1
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Linn JD, Rodriguez FA, Calabrese MA. Cosolvent incorporation modulates the thermal and structural response of PNIPAM/silyl methacrylate copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3322-3336. [PMID: 38536224 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymers functionalized with inorganic silane groups have been used in wide-ranging applications due to the silane reactivity, which enables formation of covalently-crosslinked polymeric structures. Utilizing stimuli-responsive polymers in these hybrid systems can lead to smart and tunable behavior for sensing, drug delivery, and optical coatings. Previously, the thermoresponsive polymer poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMA) demonstrated unique aqueous self-assembly and optical responses following temperature elevation. Here, we investigate how cosolvent addition, particularly ethanol and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), impacts these transition temperatures, optical clouding, and structure formation in NIPAM/TMA copolymers. Versus purely aqueous systems, these solvent mixtures can introduce additional phase transitions and can alter the two-phase region boundaries based on temperature and solvent composition. Interestingly, TMA incorporation strongly alters phase boundaries in the water-rich regime for DMF-containing systems but not for ethanol-containing systems. Cosolvent species and content also alter the aggregation and assembly of NIPAM/TMA copolymers, but these effects depend on polymer architecture. For example, localizing the TMA towards one chain end in 'blocky' domains leads to formation of uniform micelles with narrow dispersities above the cloud point for certain solvent compositions. In contrast, polydisperse aggregates form in random copolymer and PNIPAM homopolymer solutions - the size of which depends on solvent composition. The resulting optical responses and thermoreversibility also depend strongly on cosolvent content and copolymer architecture. Cosolvent incorporation thus increases the versatility of inorganic-functionalized responsive polymers for diverse applications by providing a simple way to tune the structure size and optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Linn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Fabian A Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Michelle A Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Wang P, Geiger C, Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Reitenbach J, Liang S, Cubitt R, Henschel C, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films in Water/Acetone Atmosphere: Modulation of Water Hydration and Co-nonsolvency-Triggered Film Contraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6934-6948. [PMID: 35609178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water swelling and subsequent solvent exchange including co-nonsolvency behavior of thin films of a doubly thermo-responsive diblock copolymer (DBC) are studied via spectral reflectance, time-of-flight neutron reflectometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The DBC consists of a thermo-responsive zwitterionic (poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl) dimethylammonio) butane-1-sulfonate)) (PSBP) block, featuring an upper critical solution temperature transition in aqueous media but being insoluble in acetone, and a nonionic poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) block, featuring a lower critical solution temperature transition in water, while being soluble in acetone. Homogeneous DBC films of 50-100 nm thickness are first swollen in saturated water vapor (H2O or D2O), before they are subjected to a contraction process by exposure to mixed saturated water/acetone vapor (H2O or D2O/acetone-d6 = 9:1 v/v). The affinity of the DBC film toward H2O is stronger than for D2O, as inferred from the higher film thickness in the swollen state and the higher absorbed water content, thus revealing a pronounced isotope sensitivity. During the co-solvent-induced switching by mixed water/acetone vapor, a two-step film contraction is observed, which is attributed to the delayed expulsion of water molecules and uptake of acetone molecules. The swelling kinetics are compared for both mixed vapors (H2O/acetone-d6 and D2O/acetone-d6) and with those of the related homopolymer films. Moreover, the concomitant variations of the local environment around the hydrophilic groups located in the PSBP and PNIPMAM blocks are followed. The first contraction step turns out to be dominated by the behavior of the PSBP block, whereas the second one is dominated by the PNIPMAM block. The unusual swelling and contraction behavior of the latter block is attributed to its co-nonsolvency behavior. Furthermore, we observe cooperative hydration effects in the DBC films, that is, both polymer blocks influence each other's solvation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixi Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Suzhe Liang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut-Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Cristiane Henschel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Street 24-25, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Street 24-25, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselberg Street 69, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenberg Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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3
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Bharadwaj S, Niebuur BJ, Nothdurft K, Richtering W, van der Vegt NFA, Papadakis CM. Cononsolvency of thermoresponsive polymers: where we are now and where we are going. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2884-2909. [PMID: 35311857 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cononsolvency is an intriguing phenomenon where a polymer collapses in a mixture of good solvents. This cosolvent-induced modulation of the polymer solubility has been observed in solutions of several polymers and biomacromolecules, and finds application in areas such as hydrogel actuators, drug delivery, compound detection and catalysis. In the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms which drive cononsolvency with a predominant emphasis on its connection to the preferential adsorption of the cosolvent. Significant efforts have also been made to understand cononsolvency in complex systems such as micelles, block copolymers and thin films. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments from the experimental, simulation and theoretical fronts, and provide an outlook on the problems and challenges which are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katja Nothdurft
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Walter Richtering
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Bharadwaj S, Nayar D, Dalgicdir C, van der Vegt NFA. An interplay of excluded-volume and polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions regulates polymer collapse in mixed solvents. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134903. [PMID: 33832270 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosolvent effects on the coil-globule transitions in aqueous polymer solutions are not well understood, especially in the case of amphiphilic cosolvents that preferentially adsorb on the polymer and lead to both polymer swelling and collapse. Although a predominant focus in the literature has been placed on the role of polymer-cosolvent attractive interactions, our recent work has shown that excluded-volume interactions (repulsive interactions) can drive both preferential adsorption of the cosolvent and polymer collapse via a surfactant-like mechanism. Here, we further study the role of polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions in two kinds of polymer solutions, namely, good solvent (water)-good cosolvent (alcohol) (GSGC) and poor solvent-good cosolvent (PSGC) solutions, both of which exhibit preferential adsorption of the cosolvent and a non-monotonic change in the polymer radius of gyration with the addition of the cosolvent. Interestingly, at low concentrations, the polymer-(co)solvent energetic interactions oppose polymer collapse in the GSGC solutions and contrarily support polymer collapse in the PSGC solutions, indicating the importance of the underlying polymer chemistry. Even though the alcohol molecules are preferentially adsorbed on the polymer, the trends of the energetic interactions at low cosolvent concentrations are dominated by the polymer-water energetic interactions in both the cases. Therefore, polymer-(co)solvent energetic interactions can either reinforce or compensate the surfactant-like mechanism, and it is this interplay that drives coil-to-globule transitions in polymer solutions. These results have implications for rationalizing the cononsolvency transitions in real systems such as polyacrylamides in aqueous alcohol solutions where the understanding of microscopic driving forces is still debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Divya Nayar
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cahit Dalgicdir
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Kreuzer LP, Lindenmeir C, Geiger C, Widmann T, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Poly(sulfobetaine) versus Poly( N-isopropylmethacrylamide): Co-Nonsolvency-Type Behavior of Thin Films in a Water/Methanol Atmosphere. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Lindenmeir
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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A cosolvent surfactant mechanism affects polymer collapse in miscible good solvents. Commun Chem 2020; 3:165. [PMID: 36703319 PMCID: PMC9814688 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coil-globule transition of aqueous polymers is of profound significance in understanding the structure and function of responsive soft matter. In particular, the remarkable effect of amphiphilic cosolvents (e.g., alcohols) that leads to both swelling and collapse of stimuli-responsive polymers has been hotly debated in the literature, often with contradictory mechanisms proposed. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we herein demonstrate that alcohols reduce the free energy cost of creating a repulsive polymer-solvent interface via a surfactant-like mechanism which surprisingly drives polymer collapse at low alcohol concentrations. This hitherto neglected role of interfacial solvation thermodynamics is common to all coil-globule transitions, and rationalizes the experimentally observed effects of higher alcohols and polymer molecular weight on the coil-to-globule transition of thermoresponsive polymers. Polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions reinforce or compensate this mechanism and it is this interplay which drives polymer swelling or collapse.
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7
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Frenzel L, Lokteva I, Koof M, Narayanan S, Grübel G, Lehmkühler F. Influence of TMAO as co-solvent on the gelation of silica-PNIPAm core-shell nanogels at intermediate volume fractions. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1318-1325. [PMID: 32250508 PMCID: PMC7318175 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We study the structure and dynamics of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) core-shell nanogels dispersed in aqueous trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) solutions by means of small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). Upon increasing the temperature above the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAm at 33 °C, a colloidal gel is formed as identified by an increase of I(q) at small q as well as a slowing down of sample dynamics by various orders of magnitude. With increasing TMAO concentration the gelation transition shifts linearly to lower temperatures. Above a TMAO concentration of approximately 0.40 mol/L corresponding to a 1 : 1 ratio of TMAO and NIPAm groups, collapsed PNIPAm states are found for all temperatures without any gelation transition. This suggests that reduction of PNIPAm-water hydrogen bonds due to the presence of TMAO results in a stabilisation of the collapsed PNIPAm state and suppresses gelation of the nanogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Frenzel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Irina Lokteva
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Michael Koof
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon SourceArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneIllinois60439United States
| | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Felix Lehmkühler
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestr. 8522607HamburgGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
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8
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Yong H, Merlitz H, Fery A, Sommer JU. Polymer Brushes and Gels in Competing Solvents: The Role of Different Interactions and Quantitative Predictions for Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in Alcohol–Water Mixtures. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaisong Yong
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Molecular description of the coil-to-globule transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in water/ethanol mixture at low alcohol concentration. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Gupta S, Kataoka T, Watanabe M, Ishikiriyama M, Matsumi N. Fine‐tuning of phase behavior of oxazoline copolymer‐based organic–inorganic hybrids as solid‐supported sol–gel materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Gupta
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1‐1 Asahidai Nomi‐shi Ishikawa Japan
| | | | | | | | - Noriyoshi Matsumi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1‐1 Asahidai Nomi‐shi Ishikawa Japan
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11
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Bruce EE, van der Vegt NFA. Molecular Scale Solvation in Complex Solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12948-12956. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Bruce
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und
Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F. A. van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und
Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F. A. van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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13
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Zuo T, Ma C, Jiao G, Han Z, Xiao S, Liang H, Hong L, Bowron D, Soper A, Han CC, Cheng H. Water/Cosolvent Attraction Induced Phase Separation: A Molecular Picture of Cononsolvency. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisen Zuo
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS), Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Changli Ma
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS), Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Guisheng Jiao
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS), Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zehua Han
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS), Dongguan 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haojun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Physics and Astronomy &Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel Bowron
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Soper
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Charles C. Han
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 508060, China
| | - He Cheng
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS), Dongguan 523808, China
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