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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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Lopez CG, Linders J, Mayer C, Richtering W. Diffusion and Viscosity of Unentangled Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Lopez CG, Horkay F, Mussel M, Jones RL, Richtering W. Screening lengths and osmotic compressibility of flexible polyelectrolytes in excess salt solutions. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7289-7298. [PMID: 32667374 PMCID: PMC8281568 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report results of small angle neutron scattering measurements made on sodium polystyrene sulfonate in aqueous salt solutions. The correlation length (ξ) and osmotic compressibility are measured as a function of polymer (c) and added salt (cS) concentrations, and the results are compared with scaling predictions and the random-phase approximation (RPA). In Dobrynin et al.'s scaling model the osmotic pressure consists of a counter-ion contribution and a polymer contribution. The polymer contribution is found to be two orders of magnitude smaller than expected from the scaling model, in agreement with earlier observations made on neutral polymers in good solvent condition. RPA allows the determination of single-chain dimensions in semidilute solutions at high polymer and added salt concentrations, but fails for cS≤ 2 M. The χ parameter can be modelled as the sum of an intrinsic contribution (χ0) and an electrostatic term: χ∼χ0 + K'/√cS, where χ0 > 0.5 is consistent with the hydrophobic nature of the backbone of NaPSS. The dependence of χelec∼ 1/√cS disagrees with the random-phase approximation (χelec∼ 1/cs), but agrees with the light scattering results in dilute solution and Dobrynin et al.'s scaling treatment of electrostatic excluded volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Matsarskaia O, Roosen‐Runge F, Schreiber F. Multivalent ions and biomolecules: Attempting a comprehensive perspective. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1742-1767. [PMID: 32406605 PMCID: PMC7496725 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous in nature. They play a key role for many biological processes on the molecular scale, from molecular interactions, to mechanical properties, to folding, to self-organisation and assembly, to reaction equilibria, to signalling, to energy and material transport, to recognition etc. Going beyond monovalent ions to multivalent ions, the effects of the ions are frequently not only stronger (due to the obviously higher charge), but qualitatively different. A typical example is the process of binding of multivalent ions, such as Ca2+ , to a macromolecule and the consequences of this ion binding such as compaction, collapse, potential charge inversion and precipitation of the macromolecule. Here we review these effects and phenomena induced by multivalent ions for biological (macro)molecules, from the "atomistic/molecular" local picture of (potentially specific) interactions to the more global picture of phase behaviour including, e. g., crystallisation, phase separation, oligomerisation etc. Rather than attempting an encyclopedic list of systems, we rather aim for an embracing discussion using typical case studies. We try to cover predominantly three main classes: proteins, nucleic acids, and amphiphilic molecules including interface effects. We do not cover in detail, but make some comparisons to, ion channels, colloidal systems, and synthetic polymers. While there are obvious differences in the behaviour of, and the relevance of multivalent ions for, the three main classes of systems, we also point out analogies. Our attempt of a comprehensive discussion is guided by the idea that there are not only important differences and specific phenomena with regard to the effects of multivalent ions on the main systems, but also important similarities. We hope to bridge physico-chemical mechanisms, concepts of soft matter, and biological observations and connect the different communities further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Roosen‐Runge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and SocietyMalmö UniversitySweden
- Division of Physical ChemistryLund UniversitySweden
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Contrast variation of micelles composed of Ca2+ and block copolymers of two negatively charged polyelectrolytes. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBlock copolymers were prepared with two anionic polyelectrolyte blocks: sodium polyacrylate (PA) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), in order to investigate their phase behavior in aqueous solution in the presence of Ca2+ cations. Depending on the concentration of polymer and Ca2+ and on the ratio of the block lengths in the copolymer, spherical micelles were observed. Micelle formation arises from the specific interaction of Ca2+ with the PA block only. An extensive small-angle scattering study was performed in order to unravel the structure and dimensions of the block copolymer micelles. Deuteration of the PA block enabled us to perform contrast variation experiments using small-angle neutron scattering at variable ratios of light and heavy water which were combined with information from small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering.
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Sharratt WN, O’Connell R, Rogers SE, Lopez CG, Cabral JT. Conformation and Phase Behavior of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose in the Presence of Mono- and Divalent Salts. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William N. Sharratt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Róisín O’Connell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Carlos G. Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - João T. Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Fuhrer LM, Sun S, Boyko V, Kellermeier M, Cölfen H. Tuning the properties of hydrogels made from poly(acrylic acid) and calcium salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18631-18638. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We show how the macroscopic properties of hydrogels consisting of PAA and calcium ions with shapeable, stretchable and self-healing behaviour can be adjusted and thus a rational basis for targeted design of such materials with tailor-made characteristics is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Fuhrer
- Physical Chemistry
- University of Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Shengtong Sun
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | | | | | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry
- University of Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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Woon KL, Wong WS, Chanlek N, Nakajima H, Tunmee S, Lee VS, Ariffin A, Songsiriritthigul P. Work function modification of PEDOT:PSS by mixing with barium acetylacetonate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17673-17680. [PMID: 35515618 PMCID: PMC9053639 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02575e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is often used as a hole injection and extractor for various organic electronic devices. This study investigated whether it is possible to n-dope PEDOT:PSS with barium acetylacetonate (Ba(acac)2) to change its work function so that to be more suitable for electron injection and extraction. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that barium cations can interact with the aromatic rings of PEDOT and the negatively charged sulfonate in PSS. At high doping concentration, we found that PEDOT became dedoped and precipitated resulting in a clear solution after filtration. The absence of the absorption peak of PEDOT at 263 nm indicates the removal of PEDOT after filtration. The shift in O 1s to a lower binding energy as seen in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that the polystyrene sulfonic acids are being ionized to form barium polystyrene sulfonate (Ba–PSS). By spin-coating the solution on top of indium tin oxide, the work function can be adjusted to as low as 3.6 eV. The ability of such a mixture to inject and extract electrons is demonstrated using 2,7-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-9,9′-spirobifluorene as an electron transporting layer. We attributed the lowering of the work function as the result of the formation of an interfacial dipole as large as 1.37 eV at the ITO/Ba–PSS interface. Modification of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate as electron injection layer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Woon
- Low Dimensional Material Research Center
- Department of Physics
- University Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - W. S. Wong
- Low Dimensional Material Research Center
- Department of Physics
- University Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - N. Chanlek
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - H. Nakajima
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - S. Tunmee
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
| | - V. S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - A. Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - P. Songsiriritthigul
- Research Network NANOTECH-SUT on Advanced Nanomaterials and Characterization
- School of Physics
- Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Thailand
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Carl N, Prévost S, Schweins R, Houston JE, Morfin I, Huber K. Invertible Micelles Based on Ion-Specific Interactions of Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ with Double Anionic Block Copolyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Carl
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Chemistry Departement, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Judith E. Houston
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Huber
- Chemistry Departement, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Mechtaeva E, Zorin I, Gavrilova D, Fetin P, Zorina N, Bilibin A. Polyelectrolyte complexes of polyacrylic acid with oligovalent organic counterions. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Carl N, Prévost S, Schweins R, Huber K. Ion-selective binding as a new trigger for micellization of block copolyelectrolytes with two anionic blocks. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8266-8271. [PMID: 31560022 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents well-defined and switchable micelles of block copolymers consisting of the two anionic polyelectrolytes sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS). Micellization occurs due to the specific binding of Ca2+ to acrylate groups, which results in neutralization of the corresponding block and thereby formation of the hydrophobic core of the micelles. In contrast, the PSS block remains charged and forms the stabilizing shell. Micellization is triggered by variations of the Ca2+ concentration or the temperature and is a fully reversible and repeatable process. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) could unambiguously reveal the structure of the micelles, using a partially deuterated polymer and the contrast variation technique. Considering the variety of metal cations and their broad spectrum of interactions with polyelectrolytes, this new class of like-charged block copolymers opens the door to a broad range of switchable and responsive polyelectrolyte-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Carl
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France.
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Hansch M, Kaub HP, Deck S, Carl N, Huber K. Reaction enthalpy from the binding of multivalent cations to anionic polyelectrolytes in dilute solutions. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:114906. [PMID: 29566532 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hansch
- Physikalische Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098-D Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Kaub
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, 67056-D Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sascha Deck
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, 67056-D Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nico Carl
- Physikalische Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098-D Paderborn, Germany
| | - Klaus Huber
- Physikalische Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098-D Paderborn, Germany
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