1
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Boronski JT, Crumpton AE, Roper AF, Aldridge S. A nucleophilic beryllyl complex via metathesis at [Be-Be] 2. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01534-9. [PMID: 38760434 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its high toxicity, the chemistry of element number four, beryllium, is poorly understood. However, as the lightest elements provide the basis for fundamental models of chemical bonding, there is a need for greater insight into the properties of beryllium. In this context, the chemistry of the homo-elemental Be-Be bond is of fundamental interest. Here the ligand metathesis chemistry of diberyllocene (1; CpBeBeCp)-a stable complex with a Be-Be bond-has been investigated. These studies yield two complexes with Be-Be bonds: Cp*BeBeCp (2) and [K{(HCDippN)2BO}2]BeBeCp (3; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl). Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the Be-Be bond in 3 is polarized to such an extent that the complex could be formulated as a mixed-oxidation state Be0/BeII complex. Correspondingly, it is demonstrated that 3 can transfer the 'beryllyl' anion, [BeCp]-, to an organic substrate, by analogy with the reactivity of sp2-sp3 diboranes. Indeed, this work reveals striking similarities between the homo-elemental bonding linkages of beryllium and boron, despite the respective metallic and non-metallic natures of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Liu YQ, Kalita AJ, Zhang HY, Cui LJ, Yan B, Guha AK, Cui ZH, Pan S. BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BeM(CO)3 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt): Triply bonded terminal beryllium in zero oxidation state. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:184308. [PMID: 38738611 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We perform detailed potential energy surface explorations of BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BeM(CO)3 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) using both single-reference and multireference-based methods. The present results at the CASPT2(12,12)/def2-QZVPD//M06-D3/def2-TZVPPD level reveal that the global minimum of BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BePt(CO)3 is a C3v symmetric structure with an 1A1 electronic state, where Be is located in a terminal position bonded to M along the center axis. For other cases, the C3v symmetric structure is a low-lying local minimum. Although the present complexes are isoelectronic with the recently reported BFe(CO)3- complex having a B-Fe quadruple bond, radial orbital-energy slope (ROS) analysis reveals that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the title complexes is slightly antibonding in nature, which bars a quadruple bonding assignment. Similar weak antibonding nature of HOMO in the previously reported BeM(CO)4 (M = Ru, Os) complexes is also noted in ROS analysis. The bonding analysis through energy decomposition analysis in combination with the natural orbital for chemical valence shows that the bonding between Be and M(CO)3q (q = -1 for M = Co, Rh, Ir and q = 0 for M = Ni, Pd, Pt) can be best described as Be in the ground state (1S) interacting with M(CO)30/- via dative bonds. The Be(spσ) → M(CO)3q σ-donation and the complementary Be(spσ) ← M(CO)3q σ-back donation make the overall σ bond, which is accompanied by two weak Be(pπ) ← M(CO)3q π-bonds. These complexes represent triply bonded terminal beryllium in an unusual zero oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Amlan J Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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3
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Cong F, Cai L, Cheng J, Pu Z, Wang X. Beryllium Dimer Reactions with Acetonitrile: Formation of Strong Be-Be Bonds. Molecules 2023; 29:177. [PMID: 38202759 PMCID: PMC10779904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser ablated Be atoms have been reacted with acetonitrile molecules in 4 K solid neon matrix. The diberyllium products BeBeNCCH3 and CNBeBeCH3 have been identified by D and 13C isotopic substitutions and quantum chemical calculations. The stabilization of the diberyllium species is rationalized from the formation of the real Be-Be single bonds with bond distances as 2.077 and 2.058 Å and binding energies as -27.1 and -77.2 kcal/mol calculated at CCSD (T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory for BeBeNCCH3 and CNBeBeCH3, respectively. EDA-NOCV analysis described the interaction between Be2 and NC···CH3 fragments as Lewis "acid-base" interactions. In the complexes, the Be2 moiety carries positive charges which transfer from antibonding orbital of Be2 to the bonding fragments significantly strengthen the Be-Be bonds that are corroborated by AIM, LOL and NBO analyses. In addition, mono beryllium products BeNCCH3, CNBeCH3, HBeCH2CN and HBeNCCH2 have also been observed in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cong
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (F.C.); (L.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Liyan Cai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (F.C.); (L.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Juanjuan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (F.C.); (L.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhen Pu
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (F.C.); (L.C.); (J.C.)
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4
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Jaffe NB, Stanton JF, Heaven MC. Photoelectron Velocity Map Imaging Spectroscopy of the Beryllium Trimer and Tetramer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8339-8344. [PMID: 37699253 PMCID: PMC10518861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies of small beryllium clusters (BeN) predict dramatic, nonmonotonic changes in the bonding mechanisms and per-atom cohesion energies with increasing N. To date, experimental tests of these quantum chemistry models are lacking for all but the Be2 molecule. In the present study, we report spectroscopic data for Be3 and Be4 obtained via anion photodetachment spectroscopy. The trimer is predicted to have D3h symmetric equilibrium structures for both the neutral molecule and the anion. Photodetachment spectra reveal transitions that originate from the X2A2″ ground state and the 12A1' electronically excited state. The state symmetries were assigned on the basis of anisotropic photoelectron angular distributions. The neutral and anionic forms of Be4 are predicted to be tetrahedral. Franck-Condon diagonal photodetachment was observed with a photoelectron angular distribution consistent with the expected Be4-X2A1 → Be4X1A1 transition. The electron affinities of Be3 and Be4 were determined to be 11363 ± 60 and 13052 ± 50 cm-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B. Jaffe
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry - Quantum Theory Project, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michael C. Heaven
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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5
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Mazumder LJ, Guha AK. Three-membered beryllium ring, Be 3: not just a hydrogen bond acceptor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20947-20950. [PMID: 37496445 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations predict that the three-membered beryllium ring, Be3 is not just a hydrogen bond acceptor. It is a bond breaker. Calculations reveal that the global minimum geometry of Be3HX (X = F, Cl, OH, CN) features a linear geometry with complete cleavage of the H-X bond along with linearization of the Be3 unit. The linear geometry is radical stabilized Be trimer, R-Be-Be-Be-R. Thus, the present study clearly reveals that the Be3 ring has more to offer than just showing hydrogen bond accepting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhya J Mazumder
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam-781001, India.
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam-781001, India.
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6
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Boronski JT, Crumpton AE, Wales LL, Aldridge S. Diberyllocene, a stable compound of Be(I) with a Be-Be bond. Science 2023; 380:1147-1149. [PMID: 37319227 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The complex diberyllocene, CpBeBeCp (Cp, cyclopentadienyl anion), has been the subject of numerous chemical investigations over the past five decades yet has eluded experimental characterization. We report the preparation and isolation of the compound by the reduction of beryllocene (BeCp2) with a dimeric magnesium(I) complex and determination of its structure in the solid state by means of x-ray crystallography. Diberyllocene acts as a reductant in reactions that form beryllium-aluminum and beryllium-zinc bonds. Quantum chemical calculations indicate parallels between the electronic structure of diberyllocene and the simple homodiatomic species diberyllium (Be2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Lewis L Wales
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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7
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Mazumder LJ, Sharma R, Yashmin F, Sharma PK. Beryllium bonding with noble gas atoms. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:644-655. [PMID: 36394306 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations were carried out to investigate the nature of the bonding between a neutral Be3 ring and noble gas atom. Electronic structure calculation for these complexes was carried out at different computational levels in association with natural bond orbital, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, electron localization function, symmetry adapted perturbation theory, and molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis of Be3 complexes. The Be atoms in the Be3 moiety are chemically bonded to one another, with the BeBe bond dissociation energy being ~125 kJ mol-1 . The Be3 ring interacts with the noble gases through non-covalent interactions. The binding energies of the noble gas atoms with the Be3 ring increases with increase in their atomic number. The non-covalent interaction index, density overlap region indicator and independent gradient model analyses reveal the presence of non-covalent inter-fragment interactions in the complexes. Energy decomposition analysis reveals that dispersion plays the major role towards stabilizing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Farnaz Yashmin
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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8
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Mato J, Tzeli D, Xantheas SS. The Many-Body Expansion for Metals I: The Alkaline Earth metals Be, Mg, and Ca. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084313. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the Many-Body Expansion (MBE) for alkaline earth metal clusters, Be n, Mg n, Ca n ( n = 4, 5, 6) at the MP2, CCSD(T), MRPT2, and MRCI levels of theory. The magnitude of each term in the MBE is evaluated for several geometrical configurations. We find that the behavior of the MBE for these clusters depends strongly on the geometrical arrangement, and, to a lesser extent, on the level of theory used. Another factor that affects the MBE is the in situ (ground or excited) electronic state of the individual atoms in the cluster. For most geometries, the three-body term is the largest, followed by a steady decrease in absolute energy for subsequent terms. Though these systems exhibit non-negligible multi-reference effects, there was little qualitative difference in the MBE expansion when employing single vs. multi-reference methods. Useful insights into the connectivity and stability of these clusters have been drawn from the respective potential energy surfaces and Quasi-Atomic orbitals for the various dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Through these analyses we investigate the similarities and differences in the binding energies of different size clusters for these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joani Mato
- Chemical Physics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Chemistry, Greece
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9
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Zhou H, Scemama A, Wang G, Annaberdiyev A, Kincaid B, Caffarel M, Mitas L. A quantum Monte Carlo study of systems with effective core potentials and node nonlinearities. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Li H, Zhang C, Li S. Study on the Regulation of Alkali-earth Metal Be n ( n=1~3) on the Structure of B 12 Clusters. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Denisov GS, Denisov IG. More about properties of Morse oscillator. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120111. [PMID: 34237688 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using Birge-Sponer extrapolation we have analyzed the approximation of the potential of a real diatomic molecule by the Morse model, which implies a constant value of anharmonicity ωx. The real values of ωx*(v) for each vibrational level are estimated from transition frequencies between neighboring levels. The dependence of ωx* on the vibrational quantum number v up to dissociation is calculated from the literature data for the ground electronic state of H2, O2, Be2, Li2, ArXe, Xe2, Kr2 and the excited state of Li2. Characteristic features of deviations of the anharmonicity parameter x* - x from the Morse model are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Denisov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 3 Uljanovskaya str., Petergof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - I G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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12
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Neutral all metal aromatic half-sandwich complexes between alkaline earth and transition metals: an ab initio exploration. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Chakravarti D, Hazra K, Kayal R, Sasmal S, Mukherjee D. Exploration of interlacing and avoided crossings in a manifold of potential energy curves by a unitary group adapted state specific multi-reference perturbation theory (UGA-SSMRPT). J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014101. [PMID: 34241385 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Unitary Group Adapted State-Specific Multi-Reference Perturbation Theory (UGA-SSMRPT2) developed by Mukherjee et al. [J. Comput. Chem. 36, 670 (2015)] has successfully realized the goal of studying bond dissociation in a numerically stable, spin-preserving, and size-consistent manner. We explore and analyze here the efficacy of the UGA-SSMRPT2 theory in the description of the avoided crossings and interlacings between a manifold of potential energy curves for states belonging to the same space-spin symmetry. Three different aspects of UGA-SSMRPT2 have been studied: (a) We introduce and develop the most rigorous version of UGA-SSMRPT2 that emerges from the rigorous version of UGA-SSMRCC utilizing a linearly independent virtual manifold; we call this the "projection" version of UGA-SSMRPT2 (UGA-SSMRPT2 scheme P). We compare and contrast this approach with our earlier formulation that used extra sufficiency conditions via amplitude equations (UGA-SSMRPT2 scheme A). (b) We present the results for a variety of electronic states of a set of molecules, which display the striking accuracy of both the two versions of UGA-SSMRPT2 with respect to three different situations involving weakly avoided crossings, moderate/strongly avoided crossings, and interlacing in a manifold of potential energy curves (PECs) of the same symmetry. Accuracy of our results has been benchmarked against IC-MRCISD + Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Chakravarti
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Koustav Hazra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Riya Kayal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudip Sasmal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Debashis Mukherjee
- Centre for Quantum Engineering, Research, and Education (CQuERE), TCG-CREST, Kolkata, India
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14
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Parker ML, Jian J, Gibson JK. Bond dissociation energies of low-valent lanthanide hydroxides: lower limits from ion-molecule reactions and comparisons with fluorides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11314-11326. [PMID: 33973581 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite that bond dissociation energies (BDEs) are among the most fundamental and relevant chemical properties they remain poorly characterized for most elementary lanthanide hydroxides and halides. Lanthanide ions Ln+ = Eu+, Tm+ and Yb+ are here shown to react with H2O to yield hydroxides LnOH+. Under low-energy conditions such reactions must be exothermic, which implies a lower limit of 499 kJ mol-1 for the Ln+-OH BDEs. This limit is significantly higher than previously reported for YbOH+ and is unexpectedly similar to the BDE for Yb+-F. To explain this apparent anomaly, it is considered feasible that the inefficient hydrolysis reactions observed here in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer may actually be endothermic. More definitive and broad-based evaluations and comparisons require additional and more reliable BDEs and ionization energies for key lanthanide molecules, and/or energies for ligand-exchange reactions like LnF + OH ↔ LnOH + F. The hydroxide results motivated an assessment of currently available lanthanide monohalide BDEs. Among several intriguing relationships is the distinctively higher BDE for neutral LuF versus cationic LuF+, though quantifying this comparison awaits a more accurate value for the anomalously high ionization energy of LuF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L Parker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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15
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Davis JU, Phung QM, Yanai T, Ehara M, Sommerfeld T. Lifetimes of Be32– and Mg32– Cluster Dianions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3579-3588. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy U. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, United States
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, United States
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16
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Vos E, Corral I, Montero-Campillo MM, Mó O, Elguero J, Alkorta I, Yáñez M. Spontaneous bond dissociation cascades induced by Be n clusters (n = 2,4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6448-6454. [PMID: 33720220 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-level single and multireference ab initio calculations show that the Be4 cluster behaves as a very efficient Lewis acid when interacting with conventional Lewis bases such as ammonia, water or hydrogen fluoride, to the point that the corresponding acid-base interaction triggers a sequential dissociation of all the bonds of the Lewis base. Notably, this behavior is already found for the simplest beryllium cluster, the Be2 dimer. However, whereas for Be2 the first dissociation process involves a low activation barrier which is above the reactants, for Be4 all the bond dissociation processes involve barriers below the entrance channel leading to a cascade of successive exothermic processes, which end up spontaneously in a global minimum in which the bonding patterns of both the base and the Lewis acid are completely destroyed. Indeed, the global minimum, in all cases, is stabilized by three-center Be-H-Be bonds and covalent interactions between the Be atoms and the basic center of the base, which replace the initial metallic bond stabilizing the Be4 cluster. As a consequence, in the global minimum the basic atoms (N, O and F) behave as hyper-coordinated centers. Also importantly, the Be4 cluster and its complexes present RHF-UHF instabilities (not reported before for Be4), which require the use of multireference methods to correctly describe them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias) and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Feng LY, Wang K, Zhai HJ. Anchoring a bow-shaped boron single chain in binary Be 6B 7- cluster: hybrid octagonal ring, multifold π/σ aromaticity, and dual electronic transmutation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25574-25583. [PMID: 33165466 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Elemental boron clusters do not form linear chain or monocyclic ring structures, which is in contrast to carbon. Based on computer global searches and quantum chemical calculations, we report on the viability of a curved boron single chain in binary Be6B7- cluster. The boron motif assumes a bow shape, being anchored on a Be6 prism. Such a motif, which appears to be highly strained in its free-standing form, is exotic in boron-based clusters and nanostructures. Chemically, the cluster is analogous to a "clam-and-pearl-chain" system at the nanoscale (about 1 nm in size), in which a Be6 clam moderately opens its mouth, except that a B7 pearl chain is too large to be encapsulated inside. The picture differs from a three-layered sandwich. This cluster features a hybrid Be2B7 monocyclic ring, which is octagonal in nature and supports double 10π/6σ aromaticity. The number of π bonds substantially surpasses that in bare boron clusters of similar sizes. Two Be3 rings in the prism are also σ aromatic, albeit with effective 1σ/1σ electron-counting only. The unique multifold 1σ/10π/6σ/1σ aromaticity governs the geometry of the Be6B7- cluster, which can also be rationalized using the concept of dual electronic transmutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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18
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Kalita AJ, Rohman SS, Kashyap C, Ullah SS, Guha AK. Double aromaticity in a BBe 6H 6+ cluster with a planar hexacoordinate boron structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12597-12599. [PMID: 32945297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05668e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity is one of the central concepts in chemistry and stabilizes many clusters that have interesting structural motifs. Herein, a cationic BBe6H6 cluster featuring a planar hexacoordinate boron structure stabilized by 2π/6σ double aromaticity was predicted theoretically. The cluster was predicted to be dynamically stable well above room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan J Kalita
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
| | - Shahnaz S Rohman
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
| | - Chayanika Kashyap
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
| | - Sabnam S Ullah
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
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19
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Be–Be Bond in Action: Lessons from the Beryllium–Ammonia Complexes [Be(NH3)0–4]20,2+. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9783-9792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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20
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Liu X, Zhang M, Zhong R, Wu S, Liu Y, Geng Y, Su Z. Computational Study of sp x (x=1-3)-Hybridized Be-Be Bonds Stabilized by Amidinate Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:10891-10895. [PMID: 32297691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Complexes containing odd-electron Be-Be bonds are still rare until now. Hereby, a series of neutral di-beryllium amidinate complexes containing a Be-Be bond were explored theoretically. The complexes with direct chelation with the Be2 dimer by the bidentate amidinate (AMD) ligands are always corresponding to their global minimum structures. The detailed bonding analyses reveal that the localized electrons of the Be-Be fragment can be adjusted by the amount of AMD ligands because each AMD ligand only takes one electron from the Be2 fragment. Meanwhile, the hybridization of the central Be atom also changes as the number of AMD ligands increases. In particular, the sp3 -hybridized single-electron Be-Be bond is firstly identified in the tri-AMD-ligands-chelated neutral D3h -Be2 (AMD)3 complex, which also possesses the higher stability compared to its monoanionic D3h -Be2 (AMD)3 - and monocationic C3 -Be2 (AMD)3 + analogues. Importantly, our study provides a new approach to obtain a neutral odd-electron Be-Be bond, namely by the use of radical ligands through side-on chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingman Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of, Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for, Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of, Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for, Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and, Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of, Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for, Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of, Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for, Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of, Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for, Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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21
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Barroso J, Merino G, Zhai HJ. Planar or tetrahedral? A ternary 17-electron CBe 5H 4+ cluster with planar pentacoordinate carbon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8305-8308. [PMID: 32573598 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02973d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 17-electron CBe5H4+ cluster features planar pentacoordinate carbon, owing to the 2π/6σ double aromaticity. The neutral CBe5H4 cluster has a tetrahedral configuration despite its 18-electron counting. The latter species is governed by σ conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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22
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Xu LT, Dunning TH. The nature of the chemical bond and the role of non-dynamical and dynamical correlation in Be2. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:214111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu. T. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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23
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24
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. A designer 32-electron superatomic CBe8H12 cluster: core–shell geometry, octacoordinate carbon, and cubic aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 32-electron CBe8H12 cluster is designed with cubic octacoordinate carbon. It features core–shell geometry, two-fold superatomic bonding, and cubic aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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25
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. Ternary 12-electron CBe 3X 3+ (X = H, Li, Na, Cu, Ag) clusters: planar tetracoordinate carbons and superalkali cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22048-22056. [PMID: 31565718 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs) are exotic in chemical bonding, and they are normally designed according to the 18-electron rule. Here we report on the viability of ptC clusters with as few as 12 valence electrons, which represent the lower limit in terms of electron counting. Specifically, we have computationally designed a class of ternary 12-electron ptC clusters, CBe3X3+ (X = H, Li, Na, Cu, Ag), based on a rhombic CBe32- unit. Computer structural searches reveal that the ptC species are global minima, whose C center is coordinated in-plane by three Be atoms and a terminal X atom via robust C-Be/C-X bonding, either covalent or ionic. The other two X atoms are on the periphery and each bridge two Be atoms. Bonding analyses show that the ptC core is governed by delocalized 2π/6σ bonding, that is, double π/σ aromaticity, which collectively conforms to the 8-electron counting. Additional 4 electrons contribute to peripheral Be-X-Be and Be-Be σ bonding. The delocalized 2π/6σ frameworks appear to be universal for all ptC clusters, ranging from 18-electron down to 12-electron systems. In other words, the ptC species are dictated entirely by the 8-electron counting. Predicted vertical electron affinities of these ptC clusters range from 3.13 to 5.48 eV, indicative of superalkali or pseudoalkali cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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26
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28
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Rohman SS, Kashyap C, Ullah SS, Guha AK, Mazumder LJ, Sharma PK. Ultra-Weak Metal−Metal Bonding: Is There a Beryllium-Beryllium Triple Bond? Chemphyschem 2019; 20:516-518. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz S. Rohman
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Chayanika Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Sabnam S. Ullah
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Ankur K. Guha
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Lakhya J. Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
| | - Pankaz. K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Cotton University; Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam INDIA- 781001
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29
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30
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Chen T, Manz TA. Bond orders of the diatomic molecules. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17072-17092. [PMID: 35519899 PMCID: PMC9064470 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bond order quantifies the number of electrons dressed-exchanged between two atoms in a material and is important for understanding many chemical properties. Diatomic molecules are the smallest molecules possessing chemical bonds and play key roles in atmospheric chemistry, biochemistry, lab chemistry, and chemical manufacturing. Here we quantum-mechanically calculate bond orders for 288 diatomic molecules and ions. For homodiatomics, we show bond orders correlate to bond energies for elements within the same chemical group. We quantify and discuss how semicore electrons weaken bond orders for elements having diffuse semicore electrons. Lots of chemistry is effected by this. We introduce a first-principles method to represent orbital-independent bond order as a sum of orbital-dependent bond order components. This bond order component analysis (BOCA) applies to any spin-orbitals that are unitary transformations of the natural spin-orbitals, with or without periodic boundary conditions, and to non-magnetic and (collinear or non-collinear) magnetic materials. We use this BOCA to study all period 2 homodiatomics plus Mo2, Cr2, ClO, ClO−, and Mo2(acetate)4. Using Manz's bond order equation with DDEC6 partitioning, the Mo–Mo bond order was 4.12 in Mo2 and 1.46 in Mo2(acetate)4 with a sum of bond orders for each Mo atom of ∼4. Our study informs both chemistry research and education. As a learning aid, we introduce an analogy between bond orders in materials and message transmission in computer networks. We also introduce the first working quantitative heuristic model for all period 2 homodiatomic bond orders. This heuristic model incorporates s–p mixing to give heuristic bond orders of ¾ (Be2), 1¾ (B2), 2¾ (C2), and whole number bond orders for the remaining period 2 homodiatomics. Bond orders were computed for 288 diatomics, and a new bond order component analysis (BOCA) was applied to selected diatomics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Chen
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | - Thomas A. Manz
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
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31
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Abstract
The beryllium atom represents a curiosity. Its ground state valency is zero, so it should not form chemical bonds. Nevertheless Be is a metal and can form stable chemical species largely due to the participation of its excited 3P (2s12p1) state as shown in the cases of Be2 and Be3. BeF- is a stable ( D0 ≥ 81.4 kcal/mol) closed shell molecule that has been studied experimentally quite recently. Although it dissociates adiabatically to two closed shell atoms, Be (1S) and F-(1S), the bonding is due to the excited 3P (2s12p1) and 1D (2p2) Be states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Kalemos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
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33
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Dong C, Zhai HJ. Planar Pentacoordinate versus Tetracoordinate Carbons in Ternary CBe 4Li 4 and CBe 4Li 42- Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8370-8376. [PMID: 30277775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Planar hypercoordinate carbon molecules are exotic species, for which the 18-electron counting has been considered a rule. We report herein computational evidence of perfectly planar C2 v CBe4Li4 (1) and D4 h CBe4Li42- (3) clusters. These ternary species contain 16 and 18 electrons, respectively. The dianion is highly symmetric with a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), whereas the neutral features a planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC). Thus, charge-state alters the coordination environments of a cluster. Chemical bonding analysis shows that both clusters have 2π and 6σ delocalization around the C center, suggesting that ppC or ptC clusters are governed by double π/σ aromaticity, rather than the 18-electron rule. The outer Be4Li4 ring in 1 and 3 also supports 2σ aromaticity, collectively leading to 3-fold π/σ aromaticity for these ppC/ptC clusters. Structural transformation from ptC (3) to ppC (1) is discussed, in which the 16-electron quasi-ptC CBe4Li4 (2) cluster serves as an intermediate. Cluster 2 as a local minimum has severe out-of-plane distortion. Flattening of 2 leads to reorganization of Be4 ring around the C center, which offers space for the fifth atom to coordinate and facilitates ppC formation. The latter arrangement optimizes π aromaticity and better manages intramolecular Coulomb repulsion. This work highlights the geometric factor (and unconventional electron counting) in the design of planar hypercoordinate carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China.,Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering Research , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
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34
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Feng LY, Guo JC, Li PF, Zhai HJ. Boron-based binary Be 6B 102- cluster: three-layered aromatic sandwich, electronic transmutation, and dynamic structural fluxionality. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22719-22729. [PMID: 30137111 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-based nanoclusters have unique structures, bonding, and dynamic properties, which originate from boron's electron-deficiency. We demonstrate here that pouring in extra electrons can alter such systems fundamentally. A coaxial triple-layered Be6B102- sandwich cluster is designed via global structural searches and quantum chemical calculations. It is well defined as the global minimum, which consists of a slightly elongated B10 monocyclic ring and two Be3 rings, the latter forming a Be6 trigonal-prism albeit without interlayer Be-Be bonding. The B10 ring shows structural and chemical integrity with respect to the Be3 rings, and yet it differs markedly from the free B10 cluster and closely resembles the C10 cluster. The present data testify to the idea of electronic transmutation, in which a B- is equivalent to C and a B10 cluster, upon charge-transfer, is converted to and stabilized as a monocyclic ring analogous to C10. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that the B10 ring in the Be6B102- cluster has 10π and 10σ delocalization and each Be3 ring is held together by 2σ electrons, collectively rendering four-fold π/σ aromaticity. The bonding pattern is in line with the formula of [Be3]4+[B10]10-[Be3]4+, suggesting a highly charged electron-transfer complex. Furthermore, the Be6B102- cluster is dynamically fluxional with dual modes of revolution (orbiting) and rotation (twisting), being structurally robust at least up to a temperature of 1500 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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35
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von Szentpály L. Eliminating symmetry problems in electronegativity equalization and correcting self-interaction errors in conceptual DFT. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1949-1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László von Szentpály
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55; Stuttgart D-70569 Germany
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36
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Green ML, Jean P, Heaven MC. Dative Bonding between Closed-Shell Atoms: The BeF - Anion. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1999-2002. [PMID: 29613801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium can exhibit unusually strong attractive interactions under conditions where it is nominally a closed-shell atom. Two prominent examples are the Be2 dimer and the He-BeO complex. In the present study, we examine the bonding of the closed-shell Be-F- anion. This molecule preserves the closed-shell character of the individual atoms as the electron affinity of F is high (328.16 kJ mol-1) while that of Be is negative. Photodetachment spectroscopy was used to determine the vibrational frequency for BeF- and the electron affinity of BeF (104.2 kJ mol-1). The latter has been used to determine a lower bound of 343 kJ mol-1 for the bond energy of BeF-. Electronic structure calculations yielded predictions that were in good agreement with the observed data. A natural bond orbital analysis shows that BeF- is primarily bound by a dative interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Green
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Pearl Jean
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Michael C Heaven
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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37
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Rolik Z, Kállay M. Novel strategy to implement active-space coupled-cluster methods. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124108. [PMID: 29604813 DOI: 10.1063/1.5004971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach is presented for the efficient implementation of coupled-cluster (CC) methods including higher excitations based on a molecular orbital space partitioned into active and inactive orbitals. In the new framework, the string representation of amplitudes and intermediates is used as long as it is beneficial, but the contractions are evaluated as matrix products. Using a new diagrammatic technique, the CC equations are represented in a compact form due to the string notations we introduced. As an application of these ideas, a new automated implementation of the single-reference-based multi-reference CC equations is presented for arbitrary excitation levels. The new program can be considered as an improvement over the previous implementations in many respects; e.g., diagram contributions are evaluated by efficient vectorized subroutines. Timings for test calculations for various complete active-space problems are presented. As an application of the new code, the weak interactions in the Be dimer were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Rolik
- MTA-BME "Lendület" Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- MTA-BME "Lendület" Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Kalemos A. Hypervalent Bonding in the OF(a 4Σ -), SF(a 4Σ -), SF 5/SF 6, and OSF 4 Species. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2178-2183. [PMID: 29432679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalency has struggled the conventional wisdom of too many chemists for so many years. Numerous theories and bonding models have been introduced but the so-called "hypervalency" mystery remains. We offer a simple and appealing explanation for the bonding mechanism of OF(a4Σ-), SF(a4Σ-), SF5/SF6, and OSF4 based solely on the fact that excited and/or ionic states of the constituent fragments may and actually do occur in the ground states of so many "every day" molecules. In particular, and through multireference methods, we have found that the bonding in all the studied species is ionic in nature, perhaps contrary to the present status of our chemical beliefs. Although the "atoms in molecules" hypothesis is certainly not the only way to explain the formation of the chemical bond, we strongly believe that it is the simplest and most economical conceptual principle that should guide our chemical thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Kalemos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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39
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Brea O, Corral I. Super Strong Be–Be Bonds: Theoretical Insight into the Electronic Structure of Be–Be Complexes with Radical Ligands. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2258-2265. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Brea
- Departamento de Química, Facultad
de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced
Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad
de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced
Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Magoulas I, Bauman NP, Shen J, Piecuch P. Application of the CC(P;Q) Hierarchy of Coupled-Cluster Methods to the Beryllium Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1350-1368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Magoulas
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Bauman
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jun Shen
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Piotr Piecuch
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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41
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Alkorta I, Martín-Fernández C, Montero-Campillo MM, Elguero J. Hydrogen-Bonding Acceptor Character of Be 3, the Beryllium Three-Membered Ring. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1472-1478. [PMID: 29320188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Be3 as a hydrogen bond acceptor has been explored by studying the potential complexes between this molecule and a set of hydrogen bond donors (HF, HCl, HNC, HCN, H2O, and HCCH). The electronic structure calculations for these complexes were carried out at the MP2 and CCSD(T) computational levels together with an extensive NBO, ELF, AIM, and electrostatic potential characterization of the isolated Be3 system. In all the complexes, the Be-Be σ bond acts as electron donor, with binding energies between 19 and 6 kJ mol-1. A comparison with the analogous cyclopropane:HX complexes shows similar binding energies and contributions of the DFT-SAPT energetic terms. A blue-shift of the harmonic frequencies of Be3 is observed upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Zhang XY, Zhai HJ. Star-Like CBe5Au5+ Cluster: Planar Pentacoordinate Carbon, Superalkali Cation, and Multifold (π and σ) Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1138-1145. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Institute
of Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers’ University, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, China
- Nanocluster
Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster
Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Nanocluster
Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster
Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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43
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Labanc D, Šulka M, Pitoňák M, Černušák I, Urban M, Neogrády P. Benchmark CCSD(T) and DFT study of binding energies in Be7 − 12: in search of reliable DFT functional for beryllium clusters. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1420259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Labanc
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Šulka
- Advanced Technologies Research Institute, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology Bratislava, Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Pitoňák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Computing Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Černušák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Urban
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavel Neogrády
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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44
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Karton A, McKemmish LK. Can Popular DFT Approximations and Truncated Coupled Cluster Theory Describe the Potential Energy Surface of the Beryllium Dimer? Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surface (PES) of the ground state of the beryllium dimer poses a significant challenge for high-level ab initio electronic structure methods. Here, we present a systematic study of basis set effects over the entire PES of Be2 calculated at the full configuration interaction (FCI) level. The reference PES is calculated at the valence FCI/cc-pV{5,6}Z level of theory. We find that the FCI/cc-pV{T,Q}Z basis set extrapolation reproduces the shape of the FCI/cc-pV{5,6}Z PES as well as the binding energy and vibrational transition frequencies to within ~10 cm−1. We also use the FCI/cc-pV{5,6}Z PES to evaluate the performance of truncated coupled cluster methods (CCSD, CCSD(T), CCSDT, and CCSDT(Q)) and contemporary density functional theory methods (DFT) methods for the entire PES of Be2. Of the truncated coupled cluster methods, CCSDT(Q)/cc-pV{5,6}Z provides a good representation of the FCI/cc-pV{5,6}Z PES. The GGA functionals, as well as the HGGA and HMGGA functionals with low percentages of exact exchange tend to severely overbind the Be2 dimer, whereas BH&HLYP and M06-HF tend to underbind it. Range-separated DFT functionals tend to underbind the dimer. Double-hybrid DFT functionals show surprisingly good performance, with DSD-PBEP86 being the best performer. Møller–Plesset perturbation theory converges smoothly up to fourth order; however, fifth-order corrections have practically no effect on the PES.
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45
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Zhai HJ. Ternary CBe4Au4 cluster: a 16-electron system with quasi-planar tetracoordinate carbon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6299-6306. [PMID: 29435545 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08420j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ternary CBe4Au4 cluster contains quasi-planar tetracoordinate carbon (quasi-ptC). It adds the new 16-electron counting to ptC complexes, featuring 2π and 6σ double aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
- Nanocluster Laboratory
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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46
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Liu X, Zhang M, Yu S, Geng Y, Zhang X, Ding Y, Su Z. Beryllium–beryllium double-π bonds in the octahedral cluster of Be2(μ2-X)4 (X = Li, Cu, BeF). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23898-23902. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Double πBe–Be bonds formed by the help of s1-type electron donating ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingman Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yihong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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47
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. The Versatile Personality of Beryllium: Be(O2)1–2 vs Be(CO)1–2. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7051-7058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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48
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Wang YJ, Jalife S, Vásquez-Espinal A, Cabellos JL, Pan S, Merino G, Zhai HJ. Coaxial Triple-Layered versus Helical Be6B11−Clusters: Dual Structural Fluxionality and Multifold Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Institute of Materials Science & Department of Chemistry; Xinzhou Teachers University; Xinzhou 034000 Shanxi China
- Nanocluster Laboratory; Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory; Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory; Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Said Jalife
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; Unidad Mérida; km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; Unidad Mérida; km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; Unidad Mérida; km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; Unidad Mérida; km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; Unidad Mérida; km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory; Institute of Molecular Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
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49
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Wang YJ, Jalife S, Vásquez-Espinal A, Cabellos JL, Pan S, Merino G, Zhai HJ. Coaxial Triple-Layered versus Helical Be 6 B 11- Clusters: Dual Structural Fluxionality and Multifold Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10174-10177. [PMID: 28688126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two low-lying structures are unveiled for the Be6 B11- nanocluster system that are virtually isoenergetic. The first, triple-layered cluster has a peripheral B11 ring as central layer, being sandwiched by two Be3 rings in a coaxial fashion, albeit with no discernible interlayer Be-Be bonding. The B11 ring revolves like a flexible chain even at room temperature, gliding freely around the Be6 prism. At elevated temperatures (1000 K), the Be6 core itself also rotates; that is, two Be3 rings undergo relative rotation or twisting with respect to each other. Bonding analyses suggest four-fold (π and σ) aromaticity, offering a dilute and fluxional electron cloud that lubricates the dynamics. The second, helix-type cluster contains a B11 helical skeleton encompassing a distorted Be6 prism. It is chiral and is the first nanosystem with a boron helix. Molecular dynamics also shows that at high temperature the helix cluster readily converts into the triple-layered one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Institute of Materials Science & Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, Shanxi, China.,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Said Jalife
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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50
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Kalemos A. The nature of the chemical bond in BeO 0,-, BeOBe +,0,-, and in their hydrogenated products HBeO 0,-, BeOH, HBeOH, BeOBeH +,0,-, and HBeOBeH. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:104307. [PMID: 28298112 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the chemical bond in BeO0,-, BeOBe+,0,-, and in their hydrogenated products HBeO0,-, BeOH, HBeOH, BeOBeH+,0,-, and HBeOBeH has been studied through single and multi reference correlation methods. In all these species, excited and ionized atomic states participate in a resonant way making chemically possible molecules that have been termed hypervalent and explain also the "incompatible" geometrical structure of some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Kalemos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 157 71, Greece
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