, better sensitivity, real-time tunability, and multi-target sorting capabilities. These exciting features motivate us to review this state-of-the-art field and reassess the feasibility of coupling multiple physical processes. To confine the scope of this paper, we mainly focus on five common forces in microfluidics: inertial lift, elastic, dielectrophoresis (DEP), magnetophoresis (MP), and acoustic forces. This review first explains the working mechanisms of single physical phenomena. Next, we classify multiphysics techniques in terms of cascaded connections and physical coupling, and we elaborate on combinations of designs and working mechanisms in systems reported in the literature to date. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining multiple physical processes and associated design schemes and propose several promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hedieh Fallahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Dan Yuan
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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6
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Wu S, Fu T, Qiu R, Xu L. DNA fragmentation in complicated flow fields created by micro-funnel shapes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9047-9056. [PMID: 34570150 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00984b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micro-funnels have been widely applied to produce extensionally dominant flows for DNA manipulation, such as DNA extension for DNA mapping and DNA fragmentation for gene sequencing. However, it still lacks a systematic understanding of DNA fragmentation behaviors in complicated flow fields regulated by different funnel shapes with high flow rates. This limits the rational design and application scope of related microfluidic devices. In this study, fragmentation experiments of λ DNA were carried out in microfluidic chips with four different micro-funnel shapes, namely a sudden finish, a linear contraction, a constant acceleration, and an increasing extension rate funnel. The experimental results demonstrated a significant effect of the micro-funnel shape on the produced DNA fragment size. Then, the dynamical behaviors of DNA molecules in flow fields created by different micro-funnels were simulated using a numerical method of Brownian dynamics-computational fluid dynamics. The numerical simulation revealed that both the magnitude and distribution of the extension rate of flow fields were drastically altered by the funnel shape, and the extension rate at the micro-scale was the dominant factor of DNA fragmentation. The different DNA fragmentation behaviors in four micro-funnels were investigated from the perspectives including the fragment size distribution, fragmentation location, percentage of broken molecules, conformational type and stretched length of DNA before fragmentation. The results elucidated the significant impact of funnel shape on the dynamical behaviors of DNA fragmentation. This study offers insights into the rational design of microfluidic chips for DNA manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Tengfei Fu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Luping Xu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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7
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Nikoubashman A. Ordering, phase behavior, and correlations of semiflexible polymers in confinement. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0038052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Mirzaie Yegane M, Schmidt J, Dugonjic-Bilic F, Gerlach B, Boukany PE, Zitha PLJ. Flow Enhancement of Water-Soluble Polymers through Porous Media by Preshearing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mirzaie Yegane
- Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Gerlach
- TouGas Oilfield Solutions, Weismüllerstraße 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pouyan E. Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pacelli L. J. Zitha
- Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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Bao L, Zhang C, Dong J, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun J. Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1840. [PMID: 32849438 PMCID: PMC7411080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, has become a public health emergency of global concern. Like the SARS and influenza pandemics, there have been a large number of cases coinfected with other viruses, fungi, and bacteria, some of which originate from the oral cavity. Capnocytophaga, Veillonella, and other oral opportunistic pathogens were found in the BALF of the COVID-19 patients by mNGS. Risk factors such as poor oral hygiene, cough, increased inhalation under normal or abnormal conditions, and mechanical ventilation provide a pathway for oral microorganisms to enter the lower respiratory tract and thus cause respiratory disease. Lung hypoxia, typical symptoms of COVID-19, would favor the growth of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes originating from the oral microbiota. SARS-CoV-2 may aggravate lung disease by interacting with the lung or oral microbiota via mechanisms involving changes in cytokines, T cell responses, and the effects of host conditions such as aging and the oral microbiome changes due to systemic diseases. Because the oral microbiome is closely associated with SARS-CoV-2 co-infections in the lungs, effective oral health care measures are necessary to reduce these infections, especially in severe COVID-19 patients. We hope this review will draw attention from both the scientific and clinical communities on the role of the oral microbiome in the current global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Browne CA, Shih A, Datta SS. Pore-Scale Flow Characterization of Polymer Solutions in Microfluidic Porous Media. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903944. [PMID: 31602809 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer solutions are frequently used in enhanced oil recovery and groundwater remediation to improve the recovery of trapped nonaqueous fluids. However, applications are limited by an incomplete understanding of the flow in porous media. The tortuous pore structure imposes both shear and extension, which elongates polymers; moreover, the flow is often at large Weissenberg numbers, Wi, at which polymer elasticity in turn strongly alters the flow. This dynamic elongation can even produce flow instabilities with strong spatial and temporal fluctuations despite the low Reynolds number, Re. Unfortunately, macroscopic approaches are limited in their ability to characterize the pore-scale flow. Thus, understanding how polymer conformations, flow dynamics, and pore geometry together determine these nontrivial flow patterns and impact macroscopic transport remains an outstanding challenge. This review describes how microfluidic tools can shed light on the physics underlying the flow of polymer solutions in porous media at high Wi and low Re. Specifically, microfluidic studies elucidate how steady and unsteady flow behavior depends on pore geometry and solution properties, and how polymer-induced effects impact nonaqueous fluid recovery. This work thus provides new insights for polymer dynamics, non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, and applications such as enhanced oil recovery and groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Shih
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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11
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Sachdev S, Feijoo Moreira S, Keehnen Y, Rems L, Kreutzer MT, Boukany PE. DNA-membrane complex formation during electroporation is DNA size-dependent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Zhang T, Hong ZY, Tang SY, Li W, Inglis DW, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:35-53. [PMID: 31720655 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micrometer particles (0.10-1.0 μm) are of great significance to study, e.g., microvesicles and protein aggregates are targets for therapeutic intervention, and sub-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles are used as probes for diagnostic imaging. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles - precisely control over the position of sub-micrometer particles in a tightly focused stream - has a wide range of applications in the field of biology, chemistry and environment, by acting as a prerequisite step for downstream detection, manipulation and quantification. Microfluidic devices have been attracting great attention as desirable tools for sub-micrometer particle focusing, due to their small size, low reagent consumption, fast analysis and low cost. Recent advancements in fundamental knowledge and fabrication technologies have enabled microfluidic focusing of particles at sub-micrometer scale in a continuous, label-free and high-throughput manner. Microfluidic methods for the focusing of sub-micrometer particles can be classified into two main groups depending on whether an external field is applied: 1) passive methods, which utilize intrinsic fluidic properties without the need of external actuation, such as inertial, deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), viscoelastic and hydrophoretic focusing; and 2) active methods, where external fields are used, such as dielectrophoretic, thermophoretic, acoustophoretic and optical focusing. This article mainly reviews the studies on the focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices over the past 10 years. It aims to bridge the gap between the focusing of micrometer and nanometer scale (1.0-100 nm) particles and to improve the understanding of development progress, current advances and future prospects in microfluidic focusing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan. and School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Zhen-Yi Hong
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
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13
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Qamar AZ, Asefifeyzabadi N, Taki M, Naphade S, Ellerby LM, Shamsi MH. Characterization and application of fluidic properties of trinucleotide repeat sequences by wax-on-plastic microfluidics. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:743-751. [PMID: 31894829 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) sequences introduce sequence-directed flexibility in the genomic makeup of all living species leading to unique non-canonical structure formation. In humans, the expansions of TNR sequences are responsible for almost 24 neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases because their unique structures disrupt cell functions. The biophysical studies of these sequences affect their electrophoretic mobility and spectroscopic signatures. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to characterize and discriminate the TNR sequences by monitoring their capillary flow in the absence of an external driving force using wax-on-plastic microchannels. The wax-on-plastic microfluidic system translates the sequence-directed flexibility of TNR into differential flow dynamics. Several variables were used to characterize sequences including concentration, single- vs. double-stranded samples, type of repeat sequence, length of the repeat sequence, presence of mismatches in duplex, and presence of metal ion. All these variables were found to influence the flow velocities of TNR sequences as these factors directly affect the structural flexibility of TNR at the molecular level. An overall trend was observed as the higher flexibility in the TNR structure leads to lower capillary flow. After testing samples derived from relevant cells harboring expanded TNR sequences, it is concluded that this approach may transform into a reagent-free and pump-free biosensing platform to detect microsatellite expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zaman Qamar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Narges Asefifeyzabadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Motahareh Taki
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Swati Naphade
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Lisa M Ellerby
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Mohtashim Hassan Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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14
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Sachdev S, Muralidharan A, Choudhary DK, Perrier DL, Rems L, Kreutzer MT, Boukany PE. DNA translocation to giant unilamellar vesicles during electroporation is independent of DNA size. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9187-9194. [PMID: 31595286 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of naked DNA molecules into living cells via physical disruption of the membrane under electric pulses has potential biomedical applications ranging from gene electro-transfer, electro-chemotherapy, to gene therapy, yet the mechanisms involved in DNA transport remain vague. To investigate the mechanism of DNA translocation across the cell membrane, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were electroporated in the presence of DNA molecules keeping the size of the DNA molecules as a variable parameter. We experimentally determined the translocation efficiency for each size of the DNA molecule, to compare the results with the existing and conflicting theories of the translocation mechanism i.e. stochastic threading and bulk electrophoresis. We observed that the translocation efficiency is independent of DNA size (ranging from 25-20 000 bp, bp = base pairs), implying that DNA molecules translocate freely across the electro-pores in the lipid membrane in their native polymer conformation, as opposed to unravelling and threading through the electro-pore. Bulk electrophoretic mobility determines the relationship between translocation efficiency and the size of the DNA molecule. This research provides experimental evidence of the mechanistic understanding of DNA translocation across lipid membranes which is essential for devising efficient and predictable protocols for electric field mediated naked DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Dipendra K Choudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Dayinta L Perrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Lea Rems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel T Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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15
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Hu X, Lu D. Intensification of chemical separation engineering by nanostructured channels and nanofluidics: From theories to applications. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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High-performance bioanalysis based on ion concentration polarization of micro-/nanofluidic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4007-4016. [PMID: 30972474 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Micro-/nanofluidics has received considerable attention over the past two decades, which allows efficient biomolecule trapping and preconcentration due to ion concentration polarization (ICP) within nanostructures. The rich scientific content related to ICP has been widely exploited in different applications including protein concentration, biomolecules sensing and detection, cell analysis, and water purification. Compared to pure microfluidic devices, micro-/nanofluidic devices show a highly efficient sample enrichment capacity and nonlinear electrokinetic flow feature. These two unique characterizations make the micro-/nanofluidic systems promising in high-performance bioanalysis. This review provides a comprehensive description of the ICP phenomenon and its applications in bioanalysis. Perspectives are also provided for future developments and directions of this research field.
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17
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Hubbe H, Mendes E, Boukany PE. Polymeric Nanowires for Diagnostic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10040225. [PMID: 30934898 PMCID: PMC6523414 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanowire-related research has shown considerable progress over the last decade. The wide variety of materials and the multitude of well-established chemical modifications have made polymer nanowires interesting as a functional part of a diagnostic biosensing device. This review provides an overview of relevant publications addressing the needs for a nanowire-based sensor for biomolecules. Working our way towards the detection methods itself, we review different nanowire fabrication methods and materials. Especially for an electrical signal read-out, the nanowire should persist in a single-wire configuration with well-defined positioning. Thus, the possibility of the alignment of nanowires is discussed. While some fabrication methods immanently yield an aligned single wire, other methods result in disordered structures and have to be manipulated into the desired configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Hubbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Eduardo Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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18
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Chu KC, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Penetration dynamics through nanometer-scale hydrophilic capillaries: Beyond Washburn’s equation and extended menisci. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 538:340-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Kawale D, Jayaraman J, Boukany PE. Microfluidic rectifier for polymer solutions flowing through porous media. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:014111. [PMID: 30867881 PMCID: PMC6404928 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic rectification refers to anisotropic flow resistance upon changing the flow direction. Polymeric solutions, in contrast to Newtonian fluids, can exhibit an anisotropic flow resistance in microfluidic devices by tuning the channel shape at low Reynolds number. Such a concept has not been investigated in an anisotropic porous medium. We have developed a fluidic rectifier based on an anisotropic porous medium consisting of a periodic array of triangular pillars that can operate at a low Reynolds number. Rectification is achieved, when the type of high Weissenberg number elastic instabilities changes with the flow direction. The flow resistance differs across the two directions of the anisotropic porous medium geometry. We have identified the type of elastic instabilities that appear in both forward and backward directions. Particularly, we found a qualitative relation between the dead-zone instability and the onset of fluidic rectification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jishnu Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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20
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Lee S, Lee Y, Kim Y, Wang C, Park J, Jung GY, Chen Y, Chang R, Ikeda S, Sugiyama H, Jo K. Nanochannel-Confined TAMRA-Polypyrrole Stained DNA Stretching by Varying the Ionic Strength from Micromolar to Millimolar Concentrations. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E15. [PMID: 30959999 PMCID: PMC6401831 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large DNA molecules have been utilized as a model system to investigate polymer physics. However, DNA visualization via intercalating dyes has generated equivocal results due to dye-induced structural deformation, particularly unwanted unwinding of the double helix. Thus, the contour length increases and the persistence length changes so unpredictably that there has been a controversy. In this paper, we used TAMRA-polypyrrole to stain single DNA molecules. Since this staining did not change the contour length of B-form DNA, we utilized TAMRA-polypyrrole stained DNA as a tool to measure the persistence length by changing the ionic strength. Then, we investigated DNA stretching in nanochannels by varying the ionic strength from 0.06 mM to 47 mM to evaluate several polymer physics theories proposed by Odijk, de Gennes and recent papers to deal with these regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Yelin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Yongkyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Jungyul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Material Science and Engineering, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Yenglong Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica and Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Rakwoo Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Shuji Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kyubong Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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21
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Batista Napotnik T, Miklavčič D. In vitro electroporation detection methods – An overview. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:166-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Kawale D, Bouwman G, Sachdev S, Zitha PLJ, Kreutzer MT, Rossen WR, Boukany PE. Polymer conformation during flow in porous media. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8745-8755. [PMID: 29119185 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular conformations of individual polymers during flow through porous media are directly observed by single-DNA imaging in microfluidics. As the Weissenberg number increases during flow (Wi > 1), we observe two types of elastic instabilities: (a) stationary dead-zone and (b) time-dependant dead-zone washing. When stretched polymer chains enter a dead-zone, they first re-coil and, once inside the dead-zone, they rotate and re-stretch again. The probability distribution of DNA chains under the stretched condition inside the dead-zone is found to be heterogeneous with a broad distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kawale
- Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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23
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24
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Lu X, Liu C, Hu G, Xuan X. Particle manipulations in non-Newtonian microfluidics: A review. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 500:182-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Hemminger O, Boukany PE. Microscopic origin of wall slip during flow of an entangled DNA solution in microfluidics: Flow induced chain stretching versus chain desorption. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044118. [PMID: 28936276 PMCID: PMC5578862 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the relevance and importance of slip, a fundamental understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of wall slip in polymer flow is still missing. In this work, we investigate the slip behavior of an entangled DNA solution at a molecular scale using a confocal microscope coupled to a microfluidic device. From microscopic measurement, we obtain both the velocity profile and conformation of polymeric chains by visualizing DNA molecules during flow on various surfaces (ranging from weak to strong interactions with DNA molecules). In channel flow at a low Weissenberg number (Wi = 0.14), we observe a parabolic flow for an APTES-treated glass (with strong interaction with DNA) in the absence of slip, while a significant amount of slip has been observed for a regular glass (with a weak interaction with DNA). At higher flow rates (Wi > 1.0), strong slip appears during flow on APTES-treated surfaces. In this case, only immobile DNA molecules are stretched on the surface and other bulk chains remain coiled. This observation suggests that the flow induced chain stretching at the interface is the main mechanism of slip during flow on strong surfaces. Conversely, for slip flow on surfaces with weak interactions (such as unmodified or acrylate-modified glasses), polymeric chains are desorbed from the surface and a thin layer of water is present near the surface, which induces an effective slip during flow. By imaging DNA conformations during both channel and shear flows on different surfaces, we elucidate that either chain desorption or flow-induced stretching of adsorbed chains occurs depending on the surface condition. In general, we expect that these new insights into the slip phenomenon will be useful for studying the biological flow involving single DNA molecule experiments in micro/nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Hemminger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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26
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Kawale D, Marques E, Zitha PLJ, Kreutzer MT, Rossen WR, Boukany PE. Elastic instabilities during the flow of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solution in porous media: effect of pore-shape and salt. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:765-775. [PMID: 28054067 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the flow of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution with and without salt in model porous media at high Weissenberg numbers (Wi > 1.0). The effect of pore shapes on the flow pattern and pressure drop is explored by using periodic arrays of circular and square pillars in aligned and staggered layouts. In the apparent shear-thinning regime, we observe stationary dead zones upstream of the pillars. In addition, we confirm that the size of stationary dead zones correlates with the level of shear-thinning, by varying the amount of salt in HPAM solution. At higher shear rates (or Wi), these dead zones are periodically washed away. We present the mechanism of this elastic instability and characterize it based on the pressure drop fluctuation spectral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kawale
- Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O.Box 902, 9600 AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esteban Marques
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pacelli L J Zitha
- Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel T Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - William R Rossen
- Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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27
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Sachdev S, Muralidharan A, Boukany PE. Molecular Processes Leading to "Necking" in Extensional Flow of Polymer Solutions: Using Microfluidics and Single DNA Imaging. Macromolecules 2016; 49:9578-9585. [PMID: 28216791 PMCID: PMC5312824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We study the necking and pinch-off dynamics of liquid droplets that contain a semidilute polymer solution of polyacrylamide close to overlap concentration by combining microfluidics and single DNA observation. Polymeric droplets are stretched by passing them through the stagnation point of a T-shaped microfluidic junction. In contrast with the sudden breakup of Newtonian droplets, a stable neck is formed between the separating ends of the droplet which delays the breakup process. Initially, polymeric filaments experience exponential thinning by forming a stable neck with extensional flow within the filament. Later, thin polymeric filaments develop a structure resembling a series of beads-on-a-string along their length and finally rupture during the final stages of the thinning process. To unravel the molecular picture behind these phenomena, we integrate a T-shaped microfluidic device with advanced fluorescence microscopy to visualize stained DNA molecules at the stagnation point within the necking region. We find that the individual polymer molecules suddenly stretch from their coiled conformation at the onset of necking. The extensional flow inside the neck is strong enough to deform and stretch polymer chains; however, the distribution of polymer conformations is broad, and it remains stationary in time during necking. Furthermore, we study the dynamics of single molecules during formation of beads-on-a-string structure. We observe that polymer chains gradually recoil inside beads while polymer chains between beads remain stretched to keep the connection between beads. The present work effectively extends single molecule experiments to free surface flows, which provides a unique opportunity for molecular-scale observation within the polymeric filament during necking and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Sachdev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E. Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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28
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Lindner A, Arratia PE. Preface to Special Topic: Invited Articles on Microfluidic Rheology. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:043301. [PMID: 27648112 PMCID: PMC5001971 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Lindner
- PMMH-ESPCI Paris, PSL, UMR 7636, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot and Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie , 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Paulo E Arratia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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