1
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Dey A, Mendalz A, Wach A, Vadell RB, Silveira VR, Leidinger PM, Huthwelker T, Shtender V, Novotny Z, Artiglia L, Sá J. Hydrogen evolution with hot electrons on a plasmonic-molecular catalyst hybrid system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:445. [PMID: 38200016 PMCID: PMC10781775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic systems convert light into electrical charges and heat, mediating catalytic transformations. However, there is ongoing controversy regarding the involvement of hot carriers in the catalytic process. In this study, we demonstrate the direct utilisation of plasmon hot electrons in the hydrogen evolution reaction with visible light. We intentionally assemble a plasmonic nanohybrid system comprising NiO/Au/[Co(1,10-Phenanthrolin-5-amine)2(H2O)2], which is unstable at water thermolysis temperatures. This assembly limits the plasmon thermal contribution while ensuring that hot carriers are the primary contributors to the catalytic process. By combining photoelectrocatalysis with advanced in situ spectroscopies, we can substantiate a reaction mechanism in which plasmon-induced hot electrons play a crucial role. These plasmonic hot electrons are directed into phenanthroline ligands, facilitating the rapid, concerted proton-electron transfer steps essential for hydrogen generation. The catalytic response to light modulation aligns with the distinctive profile of a hot carrier-mediated process, featuring a positive, though non-essential, heat contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Dey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amal Mendalz
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Wach
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Bericat Vadell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitor R Silveira
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Vitalii Shtender
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, division of Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zbynek Novotny
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Comini N, Diulus JT, Parkinson GS, Osterwalder J, Novotny Z. Stability of Iridium Single Atoms on Fe 3O 4(001) in the mbar Pressure Range. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:19097-19106. [PMID: 37791099 PMCID: PMC10544020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable single metal adatoms on oxide surfaces are of great interest for future applications in the field of catalysis. We studied iridium single atoms (Ir1) supported on a Fe3O4(001) single crystal, a model system previously only studied in ultra-high vacuum, to explore their behavior upon exposure to several gases in the millibar range (up to 20 mbar) utilizing ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Ir1 single adatoms appear stable upon exposure to a variety of common gases at room temperature, including oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), argon (Ar), and water vapor. Changes in the Ir 4f binding energy suggest that Ir1 interacts not only with adsorbed and dissociated molecules but also with water/OH groups and adventitious carbon species deposited inevitably under these pressure conditions. At higher temperatures (473 K), iridium adatom encapsulation takes place in an oxidizing environment (a partial O2 pressure of 0.1 mbar). We attribute this phenomenon to magnetite growth caused by the enhanced diffusion of iron cations near the surface. These findings provide an initial understanding of the behavior of single atoms on metal oxides outside the UHV regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo Comini
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - J. Trey Diulus
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Zbynek Novotny
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
- EMPA,
Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
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3
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Haug L, Griesser C, Thurner CW, Winkler D, Moser T, Thaler M, Bartl P, Rainer M, Portenkirchner E, Schumacher D, Dierschke K, Köpfle N, Penner S, Beyer MK, Loerting T, Kunze-Liebhäuser J, Klötzer B. A laboratory-based multifunctional near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system for electrochemical, catalytic, and cryogenic studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:065104. [PMID: 37862508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A versatile multifunctional laboratory-based near ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) instrument is presented. The entire device is highly customized regarding geometry, exchangeable manipulators and sample stages for liquid- and solid-state electrochemistry, cryochemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis. It therefore delivers novel and unique access to a variety of experimental approaches toward a broad choice of functional materials and their specific surface processes. The high-temperature (electro)catalysis manipulator is designed for probing solid state/gas phase interactions for heterogeneous catalysts including solid electrolyzer/fuel cell electrocatalysts at pressures up to 15 mbar and temperatures from room temperature to 1000 °C. The liquid electrochemistry manipulator is specifically designed for in situ spectroscopic investigations of polarized solid/liquid interfaces using aqueous electrolytes and the third one for experiments for ice and ice-like materials at cryogenic temperatures to approximately -190 °C. The flexible and modular combination of these setups provides the opportunity to address a broad spectrum of in situ and operando XPS experiments on a laboratory-based system, circumventing the limited accessibility of experiments at synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Haug
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Griesser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph W Thurner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Winkler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Toni Moser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marco Thaler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pit Bartl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Rainer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - David Schumacher
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Dierschke
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Köpfle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Adams P, Creazzo F, Moehl T, Crockett R, Zeng P, Novotny Z, Luber S, Yang W, Tilley SD. Solution phase treatments of Sb 2Se 3 heterojunction photocathodes for improved water splitting performance. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:8277-8284. [PMID: 37066134 PMCID: PMC10088359 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is an auspicious material for solar energy conversion that has seen rapid improvement over the past ten years, but the photovoltage deficit remains a challenge. Here, simple and low-temperature treatments of the p-n heterojunction interface of Sb2Se3/TiO2-based photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting were explored to address this challenge. The FTO/Ti/Au/Sb2Se3 (substrate configuration) stack was treated with (NH4)2S as an etching solution, followed by CuCl2 treatment prior to deposition of the TiO2 by atomic layer deposition. The different treatments show different mechanisms of action compared to similar reported treatments of the back Au/Sb2Se3 interface in superstrate configuration solar cells. These treatments collectively increased the onset potential from 0.14 V to 0.28 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the photocurrent from 13 mA cm-2 to 18 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs. RHE as compared to the untreated Sb2Se3 films. From SEM and XPS studies, it is clear that the etching treatment induces a morphological change and removes the surface Sb2O3 layer, which eliminates the Fermi-level pinning that the oxide layer generates. CuCl2 further enhances the performance due to the passivation of the surface defects, as supported by density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) calculations, improving charge separation at the interface. The simple and low-cost semiconductor synthesis method combined with these facile, low-temperature treatments further increases the practical potential of Sb2Se3 for large-scale water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Creazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Peng Zeng
- Scientific Centre for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zbynek Novotny
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen-PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, EMPA Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wooseok Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon South Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - S David Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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5
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Brandalise Nunes F, Comini N, Diulus JT, Huthwelker T, Iannuzzi M, Osterwalder J, Novotny Z. Dynamic Equilibrium at the HCOOH-Saturated TiO 2(110)-Water Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3132-3138. [PMID: 36952665 PMCID: PMC10084457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids bind to titanium dioxide (TiO2) dissociatively, forming surface superstructures that give rise to a (2 × 1) pattern detected by low-energy electron diffraction. Exposing this system to water, however, leads to a loss of the highly ordered surface structure. The formate-covered surface was investigated by a combination of diffraction and spectroscopy techniques, together with static and dynamic ab initio simulations, with the conclusion that a dynamic equilibrium exists between adsorbed formic acid and water molecules. This equilibrium process is an important factor for obtaining a better understanding of controlling the self-cleaning properties of TiO2, because the formic acid monolayer is responsible for the amphiphilic character of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolò Comini
- Department
of Physics, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J. Trey Diulus
- Department
of Physics, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Department
of Physics, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zbynek Novotny
- Department
of Physics, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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6
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Freiberg AT, Qian S, Wandt J, Gasteiger HA, Crumlin EJ. Surface Oxygen Depletion of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Li-Ion Batteries Studied by Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4743-4754. [PMID: 36623251 PMCID: PMC9880953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new operando spectro-electrochemical setup was developed to study oxygen depletion from the surface of layered transition metal oxide particles at high degrees of delithiation. An NCM111 working electrode was paired with a chemically delithiated LiFePO4 counter electrode in a fuel cell-inspired membrane electrode assembly (MEA). A propylene carbonate-soaked Li-ion conducting ionomer served as an electrolyte, providing both good electrochemical performance and direct probing of the NCM111 particles during cycling by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The irreversible emergence of an oxygen-depleted phase in the O 1s spectra of the layered oxide particles was observed upon the first delithiation to high state-of-charge, which is in excellent agreement with oxygen release analysis via mass spectrometry analysis of such MEAs. By comparing the metal oxide-based O 1s spectral features to the Ni 2p3/2 intensity, we can calculate the transition metal-to-oxygen ratio of the metal oxide close to the particle surface, which shows good agreement with the formation of a spinel-like stoichiometry as an oxygen-depleted phase. This new setup enables a deeper understanding of interfacial changes of layered oxide-based cathode active materials for Li-ion batteries upon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T.S. Freiberg
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Simon Qian
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Johannes Wandt
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Hubert A. Gasteiger
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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7
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Temperton RH, Kawde A, Eriksson A, Wang W, Kokkonen E, Jones R, Gericke SM, Zhu S, Quevedo W, Seidel R, Schnadt J, Shavorskiy A, Persson P, Uhlig J. Dip-and-pull ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy as a spectroelectrochemistry tool for probing molecular redox processes. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244701. [PMID: 36586986 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) can provide a compelling platform for studying an analyte's oxidation and reduction reactions in solutions. This paper presents proof-of-principle operando measurements of a model organometallic complex, iron hexacyanide, in an aqueous solution using the dip-and-pull technique. The data demonstrates that the electrochemically active liquid meniscuses on the working electrodes can undergo controlled redox reactions which were observed using APXPS. A detailed discussion of several critical experimental considerations is included as guidance for anyone undertaking comparable experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anurag Kawde
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Axl Eriksson
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Weijia Wang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rosemary Jones
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Maria Gericke
- Division of Combustion Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Petter Persson
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Liu C, Dong Q, Han Y, Zang Y, Zhang H, Xie X, Yu Y, Liu Z. Understanding fundamentals of electrochemical reactions with tender X-rays: A new lab-based operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method for probing liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces across a variety of electrochemical systems. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Hao H, Ruiz Pestana L, Qian J, Liu M, Xu Q, Head‐Gordon T. Chemical transformations and transport phenomena at interfaces. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Luis Ruiz Pestana
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Jin Qian
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Meili Liu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Teresa Head‐Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
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10
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Källquist I, Ericson T, Lindgren F, Chen H, Shavorskiy A, Maibach J, Hahlin M. Potentials in Li-Ion Batteries Probed by Operando Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6465-6475. [PMID: 35099928 PMCID: PMC8832392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The important electrochemical processes in a battery happen at the solid/liquid interfaces. Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) is one tool to study these processes with chemical specificity. However, accessing this crucial interface and identifying the interface signal are not trivial. Therefore, we present a measurement setup, together with a suggested model, exemplifying how APPES can be used to probe potential differences over the electrode/electrolyte interface, even without direct access to the interface. Both the change in electron electrochemical potential over the solid/liquid interface, and the change in Li chemical potential of the working electrode (WE) surface at Li-ion equilibrium can be probed. Using a Li4Ti5O12 composite as a WE, our results show that the shifts in kinetic energy of the electrolyte measured by APPES can be correlated to the electrochemical reactions occurring at the WE/electrolyte interface. Different shifts in kinetic energy are seen depending on if a phase transition reaction occurs or if a single phase is lithiated. The developed methodology can be used to evaluate charge transfer over the WE/electrolyte interface as well as the lithiation/delithiation mechanism of the WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Källquist
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Ericson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heyin Chen
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Julia Maibach
- Institute
for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Fehse M, Iadecola A, Simonelli L, Longo A, Stievano L. The rise of X-ray spectroscopies for unveiling the functional mechanisms in batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23445-23465. [PMID: 34664565 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based techniques have been key tools in the discovery, understanding, and development of battery materials. In this review, some of the most suitable X-ray spectroscopy related techniques employed for addressing diverse scientific cases connected to battery science are highlighted. Furthermore, current shortcomings, intrinsic limitations, and ongoing challenges of individual techniques are pointed out, providing an outlook of future trends that are relevant to the battery research community. In particular, the ongoing development of next generation synchrotrons, machine learning algorithms for data analysis and combined theoretical/experimental approaches will enhance the already powerful assets of these advanced spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Iadecola
- Rééseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens, France
| | | | - Alessandro Longo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, ISMN-CNR UOS di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stievano
- Rééseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens, France.,ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Kalha C, Fernando NK, Bhatt P, Johansson FOL, Lindblad A, Rensmo H, Medina LZ, Lindblad R, Siol S, Jeurgens LPH, Cancellieri C, Rossnagel K, Medjanik K, Schönhense G, Simon M, Gray AX, Nemšák S, Lömker P, Schlueter C, Regoutz A. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in 2020. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:233001. [PMID: 33647896 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abeacd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is establishing itself as an essential technique for the characterisation of materials. The number of specialised photoelectron spectroscopy techniques making use of hard x-rays is steadily increasing and ever more complex experimental designs enable truly transformative insights into the chemical, electronic, magnetic, and structural nature of materials. This paper begins with a short historic perspective of HAXPES and spans from developments in the early days of photoelectron spectroscopy to provide an understanding of the origin and initial development of the technique to state-of-the-art instrumentation and experimental capabilities. The main motivation for and focus of this paper is to provide a picture of the technique in 2020, including a detailed overview of available experimental systems worldwide and insights into a range of specific measurement modi and approaches. We also aim to provide a glimpse into the future of the technique including possible developments and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran Kalha
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie K Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Prajna Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik O L Johansson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - León Zendejas Medina
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Siol
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lars P H Jeurgens
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cancellieri
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katerina Medjanik
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerd Schönhense
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Han Y, Zhang H, Yu Y, Liu Z. In Situ Characterization of Catalysis and Electrocatalysis Using APXPS. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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14
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Nappini S, D'Amario L, Favaro M, Dal Zilio S, Salvador F, Betz-Güttner E, Fondacaro A, Píš I, Romanzin L, Gambitta A, Bondino F, Lazzarino M, Magnano E. Soft x-ray spectroscopies in liquids and at solid-liquid interface at BACH beamline at Elettra. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:015115. [PMID: 33514239 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The beamline for advanced dichroism of the Istituto Officina dei Materiali-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, operating at the Elettra synchrotron in Trieste (Italy), works in the extreme ultraviolet-soft x-ray photon energy range with selectable light polarization, high energy resolution, brilliance, and time resolution. The beamline offers a multi-technique approach for the investigation of the electronic, chemical, structural, magnetic, and dynamical properties of materials. Recently, one of the three end stations has been dedicated to experiments based on electron transfer processes at the solid/liquid interfaces and during photocatalytic or electrochemical reactions. Suitable cells to perform soft x-ray spectroscopy in the presence of liquids and reagent gases at ambient pressure were developed. Here, we present two types of static cells working in transmission or in fluorescence yield and an electrochemical flow cell that allows us to carry out cyclic voltammetry in situ and electrodeposition on a working electrode and to study chemical reactions under operando conditions. Examples of x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements performed under ambient conditions and during electrochemical experiments in liquids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nappini
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - L D'Amario
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - M Favaro
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Dal Zilio
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - F Salvador
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - E Betz-Güttner
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Physics Department, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Fondacaro
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - I Píš
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - L Romanzin
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gambitta
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Bondino
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - M Lazzarino
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - E Magnano
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
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15
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Held G, Venturini F, Grinter DC, Ferrer P, Arrigo R, Deacon L, Quevedo Garzon W, Roy K, Large A, Stephens C, Watts A, Larkin P, Hand M, Wang H, Pratt L, Mudd JJ, Richardson T, Patel S, Hillman M, Scott S. Ambient-pressure endstation of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline at Diamond Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1153-1166. [PMID: 32876589 PMCID: PMC7467337 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520009157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ambient-pressure endstation and branchline of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source serves a very diverse user community studying heterogeneous catalysts, pharmaceuticals and biomaterials under realistic conditions, liquids and ices, and novel electronic, photonic and battery materials. The instrument facilitates studies of the near-surface chemical composition, electronic and geometric structure of a variety of samples using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in the photon energy range from 170 eV to 2800 eV. The beamline provides a resolving power hν/Δ(hν) > 5000 at a photon flux > 1010 photons s-1 over most of its energy range. By operating the optical elements in a low-pressure oxygen atmosphere, carbon contamination can be almost completely eliminated, which makes the beamline particularly suitable for carbon K-edge NEXAFS. The endstation can be operated at pressures up to 100 mbar, whereby XPS can be routinely performed up to 30 mbar. A selection of typical data demonstrates the capability of the instrument to analyse details of the surface composition of solid samples under ambient-pressure conditions using XPS and NEXAFS. In addition, it offers a convenient way of analysing the gas phase through X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Short XPS spectra can be measured at a time scale of tens of seconds. The shortest data acquisition times for NEXAFS are around 0.5 s per data point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Deacon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson Quevedo Garzon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kanak Roy
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Large
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Watts
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Larkin
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hand
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Pratt
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Mudd
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suren Patel
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stewart Scott
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Stochastic Analysis of Electron Transfer and Mass Transport in Confined Solid/Liquid Interfaces. SURFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces3030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular-level understanding of electrified solid/liquid interfaces has recently been enabled thanks to the development of novel in situ/operando spectroscopic tools. Among those, ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy performed in the tender/hard X-ray region and coupled with the “dip and pull” method makes it possible to simultaneously interrogate the chemical composition of the interface and built-in electrical potentials. On the other hand, only thin liquid films (on the order of tens of nanometers at most) can be investigated, since the photo-emitted electrons must travel through the electrolyte layer to reach the photoelectron analyzer. Due to the challenging control and stability of nm-thick liquid films, a detailed experimental electrochemical investigation of such thin electrolyte layers is still lacking. This work therefore aims at characterizing the electrochemical behavior of solid/liquid interfaces when confined in nanometer-sized regions using a stochastic simulation approach. The investigation was performed by modeling (i) the electron transfer between a solid surface and a one-electron redox couple and (ii) its diffusion in solution. Our findings show that the well-known thin-layer voltammetry theory elaborated by Hubbard can be successfully applied to describe the voltammetric behavior of such nanometer-sized interfaces. We also provide an estimation of the current densities developed in these confined interfaces, resulting in values on the order of few hundreds of nA·cm−2. We believe that our results can contribute to the comprehension of the physical/chemical properties of nano-interfaces, thereby aiding to a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the “dip and pull” method.
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