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Mariscal DA, Djordjević BZ, Anirudh R, Bremer T, Campbell PC, Feister S, Folsom E, Grace ES, Hollinger R, Jacobs SA, Kailkhura B, Kalantar D, Kemp AJ, Kim J, Kur E, Liu S, Ludwig J, Morrison J, Nedbailo R, Ose N, Park J, Rocca JJ, Scott GG, Simpson RA, Song H, Spears B, Sullivan B, Swanson KK, Thiagarajan J, Wang S, Williams GJ, Wilks SC, Wyatt M, Van Essen B, Zacharias R, Zeraouli G, Zhang J, Ma T. A flexible proton beam imaging energy spectrometer (PROBIES) for high repetition rate or single-shot high energy density (HED) experiments (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023507. [PMID: 36859040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The PROBIES diagnostic is a new, highly flexible, imaging and energy spectrometer designed for laser-accelerated protons. The diagnostic can detect low-mode spatial variations in the proton beam profile while resolving multiple energies on a single detector or more. When a radiochromic film stack is employed for "single-shot mode," the energy resolution of the stack can be greatly increased while reducing the need for large numbers of films; for example, a recently deployed version allowed for 180 unique energy measurements spanning ∼3 to 75 MeV with <0.4 MeV resolution using just 20 films vs 180 for a comparable traditional film and filter stack. When utilized with a scintillator, the diagnostic can be run in high-rep-rate (>Hz rate) mode to recover nine proton energy bins. We also demonstrate a deep learning-based method to analyze data from synthetic PROBIES images with greater than 95% accuracy on sub-millisecond timescales and retrained with experimental data to analyze real-world images on sub-millisecond time-scales with comparable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Z Djordjević
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Anirudh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Bremer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P C Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Feister
- Department of Computer Science, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, California 93012, USA
| | - E Folsom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E S Grace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hollinger
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - S A Jacobs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Kailkhura
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Kim
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - E Kur
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Liu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ludwig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Morrison
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - R Nedbailo
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - N Ose
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Park
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - J J Rocca
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - G G Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R A Simpson
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Song
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - B Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Sullivan
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - K K Swanson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Thiagarajan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Wang
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Wyatt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Van Essen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Zacharias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Zeraouli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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2
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Schmitz B, Metternich M, Boine-Frankenheim O. Automated reconstruction of the initial distribution of laser accelerated ion beams from radiochromic film (RCF) stacks. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:093306. [PMID: 36182524 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiochromic film (RCF) stacks are the most commonly used diagnostic of laser accelerated ion beams at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (GSI) and at other laboratories. So far, the evaluation of the stacks is performed using manual input for the deposited energy determination. This is usually a tedious task and introduces uncertainty in the resulting ion energy spectrum and also in the corresponding angular distribution. An automated procedure is especially important if larger data sets, containing multiple laser shots, are investigated. Here, we describe an automated procedure for the evaluation of digitized RCF stacks. RCF stacks obtained at GSI's PHELIX laser system are evaluated as a test case. A validation of parts of the procedure is performed on generated input data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schmitz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Teilchenbeschleunigung und Elektromagnetische Felder (TEMF), Schlossgartenstr. 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Metternich
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Boine-Frankenheim
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Teilchenbeschleunigung und Elektromagnetische Felder (TEMF), Schlossgartenstr. 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Hesse M, Ebert T, Zimmer M, Scheuren S, Schaumann G, Roth M. Spatially resolved online particle detector using scintillators for laser-driven particle sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:093302. [PMID: 34598491 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based particle accelerators have been an active field of research for over two decades moving from laser systems capable of one shot every hour to systems able to deliver repetition rates in the Hz regime. Based on the advancements in laser technology, the corresponding detection methods need to develop from single to multiple use with high readout speed. Here, we present an online compact tracker of particles using scintillators with nine resolvable energy levels and a spatial resolution of 3.6 × 3.6 mm2 over the whole active area. This paper describes the design and construction of the detector, which is based on pixellated scintillators embedded inside an absorber matrix. The scintillator pixels are fiberoptically coupled to a camera system for online readout and analysis. Calibration with a radioactive source and first experimental data measuring laser accelerated ions at the PHELIX laser at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hesse
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Ebert
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Zimmer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Scheuren
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Schaumann
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Physics, Institut für Kernphysik, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Accurate spectra for high energy ions by advanced time-of-flight diamond-detector schemes in experiments with high energy and intensity lasers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3071. [PMID: 33542470 PMCID: PMC7862373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-Of-Flight (TOF) methods are very effective to detect particles accelerated in laser-plasma interactions, but they show significant limitations when used in experiments with high energy and intensity lasers, where both high-energy ions and remarkable levels of ElectroMagnetic Pulses (EMPs) in the radiofrequency-microwave range are generated. Here we describe a novel advanced diagnostic method for the characterization of protons accelerated by intense matter interactions with high-energy and high-intensity ultra-short laser pulses up to the femtosecond and even future attosecond range. The method employs a stacked diamond detector structure and the TOF technique, featuring high sensitivity, high resolution, high radiation hardness and high signal-to-noise ratio in environments heavily affected by remarkable EMP fields. A detailed study on the use, the optimization and the properties of a single module of the stack is here described for an experiment where a fast diamond detector is employed in an highly EMP-polluted environment. Accurate calibrated spectra of accelerated protons are presented from an experiment with the femtosecond Flame laser (beyond 100 TW power and ~ 1019 W/cm2 intensity) interacting with thin foil targets. The results can be readily applied to the case of complex stack configurations and to more general experimental conditions.
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Manuel MJE, Tang H, Russell BK, Willingale L, Maksimchuk A, Green JS, Alfonso EL, Jaquez J, Carlson L, Neely D, Ma T. Enhanced spatial resolution of Eljen-204 plastic scintillators for use in rep-rated proton diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103301. [PMID: 33138566 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A pixelated scintillator has been designed, fabricated, and tested using a laser-accelerated proton source for use in proton diagnostics at rep-rated laser facilities. The work presented here demonstrates the enhanced spatial resolution of thin, organic scintillators through a novel pixelation technique. Experimental measurements using laser-generated protons incident onto 130 μm-thick scintillators indicate a >20% reduction in the scintillator point spread function (PSF) for the detectors tested. The best performing pixelated detector reduced the ∼200 μm PSF of the stock material to ∼150 μm. The fabrication technique may be tailored to reduce the pixel size and achieve higher spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J-E Manuel
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H Tang
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - B K Russell
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - L Willingale
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A Maksimchuk
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J S Green
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - E L Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - L Carlson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - D Neely
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Dover NP, Nishiuchi M, Sakaki H, Kondo K, Alkhimova MA, Faenov AY, Hata M, Iwata N, Kiriyama H, Koga JK, Miyahara T, Pikuz TA, Pirozhkov AS, Sagisaka A, Sentoku Y, Watanabe Y, Kando M, Kondo K. Effect of Small Focus on Electron Heating and Proton Acceleration in Ultrarelativistic Laser-Solid Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:084802. [PMID: 32167312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.084802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acceleration of particles from the interaction of ultraintense laser pulses up to 5×10^{21} W cm^{-2} with thin foils is investigated experimentally. The electron beam parameters varied with decreasing spot size, not just laser intensity, resulting in reduced temperatures and divergence. In particular, the temperature saturated due to insufficient acceleration length in the tightly focused spot. These dependencies affected the sheath-accelerated protons, which showed poorer spot-size scaling than widely used scaling laws. It is therefore shown that maximizing laser intensity by using very small foci has reducing returns for some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Dover
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - M Nishiuchi
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - H Sakaki
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Ko Kondo
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - M A Alkhimova
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - A Ya Faenov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Hata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N Iwata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Kiriyama
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - J K Koga
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - T Miyahara
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - T A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A S Pirozhkov
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - A Sagisaka
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Y Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - M Kando
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - K Kondo
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
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7
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Li X, Liu J, Yu D, Li X, Yang L, Song X, Hui X, Li J, Zhang T, Liu H, Kang L, Li J, Fang X, Zhu X. A beam profile monitor for picoampere low-energy ion beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:076107. [PMID: 31370505 DOI: 10.1063/1.5094090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A beam-profile monitor has been constructed based on a two-dimensional cross-connected-pixels anode and a 128-channel picoammeter system. It can provide the total beam current, as well as the current projections in the x- and y-directions with a spatial resolution of ∼1 mm. It is suitable for diagnosis of low-energy charged-particle beams ranging from subpicoamperes to nanoamperes, e.g., the ion beams extracted from an electron beam ion source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junliang Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Deyang Yu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Liping Yang
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Sichuan University of Arts and Sciences, Dazhou 635000, China
| | - Xiaoxun Song
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinfei Hui
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tongmin Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Kang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing Fang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Schwind KM, Aktan E, Prasad R, Cerchez M, Eversheim D, Willi O, Aurand B. An online beam profiler for laser-accelerated protons. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053307. [PMID: 31153256 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The design and operation of an online energy and spatially resolving detector based on three different scintillators for laser-driven protons are described. The device can be used for a multi-Hertz recording rate. The spatial resolution is <0.5 mm, allowing to retrieve details of the proton beam which is of interest, e.g., for radiographic applications. At the same time, the particle energy is divided into three energy bands between 1 MeV and 5 MeV to retrieve the proton energy spectrum. The absolute response of the detector was calibrated at a conventional proton accelerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Schwind
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E Aktan
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Prasad
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Cerchez
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Eversheim
- Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Willi
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Aurand
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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