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Mitsui M, Miyoshi Y, Arima D. Tailoring sensitization properties and improving near-infrared photon upconversion performance through alloying in superatomic molecular Au 25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38973468 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal nanoclusters (NCs) protected by organic ligands have recently come to the forefront as potent triplet sensitizers for photon upconversion (UC) via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), owing to their capacity for atomic-level photophysical property customization. Among these, the rod-shaped bi-icosahedral [Au25(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (Au-rod) NC is a particularly iconic superatomic molecular NC, recently identified as a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing sensitizer for TTA-UC. In this study, we synthesized Cu-doped NCs, [Au25-xCux(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (AuCu-rod), and paired them with 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) annihilator/emitter to explore the impact of Cu-doping on the triplet sensitization and NIR-UC performance. The triplet state of AuCu-rod, with lifetime of 3 μs, exhibited a modest blue shift compared to the Au-rod, resulting in the increment in the driving force for triplet energy transfer (TET) to the BPEA acceptor. The TET rate constant was determined to be 5.0 × 107 M-1 s-1, which is an order of magnitude higher than the rate constant for the Au-rod/BPEA pair. This improvement has led to a remarkable increase in the TET efficiency. Notably, the AuCu-rod/BPEA pair facilitated the efficient UC of 805 nm NIR light into 510 nm visible light, realizing a large anti-Stokes shift close to 0.9 eV. The UC internal quantum yield of this combination was determined to be 2.33 ± 0.05%, marking a fivefold enhancement over the Au-rod sensitizer (0.49%). Thus, alloying NC sensitizers offers a promising route to enhance UC performance by tuning the triplet state energy and optimizing the compatibility between the sensitizer and annihilator. Additionally, in this series of experiments, the formation of small amounts of BPEA microaggregates was observed. These aggregates did not undergo singlet fission and could retain multiple long-lived triplet excitons. This characteristic facilitated TTA among triplet excitons, resulting in efficient NIR-to-visible UC emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Miyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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2
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Ringström R, Schroeder ZW, Mencaroni L, Chabera P, Tykwinski RR, Albinsson B. Triplet Formation in a 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Dimer and Trimer Occurs by Charge Recombination Rather than Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7897-7902. [PMID: 37642563 PMCID: PMC10494225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study investigating the solvent-dependent dynamics of a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene monomer, dimer, and trimer. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we have discovered that triplet excited state formation in the dimer and trimer molecules in polar solvents is a consequence of charge recombination subsequent to symmetry-breaking charge separation rather than singlet fission. Total internal reflection emission measurements of the monomer demonstrate that excimer formation serves as the primary decay pathway at a high concentration. In the case of highly concentrated solutions of the trimer, we observe evidence of triplet formation without the prior formation of a charge-separated state. We postulate that this is attributed to the formation of small aggregates, suggesting that oligomers mimicking the larger chromophore counts in crystals could potentially facilitate singlet fission. Our experimental study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene system, elucidating the role of solvent- and concentration-dependent factors for triplet formation and charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ringström
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zachary W. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Letizia Mencaroni
- Department
of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pavel Chabera
- The
Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. Generating spin-triplet states at the bulk perovskite/organic interface for photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:998-1013. [PMID: 36594272 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) holds potential for practical applications of solid-state UC ranging from photovoltaics to sensing and imaging technologies. As the triplet sensitizer, the underlying perovskite properties heavily influence the generation of spin-triplet states once interfaced with the organic annihilator molecule, typically polyacene derivatives. Presently, most reported perovskite TTA-UC systems have utilized rubrene doped with ∼1% dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene (RubDBP) as the annihilator/emitter species. However, practical applications require a larger apparent anti-Stokes than is currently achievable with this system due to the inherent 0.4 eV energy loss during triplet generation. In this minireview, we present the current understanding of the triplet sensitization process at the perovskite/organic semiconductor interface and introduce additional promising annihilators based on anthracene derivatives into the discussion of future directions in perovskite-sensitized TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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4
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Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. Recharging upconversion: revealing rubrene's replacement. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17254-17261. [PMID: 36374134 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations of solid-state perovskite-sensitized photon upconversion to date is that the only annihilator successfully paired with the perovskite sensitizer has been rubrene, raising the question of whether this appraoch of triplet sensitization is universal or limited in scope. Additionally, the inherent energetic mismatch between the perovskite bandgap and the rubrene triplet energy has restricted the apparent anti-Stokes shift achievable in the upconversion process. To increase the apparent anti-Stokes shift for upconversion processes, anthracene derivates are of particular interest due to their higher triplet energies. Here, we demonstrate successful sensitization of the triplet state of 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene using the established formamidinium methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite FA0.85MA0.15PbI3, resulting in upconverted emission at 550 nm under 780 nm excitation. We draw a direct comparison to rubrene to unravel the underlying differences in the upconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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5
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Influence of core-twisted structure on singlet fission in perylenediimide film. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Fan S, Li W, Li T, Gao F, Hu W, Liu S, Wang X, Liu H, Liu Z, Li Z, Chen Y, Li X. Singlet fission in colloid nanoparticles of amphipathic 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Altman AR, Refaely-Abramson S, da Jornada FH. Identifying Hidden Intracell Symmetries in Molecular Crystals and Their Impact for Multiexciton Generation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:747-753. [PMID: 35029407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular crystals are appealing for next-generation optoelectronic applications due to their multiexciton generation processes that can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. However, a general understanding of how crystal structures affect these processes is lacking, requiring computationally demanding calculations for each material. Here we present an approach to understand and classify organic crystals and elucidate multiexciton processes. We show that organic crystals that are composed of two sublattices are well-approximated by effective fictitious systems of higher translational symmetry. Within this framework, we derive hidden selection rules in crystal pentacene and predict that the bulk polymorph supports fast Coulomb-mediated singlet fission with a transition rate about 2 orders of magnitude faster than that of the thin-film polymorph, a result confirmed with many-body perturbation theory calculations. Our approach is based on density-functional theory calculations and provides design principles for the experimental and computational discovery of new materials with tailored excitonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Altman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Felipe H da Jornada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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James D, Pradhan E, Zeng T. Design of singlet fission chromophores by the introduction of N-oxyl fragments. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan James
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
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9
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Campillo-Alvarado G, Bernhardt M, Davies DW, Soares JANT, Woods TJ, Diao Y. Modulation of π-stacking modes and photophysical properties of an organic semiconductor through isosteric cocrystallization. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:071102. [PMID: 34418924 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the control of π-stacking modes (herringbone vs slipped-stack) and photophysical properties of 9,10-bis((E)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)anthracene (BP4VA), an anthracene-based organic semiconductor (OSC), by isosteric cocrystallization (i.e., the replacement of one functional group in a coformer with another of "similar" electronic structure) with 2,4,6-trihalophenols (3X-ph-OH, where X = Cl, Br, and I). Specifically, BP4VA organizes as slipped-stacks when cocrystallized with 3Cl-ph-OH and 3Br-ph-OH, while cocrystallization with 3I-ph-OH results in a herringbone mode. The photoluminescence and molecular frontier orbital energy levels of BP4VA were effectively modulated by the presence of 3X-ph-OH through cocrystallization. We envisage that the cocrystallization of OSCs with minimal changes in cocrystal formers can provide access to convenient structural and property diversification for advanced single-crystal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Campillo-Alvarado
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Michael Bernhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Daniel W Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Julio A N T Soares
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratories Central Facilities, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Toby J Woods
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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10
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Ramirez CE, Chen S, Powers-Riggs NE, Schlesinger I, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation in the Solid State: Tetra(phenoxy)perylenediimide Polycrystalline Films. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18243-18250. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Su Chen
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Natalia E. Powers-Riggs
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Itai Schlesinger
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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11
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Bae YJ, Shimizu D, Schultz JD, Kang G, Zhou J, Schatz GC, Osuka A, Wasielewski MR. Balancing Charge Transfer and Frenkel Exciton Coupling Leads to Excimer Formation in Molecular Dimers: Implications for Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8478-8487. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Gyeongwon Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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13
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Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Mixed Electronic States in Molecular Dimers: Connecting Singlet Fission, Excimer Formation, and Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1957-1968. [PMID: 32786248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusChromophore aggregates are capable of a wide variety of excited-state dynamics that are potentially of great use in optoelectronic devices based on organic molecules. For example, singlet fission, the process by which a singlet exciton is down converted into two triplet excitons, holds promise for extending the efficiency of solar cells, while other processes, such as excimer formation, are commonly regarded as parasitic pathways or traps. Other processes, such as symmetry-breaking charge transfer, where the excited dimer charge separates into a radical ion pair, can be both a trap and potentially useful in devices, depending on the context. Thus, an understanding of the precise mechanisms of each of these processes is vital to designing tailor-made organic chromophores for molecular optoelectronics.These excited-state phenomena have each been well-studied in recent years and show tantalizing connections as the molecular systems and environments are subtly changed. These seemingly disparate phenomena can be described within the same unifying framework, where each case can be represented as one point in continuum of mixed states. The coherent mixed state is observed experimentally, and it collapses to each of the limiting cases under well-defined conditions. This framework is especially useful in demonstrating the connections between these different states so that we can determine the factors that control their evolution and may ultimately guide the state mixtures to the product state of choice. The emerging picture shows that tuning the electronic coupling through proper arrangement of the chromophores must accompany environmental tuning of the chromophore energies to produce a fully mixed state. Changes in either of these quantities leads to evolution of the admixture and ultimately collapsing the superposition onto a given state, producing one of the photophysical pathways discussed above.In our laboratory, we are utilizing covalent dimers to precisely arrange the chromophores in rigid, well-defined geometries to systematically study the factors that determine the degree of state mixing and its fate. We interrogate these dynamics with transient absorption spectroscopy from the UV continuously into the mid-infrared, along with time-resolved Raman and emission and magnetic resonance spectroscopies to build a complete and detailed molecular level picture of the dynamics of these dimers. The knowledge gained from dimer studies can also be applied to the understanding the dynamics in extended molecular solids. The insight afforded by these studies will help guide the creation of new designer chromophores with control over the fate of the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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