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Gong Y, zhang L, Yuan Y, Guo Q, Ma W, Huang S. Viscosity measurement of molten alumina and zirconia using aerodynamic levitation, laser heating and droplet oscillation techniques. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22424. [PMID: 38125482 PMCID: PMC10730440 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable thermophysical properties of core melt (corium) are essential for the accurate prediction of the severe accident progression in light water reactors. Zirconia is one of the most important materials in corium. Despite the high interest in the viscosity of molten zirconia, few experimental data have been reported due to its high melting temperature and high vapor pressure. In the present study, the viscosity of molten zirconia was measured using aerodynamic levitation, laser heating and droplet oscillation techniques. A material sample was levitated by argon gas flow in a conical nozzle and then melted into a droplet by laser beams. The initial quiescent droplet was forced to oscillate by the excitation of a loudspeaker, and the viscosity was deduced based on the characteristics of the droplet damped oscillation after the loudspeaker was turned off. The viscosity of molten alumina was first measured for verification of the measurement system. Afterwards the viscosity of molten zirconia was measured. The results showed that the viscosity of molten zirconia at melting temperature (2988K) was 12.87 ± 1.03 mPa s and decreased with increasing temperature. The measurement uncertainties are within 21 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaopeng Gong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd (CNPE), Beijing, China
| | - Li zhang
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd (CNPE), Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Yuan
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd (CNPE), Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd (CNPE), Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Ma
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanfang Huang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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2
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A reinforced CenterNet scheme on position detection of acoustic levitated objects. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-08140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Fang Z, Taslim ME, Wan KT. Sloshing Resonance of an Acoustically Levitated Air-in-Liquid Compound Drop. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15534-15539. [PMID: 36493398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An acoustically levitated air-in-liquid compound drop is set into an out-of-phase azimuthal sloshing resonance by a modulated frequency with modes n = 4-9. Waveforms of the inner and outer liquid-air interfaces conform to the classical Saffren model. Resonance peaks and their harmonics in the frequency spectrum are found to be a function of drop dimension and resonance modes. Drops with multiple small air bubbles do not resonate in sync because of asymmetry. This work has significant implications in the dynamics of core-shell compound drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Fang
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Mohammad E Taslim
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Kai-Tak Wan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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4
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Zang Y, Chang Q, Wang X, Su C, Wu P, Lin W. Natural oscillation frequencies of a Rayleigh sphere levitated in standing acoustic waves. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:2916. [PMID: 36456261 DOI: 10.1121/10.0015142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic levitation is an important method of container-free processing, which counteracts gravity through exerting the acoustic radiation force on levitated objects. The Gorkov potential function is used to simplify the calculation of the acoustic radiation force acting on a Rayleigh sphere whose radius is much smaller than the wave length. For the case of a plane standing wave levitation system, a systematic analysis of the sphere dynamics is provided in the axial direction, assuming a small perturbation around the stable equilibrium locations. A generalized extension to an arbitrary standing wave field is provided, which gives formal expressions of the axial and transverse natural oscillation frequencies for the sphere. Particular emphasis is put on the natural oscillation frequencies with and without taking gravity into consideration. The computational results for Gauss and Bessel standing waves are provided as two special cases, which show that the transverse natural oscillation frequency will be overestimated when neglecting gravity, especially for a sphere with a relatively large density. Corresponding experiments are conducted to verify the dependence of the transverse natural oscillation frequency on the sphere density. The results obtained in this work are expected to provide a theoretical guide for enhancing the levitation stability and inversing the physical parameters from the sphere dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qin Chang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chang Su
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Geng D, Yan N, Xie W, Lü Y, Wei B. Extraordinary Solidification Mechanism of Liquid Alloys Under Acoustic Levitation State. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2206464. [PMID: 36271516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic levitation of various materials can be realized by highly intensive ultrasound, which provides a free surface and containerless state for materials processing under space simulation conditions. The nonlinear effects such as acoustic radiation pressure, acoustic streaming, and ultrasonic cavitation open up special access to modulate the fluid dynamics and solidification mechanisms of liquid materials. Here, the physical characteristics of liquid flow, undercooling capability, phase separation, and crystal nucleation and growth within acoustically levitated droplets are explored comprehensively to reveal the extraordinary solidification kinetics of liquid alloys. The sectorial shape oscillations of the 2nd to 10th order modes accompanying internal potential flow are observed for water droplets with modulated ultrasound amplitudes, while the enhanced ultrasound intensity promotes ice nucleation and thus reduces water undercooling. The migration of Sn-rich globules during phase separation of immiscible Al-Cu-Sn alloy is dominated by the droplet deformation and rotation related to acoustic levitation. The high undercooling states of liquid Ag-Cu-Ge and Ni-Sn alloys during acoustic levitation result in the refinement of (Ag) dendrites and the formation of anomalous (Ni+Ni3 Sn) eutectics. The ultrasound-liquid interaction also induces surface waves during the containerless solidification of Ag-Cu and Ni-Sn eutectic alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Geng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Na Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Lü
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Bingbo Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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6
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Wu Y, Lv Q, Wu X, Wang X, Chen L, Cen K. Simultaneous measurement of surface tension and viscosity of oscillating droplet using time-resolved rainbow refractometry. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Quetzeri-Santiago MA, Hunter IW, van der Meer D, Fernandez Rivas D. Impact of a microfluidic jet on a pendant droplet. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7466-7475. [PMID: 34268551 PMCID: PMC8372418 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High speed microfluidic jets can be generated by a thermocavitation process: from the evaporation of the liquid inside a microfluidic channel, a rapidly expanding bubble is formed and generates a jet through a flow focusing effect. Here, we study the impact and traversing of such jets on a pendant liquid droplet. Upon impact, an expanding cavity is created, and, above a critical impact velocity, the jet traverses the entire droplet. We predict the critical traversing velocity (i) from a simple energy balance and (ii) by comparing the Young-Laplace and dynamic pressures in the cavity that is created during the impact. We contrast the model predictions against experiments, in which we vary the liquid properties of the pendant droplet and find good agreement. In addition, we assess how surfactants and viscoelastic effects influence the critical impact velocity. Our results increase the knowledge of the jet interaction with materials of well-known physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Quetzeri-Santiago
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of TwenteP. O. Box 2177500AE EnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Ian W. Hunter
- BioInstrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts 02139USA
| | - Devaraj van der Meer
- Physics of Fluids group and Max Plank Center Twente, Mesa + Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics and Max Plank Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of TwenteP. O. Box 217, 7500AE EnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of TwenteP. O. Box 2177500AE EnschedeThe Netherlands
- BioInstrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts 02139USA
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Brosius N, Ward K, Wilson E, Karpinsky Z, SanSoucie M, Ishikawa T, Matsumoto S, Narayanan R. Benchmarking surface tension measurement method using two oscillation modes in levitated liquid metals. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33750800 PMCID: PMC7943785 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Faraday forcing method in levitated liquid droplets has recently been introduced as a method for measuring surface tension using resonance. By subjecting an electrostatically levitated liquid metal droplet to a continuous, oscillatory, electric field, at a frequency nearing that of the droplet’s first principal mode of oscillation (known as mode 2), the method was previously shown to determine surface tension of materials that would be particularly difficult to process by other means, e.g., liquid metals and alloys. It also offers distinct advantages in future work involving high viscosity samples because of the continuous forcing approach. This work presents (1) a benchmarking experimental method to measure surface tension by excitation of the second principal mode of oscillation (known as mode 3) in a levitated liquid droplet and (2) a more rigorous quantification of droplet excitation using a projection method. Surface tension measurements compare favorably to literature values for Zirconium, Inconel 625, and Rhodium, using both modes 2 and 3. Thus, this new method serves as a credible, self-consistent benchmarking technique for the measurement of surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Brosius
- University of Florida Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kevin Ward
- University of Florida Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evan Wilson
- University of Florida Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Karpinsky
- University of Florida Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Takehiko Ishikawa
- Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ranga Narayanan
- University of Florida Department of Chemical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Shao X, Fredericks SA, Saylor JR, Bostwick JB. A method for determining surface tension, viscosity, and elasticity of gels via ultrasonic levitation of gel drops. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2488. [PMID: 32359315 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for obtaining the elasticity, surface tension, and viscosity of ultrasonically levitated gel drops is presented. The drops examined were made of agarose, a hydrogel. In contrast to previous studies where fluid properties are obtained using ultrasonic levitation of a liquid drop, herein the material studied was a gel which has a significant elasticity. The work presented herein is significant in that gels are of growing importance in biomedical applications and exhibit behaviors partially determined by their elasticities and surface tensions. Obtaining surface tension for these substances is important but challenging since measuring this quantity using the standard Wilhelmy plate or DuNuoy ring methods is not possible due to breakage of the gel. The experiments were conducted on agarose gels having elasticities ranging from 12.2 to 200.3 Pa. A method is described for obtaining elasticity, surface tension, and viscosity, and the method is experimentally demonstrated for surface tension and viscosity. For the range of elasticities explored, the measured surface tension ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 N/m, and the viscosity ranged from 0.0084 to 0.0204 Pa s. The measurements of surface tension are, to the authors' knowledge, the first obtained of a gel using ultrasonic levitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - S A Fredericks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J R Saylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - J B Bostwick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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10
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Shao X, Fredericks SA, Saylor JR, Bostwick JB. Elastocapillary Transition in Gel Drop Oscillations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:188002. [PMID: 31763883 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.188002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental observations of surface oscillations in an ultrasoft agarose gel drop. Ultrasonic levitation is used to excite shape oscillations in the gel drop and we report the natural frequency of the drop as it depends upon a nondimensional elastocapillary number, which we define as the ratio of the elastocapillary length to drop size. Our experiments span a wide range of experimental parameters and we recover the appropriate scaling laws in the elastic and capillary wave limits. The crossover between these two limits is observed and agrees well with a proposed frequency relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - S A Fredericks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J R Saylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - J B Bostwick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Arcenegui-Troya J, Belman-Martínez A, Castrejón-Pita AA, Castrejón-Pita JR. A simple levitated-drop tensiometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:095109. [PMID: 31575257 DOI: 10.1063/1.5096959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, simple, and affordable liquid tensiometer is presented in this paper. The instrument consists of 72 ultrasonic transmitters in a tractor beam configuration that levitates small liquid samples (droplets) in air. Under operation, the instrument imparts a pressure instability that causes the droplet to vibrate while still levitating. Droplet oscillations are then detected by a photodiode, and the signal is recorded by an oscilloscope. The frequency of these oscillations is obtained and then used to obtain the effective surface tension of the sample. The instrument operates at the millisecond scale time (t < 12.5 ms), with very small liquid volumes (∼0.5 μl), and the sample is recoverable after testing. The instrument has been experimentally validated with acetone, ethanol, Fluorinert FC-40, water, and whole milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arcenegui-Troya
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Belman-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - A A Castrejón-Pita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - J R Castrejón-Pita
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Oscillating shape motion of a freely falling and bouncing water droplet has long fascinated and inspired scientists. We propose dynamic non-linear equations for closed, two-dimensional surfaces in gravity and apply it to analyze shape dynamics of freely falling and bouncing drops. The analytic and numerical solutions qualitatively well explain why drops oscillate among prolate/oblate morphology and display a number of features consistent with experiments. In addition, numerical solutions for simplified equations indicate nonlinear effects of nonperiodic/asymmetric motion and the growing amplitude in the surface density oscillations and well agree to previous experimental data.
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Kremer J, Bürk V, Pollak S, Kilzer A, Petermann M. Viscosity of squalane under carbon dioxide pressure — Comparison of acoustic levitation with conventional methods. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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