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Kim J, Kishi R, Kayahara E, Kim W, Yamago S, Nakano M, Kim D. Ultrafast Exciton Self-Trapping and Delocalization in Cycloparaphenylenes: The Role of Excited-State Symmetry in Electron-Vibrational Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16989-16996. [PMID: 32558161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Upon photon absorption, π-conjugated organics are apt to undergo ultrafast structural reorganization via electron-vibrational coupling during non-adiabatic transitions. Ultrafast nuclear motions modulate local planarity and quinoid/benzenoid characters within conjugated backbones, which control primary events in the excited states, such as localization, energy transfer, and so on. Femtosecond broadband fluorescence upconversion measurements were conducted to investigate exciton self-trapping and delocalization in cycloparaphenylenes as ultrafast structural reorganizations are achieved via excited-state symmetry-dependent electron-vibrational coupling. By accessing two high-lying excited states, one-photon and two-photon allowed states, a clear discrepancy in the initial time-resolved fluorescence spectra and the temporal dynamics/spectral evolution of fluorescence spectra were monitored. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, a novel insight into the effect of the excited-state symmetry on ultrafast structural reorganization and exciton self-trapping in the emerging class of π-conjugated materials is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Kim J, Kishi R, Kayahara E, Kim W, Yamago S, Nakano M, Kim D. Ultrafast Exciton Self‐Trapping and Delocalization in Cycloparaphenylenes: The Role of Excited‐State Symmetry in Electron‐Vibrational Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University 03722 Seoul Korea
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University 03722 Seoul Korea
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560–8531 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional, π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University 03722 Seoul Korea
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3
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Wilhelm P, Blank D, Lupton JM, Vogelsang J. Control of Intrachain Morphology in the Formation of Polyfluorene Aggregates on the Single-Molecule Level. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:961-965. [PMID: 32255242 PMCID: PMC7317353 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the morphology of π-conjugated polymers for organic optoelectronic devices has long been a goal in the field of materials science. Since the morphology of a polymer chain is closely intertwined with its photophysical properties, it is desirable to be able to change the arrangement of the polymers at will. We investigate the π-conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO), which can exist in three distinctly different structural phases: the α-, β-, and γ-phase. Every phase has a different chain structure and a unique photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. Due to its unique properties and the pronounced spectral structure-property relations, PFO can be used as a model system to study the morphology of π-conjugated polymers. To avoid ensemble averaging, we examine the PL spectrum of single PFO chains embedded in a non-fluorescent matrix. With single-molecule spectroscopy the structural phase of every single chain can be determined, and changes can be monitored very easily. To manipulate the morphology, solvent vapor annealing (SVA) was applied, which leads to a diffusion of the polymer chains in the matrix. The β- and γ-phases appear during the self-assembly of single α-phase PFO chains into mesoscopic aggregates. The extent of β- and γ-phase formation is directed by the solvent-swelling protocol used for aggregation. Aggregation unequivocally promotes formation of the more planar β- and γ-phases. Once these lower-energy more ordered structural phases are formed, SVA cannot return the polymer chain to the less ordered phase by aggregate swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wilhelm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Dominik Blank
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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Lee SH, Song S, Park J, Sim E, Yang J, Kim D. Conformational Heterogeneity in Large Macrocyclic Thiophenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4136-4141. [PMID: 31283239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For conjugated macrocycles, conformational disorder plays a key role in determining whether the unique form of excitons that are fully delocalized over the cyclic framework (cyclic excitons) is formed by photoexcitation. We have investigated the ring size dependence of conformations and photophysical properties of macrocyclic thiophenes of varying ring sizes (C-5NTNV) by using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. We measured modulation depth, M, values and fluorescence intensities. As the ring size increases, the correlation plots of the two parameters show bimodal distributions, revealing that larger macrocycles exhibit extremely congested linear structures. The size dependence of structural changes in macrocyclic thiophenes have been clearly confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. The number of torsional defects from simulated structures, in conjunction with survival times from fluorescence intensity trajectories and photon coincidence measurements, demonstrated the existence of multiple acyclic chromophores in the larger macrocycles from the ground state due to complete deformation of circular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Suhwan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nano-Bio Molecular Assemblies , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Jumi Park
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Eunji Sim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nano-Bio Molecular Assemblies , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry , Yonsei University , Wonju , Gangwon 26493 , Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
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5
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Wilhelm P, Vogelsang J, Schönfelder N, Höger S, Lupton JM. Anomalous Linear Dichroism in Bent Chromophores of π-conjugated Polymers: Departure from the Franck-Condon Principle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:057402. [PMID: 30821996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.057402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examine the influence of bending of π-conjugated chromophores on photoluminescence (PL) by spectrally resolving the depolarization of fluorescence on the single-molecule level. The effect of excited-state mixing mediated by molecular vibrations is manifested in the departure from the usual achromatic linear dichroism of fluorescence, with the polarization anisotropy decreasing in the vibronic progression. Bent chromophores reveal an overall increase in vibronic PL intensity with polarization orthogonal to the molecular long axis. This manifestation of the Renner-Herzberg-Teller (RHT) effect illustrates the breakdown of the Franck-Condon principle in macromolecules used in organic electronics, providing information on the orientation of transition-dipole moments and the origin of spectral broadening. While some of the spectral signatures of the RHT effect appear similar to those of H aggregation in molecular dimers, discrimination between the two phenomena is straightforward since H aggregation does not induce anomalous linear dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wilhelm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - N Schönfelder
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - S Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - J M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Expanded Theory of H- and J-Molecular Aggregates: The Effects of Vibronic Coupling and Intermolecular Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7069-7163. [PMID: 29664617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic excited states of molecular aggregates and their photophysical signatures have long fascinated spectroscopists and theoreticians alike since the advent of Frenkel exciton theory almost 90 years ago. The influence of molecular packing on basic optical probes like absorption and photoluminescence was originally worked out by Kasha for aggregates dominated by Coulombic intermolecular interactions, eventually leading to the classification of J- and H-aggregates. This review outlines advances made in understanding the relationship between aggregate structure and photophysics when vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer are incorporated. An assortment of packing geometries is considered from the humble molecular dimer to more exotic structures including linear and bent aggregates, two-dimensional herringbone and "HJ" aggregates, and chiral aggregates. The interplay between long-range Coulomb coupling and short-range charge-transfer-mediated coupling strongly depends on the aggregate architecture leading to a wide array of photophysical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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7
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Abstract
The breaking of molecular symmetry through photoexcitation is a ubiquitous but rather elusive process, which, for example, controls the microscopic efficiency of light harvesting in molecular aggregates. A molecular excitation within a π-conjugated segment will self-localize due to strong coupling to molecular vibrations, locally changing bond alternation in a process which is fundamentally nondeterministic. Probing such symmetry breaking usually relies on polarization-resolved fluorescence, which is most powerful on the level of single molecules. Here, we explore symmetry breaking by designing a large, asymmetric acceptor-donor-acceptor (A1-D-A2) complex 10 nm in length, where excitation energy can flow from the donor, a π-conjugated oligomer, to either one of the two boron-dipyrromethene (bodipy) dye acceptors of different color. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) reveals a nondeterministic switching between the energy-transfer pathways from the oligomer to the two acceptor groups on the submillisecond timescale. We conclude that excitation energy transfer, and light harvesting in general, are fundamentally nondeterministic processes, which can be strongly perturbed by external stimuli. A simple demonstration of the relation between exciton localization within the extended π-system and energy transfer to the endcap is given by considering the selectivity of endcap emission through the polarization of the excitation light in triads with bent oligomer backbones. Bending leads to increased localization so that the molecule acquires bichromophoric characteristics in terms of its fluorescence photon statistics.
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Marcus M, Milward JD, Köhler A, Barford W. Structural Information for Conjugated Polymers from Optical Modeling. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3621-3625. [PMID: 29565593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We use a Frenkel-Holstein model of uncoupled chains in the adiabatic limit to simulate the optical spectra of the conjugated polymer ladder-type poly( p-phenylene) derivative (MeLPPP), which is a planar conjugated polymer with especially low interchain interactions. The theoretical calculations correctly reproduce the vibronic spectra and yield reasonable torsion angles between adjacent phenyl rings. The success of this approach indicates that, in contrast to interchain coupling, the strong electronic coupling along a polymer chain is more appropriately described in the adiabatic limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3QZ , U.K.,Magdalen College , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 4AU , U.K
| | - Jonathan D Milward
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3QZ , U.K.,University College , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 4BH , U.K
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II , University of Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany.,Bayreuth Institut of Macromulecular Research (BIMF) , University of Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - William Barford
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , Oxford , OX1 3QZ , U.K
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Park KH, Kim W, Yang J, Kim D. Excited-state structural relaxation and exciton delocalization dynamics in linear and cyclic π-conjugated oligothiophenes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4279-4294. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated oligothiophene is considered a chain segment of its polymeric counterpart with simper excited-state dynamics and spectral signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Wonju
- Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
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10
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Barford W, Marcus M. Perspective: Optical spectroscopy in π-conjugated polymers and how it can be used to determine multiscale polymer structures. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:130902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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