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Liu W, Ju S. Tunable Thermal Conductivity of Sustainable Geopolymers by the Si/Al Ratio and Moisture Content: Insights from Atomistic Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38356255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of the Si/Al ratio and moisture content on thermal transport in sustainable geopolymers have been comprehensively investigated by using the molecular dynamics simulation. The thermal conductivity of geopolymer systems increases with the increase of Si/Al ratio, and the phonon vibration frequency region, which plays a major role in the main increase of its thermal conductivity, is 8-25 THz, while the rest of the frequency interval contributes less. With the increase of moisture content, the thermal conductivity of geopolymer systems decreases at first, then increases, and finally stabilizes, which is contrary to the changing trend of the porosity of the system. This is mainly because the existence of pores leads to phonon scattering during thermal transport, which, in turn, affects the thermal conductivity of the system. When the moisture content is 5%, the thermal conductivity reaches a minimum value of about 1.103 W/(m·K), which is 40.2% lower than the thermal conductivity of the system without a water molecule. This work will help to enhance the physical level understanding of the relationship between the geopolymer structures and thermal transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Liu
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
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2
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Nguyen MT, Fernandez CA, Haider MM, Chu KH, Jian G, Nassiri S, Zhang D, Rousseau R, Glezakou VA. Toward Self-Healing Concrete Infrastructure: Review of Experiments and Simulations across Scales. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10838-10876. [PMID: 37286529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cement and concrete are vital materials used to construct durable habitats and infrastructure that withstand natural and human-caused disasters. Still, concrete cracking imposes enormous repair costs on societies, and excessive cement consumption for repairs contributes to climate change. Therefore, the need for more durable cementitious materials, such as those with self-healing capabilities, has become more urgent. In this review, we present the functioning mechanisms of five different strategies for implementing self-healing capability into cement based materials: (1) autogenous self-healing from ordinary portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials and geopolymers in which defects and cracks are repaired through intrinsic carbonation and crystallization; (2) autonomous self-healing by (a) biomineralization wherein bacteria within the cement produce carbonates, silicates, or phosphates to heal damage, (b) polymer-cement composites in which autonomous self-healing occurs both within the polymer and at the polymer-cement interface, and (c) fibers that inhibit crack propagation, thus allowing autogenous healing mechanisms to be more effective. In all cases, we discuss the self-healing agent and synthesize the state of knowledge on the self-healing mechanism(s). In this review article, the state of computational modeling across nano- to macroscales developed based on experimental data is presented for each self-healing approach. We conclude the review by noting that, although autogenous reactions help repair small cracks, the most fruitful opportunities lay within design strategies for additional components that can migrate into cracks and initiate chemistries that retard crack propagation and generate repair of the cement matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md Mostofa Haider
- University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Guoqing Jian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Somayeh Nassiri
- University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Difan Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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3
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Hajiabadi SH, Khalifeh M, van Noort R, Silva Santos Moreira PH. Review on Geopolymers as Wellbore Sealants: State of the Art Optimization for CO 2 Exposure and Perspectives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23320-23345. [PMID: 37426265 PMCID: PMC10323953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Wellbores used in underground production and storage activities, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), are typically sealed using sealants based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). However, leakage along these seals or through them during CCS operations can pose a significant threat to long-term storage integrity. In this review paper, we explore the potential of geopolymer (GP) systems as alternative sealants in wells exposed to CO2 during CCS. First, we discuss how key parameters control the mechanical properties, permeability, and chemical durability of GPs based on different starting materials as well as their optimum values. These parameters include the chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size, and particle shape of the precursor materials; the composition of the hardener; the chemistry of the full system (particularly the Si/Al, Si/(Na+K), Si/Ca, Si/Mg, and Si/Fe ratios); the water content of the mix; and the conditions under which curing occurs. Next, we review existing knowledge on the use of GPs as wellbore sealants to identify key knowledge gaps and challenges and the research needed to address these challenges. Our review shows the great potential of GPs as alternative wellbore sealant materials in CCS (as well as other applications) due to their high corrosion durability, low matrix permeability, and good mechanical properties. However, important challenges are identified that require further research, such as mix optimization, taking into account curing and exposure conditions and available starting materials; the development of optimalization workflows, along with building larger data sets on how the identified parameters affect GP properties, can streamline this optimization for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hasan Hajiabadi
- Department
of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mahmoud Khalifeh
- Department
of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Reinier van Noort
- Department
of Reservoir Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Postbox 40, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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4
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Liu W, Qin L, Zhao CY, Ju S. Microscopic Mechanism of Tunable Thermal Conductivity in Carbon Nanotube-Geopolymer Nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2267-2276. [PMID: 36863008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer has been considered as a green and low-carbon material with great potential application due to its simple synthesis process, environmental protection, excellent mechanical properties, good chemical resistance, and durability. In this work, the molecular dynamics simulation is employed to investigate the effect of the size, content, and distribution of carbon nanotubes on the thermal conductivity of geopolymer nanocomposites, and the microscopic mechanism is analyzed by the phonon density of states, phonon participation ratio, spectral thermal conductivity, etc. The results show that there is a significant size effect in the geopolymer nanocomposites system due to the carbon nanotubes. In addition, when the content of carbon nanotubes is 16.5%, the thermal conductivity in carbon nanotubes vertical axial direction (4.85 W/(m k)) increases by 125.6% compared with the system without carbon nanotubes (2.15 W/(m k)). However, the thermal conductivity in carbon nanotubes vertical axial direction (1.25 W/(m k)) decreases by 41.9%, which is mainly due to the interfacial thermal resistance and phonon scattering at the interfaces. The above results provide theoretical guidance for the tunable thermal conductivity in carbon nanotube-geopolymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Liu
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ling Qin
- SPIC Guizhou Jinyuan Co., Ltd., Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - C Y Zhao
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
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5
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Hu H, Huang K, Zhou W, Liu X, Chang X, Wang Q, Yao H, Li Y. Water adsorption and diffusion in phosphoric acid-based geopolymer using molecular modeling. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lyngdoh GA, Das S. Elucidating the Interfacial Bonding Behavior of Over-Molded Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Experiment and Multiscale Numerical Simulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43666-43680. [PMID: 36107717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper implements molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using reactive force field (ReaxFF) to evaluate the atomistic origin of the interfacial behavior in the overmolded hybrid unidirectional continuous carbon fiber low-melt PAEK (CFR-LMPAEK)-short carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (SFR-PEEK) polymer composites. From the MD simulation, it was observed that the interfacial properties improve with increasing maximum processing temperature and injection pressure although such an improving trajectory gets saturated beyond specific limits. The interfacial strength and fracture response of the hybrid polymer system at the interface are also evaluated. The mechanical responses obtained from MD simulation are used as adhesive properties in the macroscale finite element analysis (FEA)-based single lap joint (SLJ) model where the interfacial behavior between the adherends (CFR-LMPAEK and SFR-PEEK) is implemented using cohesive zone model (CZM). The simulated FE results show a good correlation with the SLJ experimental data. Thus, by linking the interfacial properties at the molecular scale to the performance of the interfacial bond at the macroscale, the comprehensive approach presented here opens up various efficient avenues toward atomistically engineered performance tuning in hybrid overmolded fiber-reinforced polymer composites to meet desired large-scale performance needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A Lyngdoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Sumanta Das
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Nguyen TAH, Guo X, You F, Saha N, Wu S, Scheuermann A, Ren C, Huang L. Co-solidification of bauxite residue and coal ash into indurated monolith via ambient geopolymerisation for in situ environmental application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126925. [PMID: 34449336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bauxite residues generated from alumina refineries worldwide have accumulated to more than 4 billion tons, at an annual increment of ~ 0.15 billion tons. It is imperative and urgent for the alumina sector to develop field-operable disposal solutions for rapid and cost-effective stabilisation of alkaline bauxite residues (BR) in the storage facility to minimise/prevent potential environmental risks. Taking advantage of the availability of coal ash (CA) on site, we studied a feasible way to synthesise geopolymer from active (amorphous) aluminosilicate components of BR and CA via the alkaline hydrolysis under ambient conditions. The new geopolymeric binder effectively solidifies BR-CA mixtures into indurated monoliths whose unconstrained compressive strength (UCS) can reach as high as ~ 20 MPa after 8 weeks. The Full Factorial Experimental Design was used to study relative influences of BR:CA ratio, modulus of activating solution, and H2O/Na2O ratio on UCS. Micro-spectroscopic structural analyses using electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy suggested a co-occurrence of cement-like calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) and Na-rich aluminosilicate 3D-extended network (geopolymer) within the binder phase. The advantage of this ambient geopolymerisation, without resorting to elevated temperature curing, renders a feasible way of valorising BR and CA for environmental management of alkaline wastes at alumina refineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan A H Nguyen
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Xingyun Guo
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fang You
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Narottam Saha
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Songlin Wu
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Chengyao Ren
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Longbin Huang
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Lyngdoh GA, Kumar R, Krishnan NMA, Das S. Dynamics of confined water and its interplay with alkali cations in sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gel: insights from reactive force field molecular dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23707-23724. [PMID: 33057524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the dynamics of confined water and its interplay with alkali cations in disordered sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel using reactive force field molecular dynamics. N-A-S-H gel is the primary binding phase in geopolymers formed via alkaline activation of fly ash. Despite attractive mechanical properties, geopolymers suffer from durability issues, particularly the alkali leaching problem which has motivated this study. Here, the dynamics of confined water and the mobility of alkali cations in N-A-S-H is evaluated by obtaining the evolution of mean squared displacements and Van Hove correlation function. To evaluate the influence of the composition of N-A-S-H on the water dynamics and diffusion of alkali cations, atomistic structures of N-A-S-H with Si/Al ratio ranging from 1 to 3 are constructed. It is observed that the diffusion of confined water and sodium is significantly influenced by the Si/Al ratio. The confined water molecules in N-A-S-H exhibit a multistage dynamic behavior where they can be classified as mobile and immobile water molecules. While the mobility of water molecules gets progressively restricted with an increase in Si/Al ratio, the diffusion coefficient of sodium also decreases as the Si/Al ratio increases. The diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the N-A-S-H structure exhibits a lower value than those of the calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) structure. This is mainly due to the random disordered structure of N-A-S-H as compared to the layered C-S-H structure. To further evaluate the influence of water content in N-A-S-H, atomistic structures of N-A-S-H with water contents ranging from 5-20% are constructed. Qn distribution of the structures indicates significant depolymerization of N-A-S-H structure with increasing water content. Increased conversion of Si-O-Na network to Si-O-H and Na-OH components with an increase in water content helps explain the alkali-leaching issue in fly ash-based geopolymers observed macroscopically. Overall, the results in this study can be used as a starting point towards multiscale simulation-based design and development of durable geopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A Lyngdoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - N M Anoop Krishnan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sumanta Das
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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9
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Lyngdoh GA, Kumar R, Krishnan NMA, Das S. Realistic atomic structure of fly ash-based geopolymer gels: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Lyngdoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - N. M. Anoop Krishnan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sumanta Das
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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10
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Zhang Y, Li T, Hou D, Zhang J, Jiang J. Insights on magnesium and sulfate ions' adsorption on the surface of sodium alumino-silicate hydrate (NASH) gel: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18297-18310. [PMID: 29966028 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The movement of water and ions in sodium alumino-silicate hydrate gel (NASH) influences the physical and chemical properties of the geopolymer material. In this paper, in order to better understand the structure and dynamics of water and ions in the interfacial region of the NASH gel, molecular dynamics was utilized to model Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions (both at 0.44 mol L-1) near the NASH surface. The broken silicate-aluminate surface network, with predominant percentage of randomly connected Q1 and Q2 silicate and aluminate species, provides plenty of non-bridging oxygen sites to accept the H bond from the surface water molecules, contributing toward a strongly adsorbed hydration layer with a thickness of around 5 Å. Consequently, the water molecule in the hydration layer exhibits increased density, increased dipole moment magnitude, orientation preference, and slow diffusivity. In contrast, up to 36.4% of the counter sodium ions, originally caged in the vacancies on the NASH surface, gradually dissociate from the silicate-aluminate skeleton and migrate into the bulk solution, which is consistent with the experimentally observed leaching process of alkali ions in the geopolymer material. In the MgSO4 solution, the magnesium ions-with a smaller ionic radius-penetrate into the silicate-aluminate skeleton vacancy, have 1.8 to 2.5 coordinated solid oxygen atoms, and remain on the NASH surface for a fairly longer time due to the stable Mg-O bonds. Mg species adsorbed on the inner sphere got rooted onto the hydroxyl layer, healing the damaged silicate-aluminate structures and stabilizing the network by inhibiting Na ion immigration into the solution. Mg ions in the outer layer, on average, associated with around one neighboring SO4 ion, forming ionic pairs and accumulating into large Mg-SO4 clusters, to help the immobilization of sulfate ions on the NASH surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China.
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11
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Lolli F, Manzano H, Provis JL, Bignozzi MC, Masoero E. Atomistic Simulations of Geopolymer Models: The Impact of Disorder on Structure and Mechanics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22809-22820. [PMID: 29896958 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymers are hydrated aluminosilicates with excellent binding properties. Geopolymers appeal to the construction sector as a more sustainable alternative to traditional cements, but their exploitation is limited by a poor understanding of the linkage between chemical composition and macroscopic properties. Molecular simulations can help clarify this linkage, but existing models based on amorphous or crystalline aluminosilicate structures provide only a partial explanation of experimental data on the nanoscale. This paper presents a new model for the molecular structure of geopolymers, in particular for nanoscale interfacial zones between crystalline and amorphous nanodomains, which are crucial for the overall mechanical properties of the material. For a range of Si-Al molar ratios and water contents, the proposed structures are analyzed in terms of skeletal density, ring structure, pore structure, bond-angle distribution, bond length distribution, X-ray diffraction, X-ray pair distribution function, elastic moduli, and large-strain mechanics. Results are compared with experimental data and with other simulation results for amorphous and crystalline molecular models, showing that the newly proposed structures better capture important structural features with an impact on mechanical properties. This offers a new starting point for the multiscale modeling of geopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lolli
- School of Engineering , Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Hegoi Manzano
- Condensed Matter Physics Department , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao 48940 , Spain
| | - John L Provis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Maria Chiara Bignozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali , University of Bologna , Bologna 40131 , Italy
| | - Enrico Masoero
- School of Engineering , Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K
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Hou D, Zhang Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Pei H, Zhang J, Jiang J, Li T. Molecular structure, dynamics, and mechanical behavior of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH) gel at elevated temperature: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20695-20711. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Elevated temperature weakens the aluminosilicate framework, resulting in the reduction in the tensile failure strength, but an increase in the toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshuai Hou
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao 266033
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Engineering Construction and Safety in Shandong Blue Economic Zone
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao 266033
- China
| | - Tiejun Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao 266033
- China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Huafu Pei
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao 266033
- China
| | - Jinyang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao 266033
- China
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