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Chiesa A, Garlatti E, Mezzadri M, Celada L, Sessoli R, Wasielewski MR, Bittl R, Santini P, Carretta S. Many-Body Models for Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Electron Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:12133-12139. [PMID: 39306768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
We present the first microscopic model for the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in electron-transfer, in which the internal degrees of freedom of the chiral bridge are explicitly included. By exactly solving this model on short chiral chains we demonstrate that a sizable spin polarization on the acceptor arises from the interplay of coherent and incoherent dynamics, with strong electron-electron correlations yielding many-body states on the bridge as crucial ingredients. Moreover, we include the coherent and incoherent dynamics induced by interactions with vibrational modes and show that they can play an important role in determining the long-time polarized state probed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Garlatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Mezzadri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Celada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff" (DICUS), Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Santini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Carretta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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2
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Grüning G, Gerhards L, Wong SY, Kattnig DR, Solov'yov IA. The Effect of Spin Relaxation on Magnetic Compass Sensitivity in ErCry4a. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400129. [PMID: 38668824 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of thermal motion on the magnetic compass mechanism in migratory birds, focusing on the radical pair mechanism within cryptochrome photoreceptors. The coherence of radical pairs, crucial for magnetic field inference, is curbed by spin relaxation induced by intra-protein motion. Molecular dynamics simulations, density-functional-theory-based calculations, and spin dynamics calculations were employed, utilizing Bloch-Redfield-Wangsness (BRW) relaxation theory, to investigate compass sensitivity. Previous research hypothesized that European robin's cryptochrome 4a (ErCry4a) optimized intra-protein motion to minimize spin relaxation, enhancing magnetic sensing compared to the plant Arabidopsis thaliana's cryptochrome 1 (AtCry1). Different correlation times of the nuclear hyperfine coupling constants in AtCry1 and ErCry4a were indeed found, leading to distinct radical pair recombination yields in the two species, with ErCry4a showing optimized sensitivity. However, this optimization is likely negligible in realistic spin systems with numerous nuclear spins. Beyond insights in magnetic sensing, the study presents a detailed method employing molecular dynamics simulations to assess for spin relaxation effects on chemical reactions with realistically modelled protein motion, relevant for studying radical pair reactions at finite temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Grüning
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Siu Y Wong
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Kattnig
- Department of Physics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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3
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Bagryansky VA, Chetverikov AO, Borovkov VI, Molin YN. Evolution of spin coherence of radical pairs due to spin-selective recombination: Comparison of three models. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244112. [PMID: 38149738 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study looked for a way to evaluate the validity of previously suggested models for describing the spin-selective recombination of radical pairs. As an example, for analysis, we used the conventional model, the model by Jones and Hore [Chem. Phys. Lett. 488, 90 (2010)], and the model by Salikhov [Am. J. Phys. Chem. 11, 67 (2022)]. To do this, analytical solutions to the evolution of the radical pair density matrix due to a radical pair's spin-selective recombination and singlet-triplet transitions in a strong magnetic field were obtained for the conventional model and the Jones and Hore model. Spin interactions included in the Hamiltonian were time-independent exchange interactions as well as Zeeman and hyperfine interactions. The most striking difference between the models' predictions appeared when considering the fraction of singlet pairs among all currently existing ones. In the Jones and Hore model, this ratio has the form of damped oscillations for any values of the spin-hamiltonian parameters. The conventional model and the Salikhov model both predicted that this ratio had the form of undamped oscillations in the absence of exchange interaction and at a sufficiently low recombination rate. Besides, the conventional model predicts the possibility of a resonance-like behavior of this ratio when singlet-triplet transitions in a part of the radical pair ensemble are completely suppressed by tuning the magnetic field strength. Possible experimental conditions in which distinguishing between the models seems to be most straightforward were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Bagryansky
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Artem O Chetverikov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vsevolod I Borovkov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri N Molin
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3 Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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4
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Fay TP, Limmer DT. Spin selective charge recombination in chiral donor-bridge-acceptor triads. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2890465. [PMID: 37184005 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we outline a physically motivated framework for describing spin-selective recombination processes in chiral systems, from which we derive spin-selective reaction operators for recombination reactions of donor-bridge-acceptor molecules, where the electron transfer is mediated by chirality and spin-orbit coupling. In general, the recombination process is selective only for spin-coherence between singlet and triplet states, and it is not, in general, selective for spin polarization. We find that spin polarization selectivity only arises in hopping-mediated electron transfer. We describe how this effective spin-polarization selectivity is a consequence of spin-polarization generated transiently in the intermediate state. The recombination process also augments the coherent spin dynamics of the charge separated state, which is found to have a significant effect on the recombination dynamics and to destroy any long-lived spin polarization. Although we only consider a simple donor-bridge-acceptor system, the framework we present here can be straightforwardly extended to describe spin-selective recombination processes in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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5
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Gerhards L, Nielsen C, Kattnig DR, Hore PJ, Solov'yov IA. Modeling spin relaxation in complex radical systems using MolSpin. J Comput Chem 2023. [PMID: 37186467 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Spin relaxation is an important aspect of the spin dynamics of free radicals and can have a significant impact on the outcome of their spin-selective reactions. Examples range from the use of radicals as spin qubits in quantum information processing to the radical pair reactions in proteins that may allow migratory birds to sense the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Accurate modeling of spin relaxation, however, is non-trivial. Bloch-Redfield-Wangsness theory derives a quantum mechanical master equation from system-bath interactions in the Markovian limit that provides a comprehensive framework for describing spin relaxation. Unfortunately, the construction of the master equation is system-specific and often resource-heavy. To address this challenge, we introduce a generalized and efficient implementation of BRW theory as a new feature of the spin dynamics toolkit MolSpin which offers an easy-to-use approach for studying systems of reacting radicals of varying complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Research & Development Department, Unicontrol, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Kattnig
- Department of Physics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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6
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Borovkov VI, Bagryansky VA, Molin YN. A spin statistical factor in electron transfer to oxygen molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5397-5405. [PMID: 36723236 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen molecule in its ground triplet state (3O2) is a strong electron acceptor. Electron transfer to 3O2 to form a superoxide anion is an important elementary step in many chemical and biological processes. If this transfer occurs from a spin 1/2 paramagnetic particle where the total spin of the reactants is equal to 3/2, the reaction is spin-forbidden. In liquids, the significant dipole-dipole electron spin interaction in 3O2 is supposed to mix the non-reactive quartet and reactive doublet states at a time scale of ∼10 ps, thus avoiding the barrier. To elucidate the role of spin effects in the electron transfer to 3O2, we studied this reaction over a range of more than three orders of magnitude of the relative diffusion coefficient (D) of the reactants. It was found that spin effects during electron transfer to 3O2 become insignificant when D < 10-9 m2 s-1. In the range of intermediate D values (10-9 m2 s-1 < D < 10-8 m2 s-1) - which corresponds to some reactions of oxygen with small radicals in aqueous solutions - the effective spin factor decreases with increasing D value. If D > 10-8 m2 s-1, the electron transfer is spin-selective with the spin factor of 1/3 as determined by the spin statistics. At such D values, the reaction encounter time may exceed the expected quartet-doublet mixing time by almost an order of magnitude. The reduced rate of quartet-doublet transitions within the encounter complex in the reaction with 3O2 has been explained by the spin-exchange interaction and chemical Zeno effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod I Borovkov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, Institutskaya, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Victor A Bagryansky
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, Institutskaya, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri N Molin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, Institutskaya, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Ramsay J, Kattnig DR. Radical triads, not pairs, may explain effects of hypomagnetic fields on neurogenesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010519. [PMID: 36108063 PMCID: PMC9514667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent cognition in mice have been found to be adversely affected by hypomagnetic field exposure. The effect concurred with a reduction of reactive oxygen species in the absence of the geomagnetic field. A recent theoretical study suggests a mechanistic interpretation of this phenomenon in the framework of the Radical Pair Mechanism. According to this model, a flavin-superoxide radical pair, born in the singlet spin configuration, undergoes magnetic field-dependent spin dynamics such that the pair's recombination is enhanced as the applied magnetic field is reduced. This model has two ostensible weaknesses: a) the assumption of a singlet initial state is irreconcilable with known reaction pathways generating such radical pairs, and b) the model neglects the swift spin relaxation of free superoxide, which abolishes any magnetic sensitivity in geomagnetic/hypomagnetic fields. We here suggest that a model based on a radical triad and the assumption of a secondary radical scavenging reaction can, in principle, explain the phenomenon without unnatural assumptions, thus providing a coherent explanation of hypomagnetic field effects in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Ramsay
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
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8
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Bagryansky VA, Melnikov AR, Molin YN, Borovkov VI. The role of Heisenberg spin exchange and the quantum Zeno effect in the spin-selective reaction between spin-1/2 and spin-1 particles. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064306. [PMID: 35963733 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of spin-selective reactions involving triplet molecules, such as triplet-triplet annihilation or electron transfer to dioxygen molecules in the ground triplet spin state, are strongly dependent on the dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) of electron spins in spin-1 particles. The effect of this interaction on the intersystem crossing in the reaction encounter complex of the paramagnetic particles was previously considered for some particular cases using oversimplified approaches. In this study, we consider a rigorous kinetic model of the irreversible reaction between the spin-1/2 and spin-1 particles in an encounter complex with the reactive doublet state. This model explicitly includes both isotropic exchange coupling of the reactants and spin dependence of the reaction rate in the form of the Haberkorn reaction term. For the time-independent DDI, an analytical expression for the reaction kinetics was derived. The effect of DDI fluctuations was analyzed using numerical simulations. It was found that increasing both the exchange coupling and the reaction rate constants can significantly slow down the quartet-doublet spin transitions and, as a consequence, the observed spin-selective reaction rate. Additionally, the presence of the irreversible reaction in the doublet states affects a coherent evolution in the non-reactive quartet subsystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Bagryansky
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, 3, Institutskaya str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anatoly R Melnikov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, 3, Institutskaya str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri N Molin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, 3, Institutskaya str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vsevolod I Borovkov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, SB RAS, 3, Institutskaya str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Fay TP. A simple improved low temperature correction for the hierarchical equations of motion. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:054108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of open system quantum dynamics has been transformed by the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) method, which gives the exact dynamics for a system coupled to a harmonic bath at arbitrary temperature and system-bath coupling strength. However in its standard form the method is only consistent with the weak-coupling quantum master equation at all temperatures when many auxiliary density operators are included in the hierarchy, even when low temperature corrections are included. Here we propose a new low temperature correction scheme for the termination of the hierarchy based on Zwanzig projection which alleviates this problem, and restores consistency with the weak-coupling master equation with a minimal hierarchy. The utility of the new correction scheme is demonstrated on a range of model systems, including the Fenna-Metthews-Olson complex. The new closure is found to improve convergence of the HEOM even beyond the weak-coupling limit and is very straightforward to implement in existing HEOM codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Patrick Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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10
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Smith LD, Deviers J, Kattnig DR. Observations about utilitarian coherence in the avian compass. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6011. [PMID: 35397661 PMCID: PMC8994785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesised that the avian compass relies on spin dynamics in a recombining radical pair. Quantum coherence has been suggested as a resource to this process that nature may utilise to achieve increased compass sensitivity. To date, the true functional role of coherence in these natural systems has remained speculative, lacking insights from sufficiently complex models. Here, we investigate realistically large radical pair models with up to 21 nuclear spins, inspired by the putative magnetosensory protein cryptochrome. By varying relative radical orientations, we reveal correlations of several coherence measures with compass fidelity. Whilst electronic coherence is found to be an ineffective predictor of compass sensitivity, a robust correlation of compass sensitivity and a global coherence measure is established. The results demonstrate the importance of realistic models, and appropriate choice of coherence measure, in elucidating the quantum nature of the avian compass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Smith
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jean Deviers
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Daniel R Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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11
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Deviers J, Cailliez F, de la Lande A, Kattnig DR. Anisotropic magnetic field effects in the re-oxidation of cryptochrome in the presence of scavenger radicals. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:025101. [PMID: 35032990 DOI: 10.1063/5.0078115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian compass and many other of nature's magnetoreceptive traits are widely ascribed to the protein cryptochrome. There, magnetosensitivity is thought to emerge as the spin dynamics of radicals in the applied magnetic field enters in competition with their recombination. The first and dominant model makes use of a radical pair. However, recent studies have suggested that magnetosensitivity could be markedly enhanced for a radical triad, the primary radical pair of which undergoes a spin-selective recombination reaction with a third radical. Here, we test the practicality of this supposition for the reoxidation reaction of the reduced FAD cofactor in cryptochrome, which has been implicated with light-independent magnetoreception but appears irreconcilable with the classical radical pair mechanism (RPM). Based on the available realistic cryptochrome structures, we predict the magnetosensitivity of radical triad systems comprising the flavin semiquinone, the superoxide, and a tyrosine or ascorbyl scavenger radical. We consider many hyperfine-coupled nuclear spins, the relative orientation and placement of the radicals, their coupling by the electron-electron dipolar interaction, and spin relaxation in the superoxide radical in the limit of instantaneous decoherence, which have not been comprehensively considered before. We demonstrate that these systems can provide superior magnetosensitivity under realistic conditions, with implications for dark-state cryptochrome magnetoreception and other biological magneto- and isotope-sensitive radical recombination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Deviers
- Department of Physics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Cailliez
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS (UMR 8000), 15 avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS (UMR 8000), 15 avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Daniel R Kattnig
- Department of Physics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
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12
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Fay TP, Limmer DT. Origin of Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity in Photoinduced Electron Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6696-6702. [PMID: 34291928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we propose a mechanism by which spin-polarization can be generated dynamically in chiral molecular systems undergoing photoinduced electron transfer. The proposed mechanism explains how spin-polarization emerges in systems where charge transport is dominated by incoherent hopping, mediated by spin-orbit and electronic exchange couplings through an intermediate charge transfer state. We derive a simple expression for the spin-polarization that predicts a nonmonotonic temperature dependence, consistent with recent experiments, and a maximum spin-polarization that is independent of the magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling. We validate this theory using approximate quantum master equations and the numerically exact hierarchical equations of motion. The proposed mechanism of chirality induced spin selectivity should apply to many chiral systems, and the ideas presented here have implications for the study of spin transport at temperatures relevant to biology and provide simple principles for the molecular control of spins in fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Kandrashkin YE. Influence of Spin Decoherence on the Yield of Photodriven Quantum Teleportation in Molecular Triads. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6405-6410. [PMID: 34232670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of spin coherences due to spin-selective recombination in the system with three unpaired electrons is discussed. It is shown that in the case of bidirectional kinetics, the decoherence processes can significantly change the quantum yield of the products. This enables one to discriminate between approaches that model spin-selective recombination but predict different decoherence rates. The rigid donor-acceptor-radical molecular triad is suggested to study the decay rate of singlet-triplet coherence. A modification of the photodriven quantum teleportation protocol is proposed to measure the quantum yields of the monoradical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
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14
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Kattnig DR. F-cluster: Reaction-induced spin correlation in multi-radical systems. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204105. [PMID: 34241165 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide a theoretical analysis of spin-selective recombination processes in clusters of n ≥ 3 radicals. Specifically, we discuss how spin correlation can ensue from random encounters of n radicals, i.e., "F-clusters" as a generalization of radical F-pairs, acting as precursors of spin-driven magnetic field effects. Survival probabilities and the spin correlation of the surviving radical population, as well as transients, are evaluated by expanding the spin density operator in an operator basis that is closed under application of the Haberkorn recombination operator and singlet-triplet dephasing. For the primary spin cluster, the steady-state density operator is found to be independent of the details of the recombination network, provided that it is irreducible; pairs of surviving radicals are triplet-polarized independent of whether they are actually reacting with each other. The steady state is independent of the singlet-triplet dephasing, but the kinetics and the population of sister clusters of smaller size can depend on the degree of dephasing. We also analyze reaction-induced singlet-triplet interconversion in radical pairs due to radical scavenging by initially uncorrelated radicals ("chemical Zeno effect"). We generalize previous treatments for radical triads by discussing the effect of spin-selective recombination in the original pair and extending the analysis to four radicals, i.e., radical pairs interacting with two radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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15
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Fay TP, Lindoy LP, Manolopoulos DE. Spin relaxation in radical pairs from the stochastic Schrödinger equation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084121. [PMID: 33639770 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the stochastic Schrödinger equation (SSE) provides an ideal way to simulate the quantum mechanical spin dynamics of radical pairs. Electron spin relaxation effects arising from fluctuations in the spin Hamiltonian are straightforward to include in this approach, and their treatment can be combined with a highly efficient stochastic evaluation of the trace over nuclear spin states that is required to compute experimental observables. These features are illustrated in example applications to a flavin-tryptophan radical pair of interest in avian magnetoreception and to a problem involving spin-selective radical pair recombination along a molecular wire. In the first of these examples, the SSE is shown to be both more efficient and more widely applicable than a recent stochastic implementation of the Lindblad equation, which only provides a valid treatment of relaxation in the extreme-narrowing limit. In the second, the exact SSE results are used to assess the accuracy of a recently proposed combination of Nakajima-Zwanzig theory for the spin relaxation and Schulten-Wolynes theory for the spin dynamics, which is applicable to radical pairs with many more nuclear spins. We also analyze the efficiency of trace sampling in some detail, highlighting the particular advantages of sampling with SU(N) coherent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Fay
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan P Lindoy
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E Manolopoulos
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Recently, there has been much interest in the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect, whereby electron spin polarization, which is dependent on molecular chirality, is produced in electrode-molecule electron transfer processes. Naturally, one might consider if a similar effect can be observed in simple molecular charge transfer reactions, for example, in light-induced electron transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. In this work, I explore the effect of electron transfer on spins in chiral single radicals and chiral radical pairs using Nakajima-Zwanzig theory. In these cases, chirality, in conjuction with spin-orbit coupling, does not lead to spin polarization, but instead, the electron transfer generates quantum coherence between spins states. In principle, this chirality-induced spin coherence could manifest in a range of experiments, and in particular, I demonstrate that the out of phase electron spin echo envelope modulation pulse electron paramagnetic resonance experiment would be able to detect this effect in oriented radical pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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Electronic spin separation induced by nuclear motion near conical intersections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:700. [PMID: 33514700 PMCID: PMC7846775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the concept of Berry force was proposed thirty years ago, little is known about the practical consequences of this force as far as chemical dynamics are concerned. Here, we report that when molecular dynamics pass near a conical intersection, a massive Berry force can appear as a result of even a small amount of spin-orbit coupling (<10−3 eV), and this Berry force can in turn dramatically change pathway selection. In particular, for a simple radical reaction with two outgoing reaction channels, an exact quantum scattering solution in two dimensions shows that the presence of a significant Berry force can sometimes lead to spin selectivity as large as 100%. Thus, this article opens the door for organic chemists to start designing spintronic devices that use nuclear motion and conical intersections (combined with standard spin-orbit coupling) in order to achieve spin selection. Vice versa, for physical chemists, this article also emphasizes that future semiclassical simulations of intersystem crossing (which have heretofore ignored Berry force) should be corrected to account for the spin polarization that inevitably arises when dynamics pass near conical intersections. Spin polarization is at the basis of quantum information and underlies some natural processes, but many aspects still need to be explored. Here, the authors, by quantum mechanical computations, show that even a weak spin-orbit coupling near a conical intersection can induce large spin selection, with consequences for spin manipulation in photochemical or electrochemical reactions.
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Lazorski MS, Schapiro I, Gaddie RS, Lehnig AP, Atanasov M, Neese F, Steiner UE, Elliott CM. Spin-chemical effects on intramolecular photoinduced charge transfer reactions in bisphenanthroline copper(i)-viologen dyad assemblies. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5511-5525. [PMID: 32874494 PMCID: PMC7448374 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two covalently linked donor-acceptor copper phenanthroline complexes (C-A dyads) of interest for solar energy conversion/storage schemes, [Cu(i)(Rphen(OMV)2 4+)2]9+ = RC+A4 8+ with RC+ = [Cu(i)Rphen2]+ involving 2,9-methyl (R = Me) or 2,9-phenyl (R = Ph)-phenanthroline ligands that are 5,6-disubstituted by 4-(n-butoxy) linked methylviologen electron acceptor groups (A2+ = OMV2+), have been synthesized and investigated via quantum chemical calculations and nanosecond laser flash spectroscopy in 1,2-difluorobenzene/methanol (dfb/MeOH) mixtures. Upon photoexcitation, charge transfer (CT) states RC2+A+A3 6+ are formed in less than one ns and decay by charge recombination on a time scale of 6-45 ns. The CT lifetime of RC2+A+A3 6+ has a strong dependence on MeOH solvent fraction when R = Me, but is unaffected if R = Ph. This solvent effect is due to coordination of MeOH solvent in MeC+A4 8+ (i.e. exciplex formation) allowed by conformational flattening of the ligand sphere, which cannot occur in PhC+A4 8+ having bulkier Phphen ligand framework. Interestingly, the decay time of the CT state increases for both species at low magnetic fields with a maximum increase of ca. 30% at ca. 150 mT, then decreases as the field is increased up to 1500 mT, the highest field investigated. This magnetic field effect (MFE) is due to magnetic modulation of the spin dynamics interconverting 3CT and 1CT states. A quantitative modeling according to the radical pair mechanism involving ab initio multireference calculations of the complexes revealed that the spin process is dominated by the effect of Cu hyperfine coupling. The external magnetic field suppresses the hyperfine coupling induced spin state mixing thereby lengthening the CT decay time. This effect is counteracted by the field dependent processes of T0-S mixing through the Δg-mechanism and by a local mode spin-orbit mechanism. Further, the maximum MFE is limited by a finite rate of direct recombination of 3CT states and the spin-rotational mechanism of spin relaxation. This study provides a first comprehensive characterization of Cu(ii)-complex spin chemistry and highlights how spin chemistry can be used to manipulate solar energy harvesting and storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lazorski
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Ross S Gaddie
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Ammon P Lehnig
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Mihail Atanasov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Ulrich E Steiner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 14 , Konstanz , 78457 , Germany
| | - C Michael Elliott
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
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Lindoy LP, Fay TP, Manolopoulos DE. Quantum mechanical spin dynamics of a molecular magnetoreceptor. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164107. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0006411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P. Lindoy
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Fay
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Fay TP, Lindoy LP, Manolopoulos DE, Hore PJ. How quantum is radical pair magnetoreception? Faraday Discuss 2020; 221:77-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Semiclassical methods cannot accurately simulate magnetic field effects relevant to avian magnetoreception, which may therefore deserve the label “quantum biology”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Fay
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | - Lachlan P. Lindoy
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | - P. J. Hore
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
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21
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Nielsen C, Solov’yov IA. MolSpin—Flexible and extensible general spin dynamics software. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:194105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5125043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Fay TP, Lindoy LP, Manolopoulos DE. Electron spin relaxation in radical pairs: Beyond the Redfield approximation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:154117. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5125752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Fay
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan P. Lindoy
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Sampson C, Keens RH, Kattnig DR. On the magnetosensitivity of lipid peroxidation: two- versus three-radical dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13526-13538. [PMID: 31210238 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the putative magnetosensitivity of lipid peroxidation. We focus on the widely accepted radical pair mechanism (RPM) and a recently suggested idea based on spin dynamics induced in three-radical systems by the mutual electron-electron dipolar coupling (D3M). We show that, contrary to claims in the literature, lipid peroxides, the dominant chain carriers of the autoxidation process, have associated non-zero hyperfine coupling interactions. This suggests that their recombination could, in principle, be magnetosensitive due to the RPM. While the RPM indeed goes a long way to explaining magnetosensitivity in these systems, we show that the simultaneous interaction of three peroxyl radicals via the D3M can achieve larger magnetic field effects (MFE), even if the third radical is remote from the recombining radical pair. For randomly oriented three-radical systems, the D3M induces a low-field effect comparable to that of the RPM. The mechanism furthermore immunizes the spin dynamics to the presence of large exchange coupling interactions in the recombining radical pair, thereby permitting much larger MFE at magnetic field intensities comparable to the geomagnetic field than would be expected for the RPM. Based on these characteristics, we suggest that the D3M could be particularly relevant for MFE at low fields, provided that the local radical concentration is sufficient to allow for three-spin radical correlations. Eventually, our observations suggest that MFEs could intricately depend on radical concentration and larger effects could ensue under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sampson
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Yan Y, Xu M, Liu Y, Shi Q. Theoretical study of charge carrier transport in organic molecular crystals using the Nakajima-Zwanzig-Mori generalized master equation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5096214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Yanying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101407, China
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Fay TP, Manolopoulos DE. Radical pair intersystem crossing: Quantum dynamics or incoherent kinetics? J Chem Phys 2019; 150:151102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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