1
|
Sedov IA, Magsumov TI. Highlighting the difference in nanostructure between domain-forming and domainless protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21477-21494. [PMID: 36053503 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoheterogeneity in some ionic liquids is a known phenomenon, but quantifying or sometimes even identifying it is not a straightforward task. We compared several known and suggested some novel approaches to identify and characterize domain segregation using the results of atomistic simulations. 10 ammonium-based protic ionic liquids with different propensity to form segregated polar and apolar domains as suggested by experimental studies were considered. They include butyl-, propyl-, 2-methoxyethylammonium nitrate, butyl- and propylammonium hydrogen sulfate, butylammonium thiocyanate (domain-forming liquids), ethylammonium and pyrrolidinium nitrate (weakly pronounced segregation), methylammonium and 2-hydroxyethylammonium nitrate (domainless liquids). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using models based on the OPLS-AA force field with scaled ion charges. Results show that domains can be recognized and the characteristic domain length scale can be determined from peaks of Ripley's functions, peaks and large-period oscillations of finite-volume radial distribution function integral, or difference of such integrals for polar and apolar atoms, and peaks of local atom density variance. These peaks disappear with increasing temperature due to the disruption of segregated domains. In domain-forming liquids, apolar atoms are more homogeneously distributed in space than polar atoms. In addition, the probability of molecular-sized cavity formation is significantly higher in apolar domains, which determines better solubility of apolar species in domain-forming ILs. The suggested approaches can be applied to various nanostructured liquids including both ionic and molecular solvents and mixtures, as well as other systems with mesoscale ordering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sedov
- Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
| | - Timur I Magsumov
- Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han J, Mariani A, Zarrabeitia M, Jusys Z, Behm RJ, Varzi A, Passerini S. Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors Employing Acetate-Based Water-in-Salt Electrolytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201563. [PMID: 35810459 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halide-free, water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) composed of potassium acetate (KAc) and zinc acetate (ZnAc2 ) are investigated as electrolytes in zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs). Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that water molecules are mostly non-interacting with each other in the highly concentrated WiSEs, while "bulk-like water" regions are present in the dilute electrolyte. Among the various concentrated electrolytes investigated, the 30 m KAc and 1 m ZnAc2 electrolyte (30K1Zn) grants the best performance in terms of reversibility and stability of Zn plating/stripping while the less concentrated electrolyte cannot suppress corrosion of Zn and hydrogen evolution. The ZHSs utilizing 30K1Zn, in combination with a commercial activated carbon (AC) positive electrode and Zn as the negative electrode, deliver a capacity of 65 mAh g-1 (based on the AC weight) at a current density of 5 A g-1 . They also offer an excellent capacity retention over 10 000 cycles and an impressive coulombic efficiency (≈100%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maider Zarrabeitia
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zenonas Jusys
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alberto Varzi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su L, Gao X, Mariani A, Liu X, Passerini S, Gao Y, Zheng L. Molecular Insight into Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Magnesium Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:105-111. [PMID: 34962126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising designer solvents for multivalent electrolytes, enabling the modulation of molecular-level interactions of solvate species. The molecular mechanism of multivalent-ion clustering and its impact on electrolytes properties is far less studied than that of ion pairs. Herein, we explore the effect of ion clusters on the transport and electrochemical behavior of IL-based electrolytes for Mg batteries. Simulation and small-angle X-ray scattering results indicate that ILs with higher denticity effectively suppress ion agglomeration and parasitic reactions of the Mg electrolytes. Although ion clustering reduces the diffusivity of Mg2+, the Coulombic efficiency for the reversible Mg deposition/stripping process is improved, highlighting the importance of microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities in the rational design of enhanced multivalent electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Su
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xinpei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, No 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mariani A, Innocenti A, Varzi A, Passerini S. On the nanoscopic structural heterogeneity of liquid n-alkyl carboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20282-20287. [PMID: 34486605 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first in-depth structural characterisation of simple linear carboxylic acids with alkyl tail length ranging from one to six carbon atoms. By means of the SWAXS technique, a pronounced nanoscopic heterogeneity evolving along the aliphatic portion of the molecule is highlighted. Via classical molecular dynamics, the origin of such heterogeneity is unambiguously assigned to the existence of aliphatic domains resulting from the self-segregation of the polar and apolar portions of the molecules. Furthermore, the structural correlation of aliphatic-separated polar domains is responsible for observing the so-called "pre-peak" in the SAXS region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Alberto Varzi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ausín D, Parajó JJ, Trenzado JL, Varela LM, Cabeza O, Segade L. Influence of Small Quantities of Water on the Physical Properties of Alkylammonium Nitrate Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7334. [PMID: 34298957 PMCID: PMC8306069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive study of two alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids. As part of this family of materials, mainly ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and also propylammonium nitrate (PAN) have attracted a great deal of attention during the last decades due to their potential applications in many fields. Although there have been numerous publications focused on the measurement of their physical properties, a great dispersion can be observed in the results obtained for the same magnitude. One of the critical points to be taken into account in their physical characterization is their water content. Thus, the main objective of this work was to determine the degree of influence of the presence of small quantities of water in EAN and PAN on the measurement of density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, refractive index and surface tension. For this purpose, the first three properties were determined in samples of EAN and PAN with water contents below 30,000 ppm in a wide range of temperatures, between 5 and 95 °C, while the last two were obtained at 25 °C. As a result of this study, it has been concluded that the presence of water is critical in those physical properties that involve mass or charge transport processes, resulting in the finding that the absolute value of the average percentage change in both viscosity and electrical conductivity is above 40%. Meanwhile, refractive index (≤0.3%), density (≤0.5%) and surface tension (≤2%) present much less significant changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ausín
- Departamento de Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (D.A.); (O.C.)
| | - Juan J. Parajó
- Grupo de Nanomateriais, Fotónica e Materia Branda, Departamento de Física de Partículas y Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.J.P.); (L.M.V.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, CIQUP-Centro de Investigaçao em Química da Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José L. Trenzado
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Varela
- Grupo de Nanomateriais, Fotónica e Materia Branda, Departamento de Física de Partículas y Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.J.P.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Oscar Cabeza
- Departamento de Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (D.A.); (O.C.)
| | - Luisa Segade
- Departamento de Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (D.A.); (O.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
ZnO has many technological applications which largely depend on its properties, which can be tuned by controlled synthesis. Ideally, the most convenient ZnO synthesis is carried out at room temperature in an aqueous solvent. However, the correct temperature values are often loosely defined. In the current paper, we performed the synthesis of ZnO in an aqueous solvent by varying the reaction and drying temperatures by 10 °C steps, and we monitored the synthesis products primarily by XRD). We found out that a simple direct synthesis of ZnO, without additional surfactant, pumping, or freezing, required both a reaction (TP) and a drying (TD) temperature of 40 °C. Higher temperatures also afforded ZnO, but lowering any of the TP or TD below the threshold value resulted either in the achievement of Zn(OH)2 or a mixture of Zn(OH)2/ZnO. A more detailed Rietveld analysis of the ZnO samples revealed a density variation of about 4% (5.44 to 5.68 gcm−3) with the synthesis temperature, and an increase of the nanoparticles’ average size, which was also verified by SEM images. The average size of the ZnO synthesized at TP = TD = 40 °C was 42 nm, as estimated by XRD, and 53 ± 10 nm, as estimated by SEM. For higher synthesis temperatures, they vary between 76 nm and 71 nm (XRD estimate) or 65 ± 12 nm and 69 ± 11 nm (SEM estimate) for TP = 50 °C, TD = 40 °C, or TP = TD = 60 °C, respectively. At TP = TD = 30 °C, micrometric structures aggregated in foils are obtained, which segregate nanoparticles of ZnO if TD is raised to 40 °C. The optical properties of ZnO obtained by UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy indicate a red shift of the band gap by ~0.1 eV.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mariani A, Bonomo M, Gao X, Centrella B, Nucara A, Buscaino R, Barge A, Barbero N, Gontrani L, Passerini S. The unseen evidence of Reduced Ionicity: The elephant in (the) room temperature ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brehm M, Thomas M, Gehrke S, Kirchner B. TRAVIS—A free analyzer for trajectories from molecular simulation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brehm
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle–Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M. Thomas
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle–Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S. Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B. Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Statistic-Driven Proton Transfer Affecting Nanoscopic Organization in an Ethylammonium Nitrate Ionic Liquid and 1,4-Diaminobutane Binary Mixture: A Steamy Pizza Model. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report on the theoretical and experimental investigation of the chemical equilibrium in a Ethylammonium Nitrate (EAN)/1,4-Diaminobutane (DAB) binary mixture displaying a significant excess of the latter component (namely, a 1:9 mole ratio). Both the neutral compounds, i.e., ethylamine (EtNH2) and DAB, present very similar chemical properties, especially concerning their basic strength, resulting in a continuous jump of the proton from the ethylammonium to the diamine (and vice-versa). Due to the significant excess of DAB, the proton is (statistically) expected to be bound to one of its nitrogen atoms, leading to the formation of a new (ternary) mixture containing DAB (ca. 80%), ethylamine (ca. 10%) and 4-amino-1-butylammonium nitrate (ABAN, ca. 10%). This is probed by means of SAXS measurements, showing LqE (low q excess) that increases over time. This feature tends to stabilize after approximately one day. When the measurement is repeated after one year, the LqE feature shows an increased intensity. Based on the results of our simulations, we suggest that this phenomenon is likely due to partial ethylamine evaporation, pushing the equilibrium toward the formation of ABAN.
Collapse
|
11
|
Campetella M, Cappelluti F, Gontrani L. Medium range interactions evidences in compounds with aliphatic lateral chain: 1-pentanoic acid, 1-pentanol and pentylammonium nitrate as test cases. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Ray P, Elfgen R, Kirchner B. Cation influence on heterocyclic ammonium ionic liquids: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4472-4486. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four different ionic liquids (ILs) consisting of the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([NTf2]−) anion, with structurally similar systematically varying cations, are investigated herein through classical molecular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Promit Ray
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Roman Elfgen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|