1
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Steinbach F, Atxitia U, Yao K, Borchert M, Engel D, Bencivenga F, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Pedersoli E, De Angelis D, Pancaldi M, Fainozzi D, Pelli Cresi JS, Paltanin E, Capotondi F, Masciovecchio C, Eisebitt S, von Korff Schmising C. Exploring the Fundamental Spatial Limits of Magnetic All-Optical Switching. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6865-6871. [PMID: 38809171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
All-optical switching (AOS) results in ultrafast and deterministic magnetization reversal upon single laser pulse excitation, potentially supporting faster and more energy-efficient data storage. To explore the fundamental limits of achievable bit densities in AOS, we have used soft X-ray transient grating spectroscopy to study the ultrafast magnetic response of a GdFe alloy after a spatially structured excitation with a periodicity of 17 nm. The ultrafast spatial evolution of the magnetization in combination with atomistic spin dynamics and microscopic temperature model calculations allows us to derive a detailed phase diagram of AOS as a function of both the absorbed energy density and the nanoscale excitation period. Our results suggest that the minimum size for AOS in GdFe alloys, induced by a nanoscale periodic excitation, is around 25 nm and that this limit is governed by ultrafast lateral electron diffusion and by the threshold for optical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Steinbach
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Unai Atxitia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kelvin Yao
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Borchert
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Danny Fainozzi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Paltanin
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Ukleev V, Leroy L, Mincigrucci R, De Angelis D, Fainozzi D, Khatu NN, Paltanin E, Foglia L, Bencivenga F, Luo C, Ruske F, Radu F, Svetina C, Staub U. Transient grating spectroscopy on a DyCo 5 thin film with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:025101. [PMID: 38476300 PMCID: PMC10929737 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are excited by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transient gratings (TGs) in a room-temperature ferrimagnetic DyCo5 alloy. TGs are generated by crossing a pair of EUV pulses from a free electron laser with the wavelength of 20.8 nm matching the Co M-edge, resulting in a SAW wavelength of Λ = 44 nm. Using the pump-probe transient grating scheme in reflection geometry, the excited SAWs could be followed in the time range of -10 to 100 ps in the thin film. Coherent generation of TGs by ultrafast EUV pulses allows to excite SAW in any material and to investigate their couplings to other dynamics, such as spin waves and orbital dynamics. In contrast, we encountered challenges in detecting electronic and magnetic signals, potentially due to the dominance of the larger SAW signal and the weakened reflection signal from underlying layers. A potential solution for the latter challenge involves employing soft x-ray probes, albeit introducing additional complexities associated with the required grazing incidence geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ukleev
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludmila Leroy
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Danny Fainozzi
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Paltanin
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Chen Luo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Ruske
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Urs Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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3
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Dolgikh A, Shapaeva TB, Yamada KT, Logunov MV, Rasing TH, Kimel AV. Magneto-optical diffraction of visible light as a probe of nanoscale displacement of domain walls at femtosecond timescales. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:103001. [PMID: 37787627 DOI: 10.1063/5.0152670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Using diffraction of femtosecond laser pulses of visible light by a magnetic domain pattern in an iron garnet, we demonstrate a proof of concept of time-resolved measurements of domain pattern movements with nanometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. In this method, a femtosecond laser (pump) pulse initiates magnetization dynamics in a sample that is initially in a labyrinth domain state, while an equally short linearly polarized laser pulse (probe) is diffracted by the domain pattern. The components of the diffracted light that are polarized orthogonally to the incident light generate several concentric diffraction rings. Nanometer small changes in the relative sizes of domains with opposite magnetization result in observable changes in the intensities of the rings. We demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio is high enough to detect a 6 nm domain wall displacement with 100 fs temporal resolution using visible light. We also discuss possible artifacts, such as pump-induced changes of optical properties, that can affect the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dolgikh
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 135 Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T B Shapaeva
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K T Yamada
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 135 Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M V Logunov
- Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - T H Rasing
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 135 Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A V Kimel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 135 Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Gerlinger K, Pfau B, Hennecke M, Kern LM, Will I, Noll T, Weigand M, Gräfe J, Träger N, Schneider M, Günther CM, Engel D, Schütz G, Eisebitt S. Pump-probe x-ray microscopy of photo-induced magnetization dynamics at MHz repetition rates. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:024301. [PMID: 36970496 PMCID: PMC10038236 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present time-resolved scanning x-ray microscopy measurements with picosecond photo-excitation via a tailored infrared pump laser at a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. Specifically, we image the laser-induced demagnetization and remagnetization of thin ferrimagnetic GdFe films proceeding on a few nanoseconds timescale. Controlling the heat load on the sample via additional reflector and heatsink layers allows us to conduct destruction-free measurements at a repetition rate of 50 MHz. Near-field enhancement of the photo-excitation and controlled annealing effects lead to laterally heterogeneous magnetization dynamics which we trace with 30 nm spatial resolution. Our work opens new opportunities to study photo-induced dynamics on the nanometer scale, with access to picosecond to nanosecond time scales, which is of technological relevance, especially in the field of magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathinka Gerlinger
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Hennecke
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Kern
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Will
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Noll
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nick Träger
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M. Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Zhou Hagström N, Schneider M, Kerber N, Yaroslavtsev A, Burgos Parra E, Beg M, Lang M, Günther CM, Seng B, Kammerbauer F, Popescu H, Pancaldi M, Neeraj K, Polley D, Jangid R, Hrkac SB, Patel SKK, Ovcharenko S, Turenne D, Ksenzov D, Boeglin C, Baidakova M, von Korff Schmising C, Borchert M, Vodungbo B, Chen K, Luo C, Radu F, Müller L, Martínez Flórez M, Philippi-Kobs A, Riepp M, Roseker W, Grübel G, Carley R, Schlappa J, Van Kuiken BE, Gort R, Mercadier L, Agarwal N, Le Guyader L, Mercurio G, Teichmann M, Delitz JT, Reich A, Broers C, Hickin D, Deiter C, Moore J, Rompotis D, Wang J, Kane D, Venkatesan S, Meier J, Pallas F, Jezynski T, Lederer M, Boukhelef D, Szuba J, Wrona K, Hauf S, Zhu J, Bergemann M, Kamil E, Kluyver T, Rosca R, Spirzewski M, Kuster M, Turcato M, Lomidze D, Samartsev A, Engelke J, Porro M, Maffessanti S, Hansen K, Erdinger F, Fischer P, Fiorini C, Castoldi A, Manghisoni M, Wunderer CB, Fullerton EE, Shpyrko OG, Gutt C, Sanchez-Hanke C, Dürr HA, Iacocca E, Nembach HT, Keller MW, Shaw JM, Silva TJ, Kukreja R, Fangohr H, Eisebitt S, Kläui M, Jaouen N, Scherz A, Bonetti S, Jal E. Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1454-1464. [PMID: 36345754 PMCID: PMC9641564 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Kerber
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaroslavtsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erick Burgos Parra
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Marijan Beg
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lang
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian M. Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Seng
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, France
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Neeraj
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debanjan Polley
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Jangid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stjepan B. Hrkac
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sheena K. K. Patel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Diego Turenne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy Ksenzov
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Christine Boeglin
- University of Strasbourg – CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marina Baidakova
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | | | - Martin Borchert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kai Chen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Luo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Riepp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hickin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - James Moore
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jinxiong Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Kane
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Meier
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Janusz Szuba
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Ebad Kamil
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Robert Rosca
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michał Spirzewski
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), A. Solłana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Markus Kuster
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrey Samartsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Engelke
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matteo Porro
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Karsten Hansen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erdinger
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Manghisoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Cornelia Beatrix Wunderer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Gutt
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Hermann A. Dürr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Hans T. Nembach
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Associate, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Mark W. Keller
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Justin M. Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas J. Silva
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roopali Kukreja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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Yao K, Steinbach F, Borchert M, Schick D, Engel D, Bencivenga F, Mincigrucci R, Foglia L, Pedersoli E, De Angelis D, Pancaldi M, Wehinger B, Capotondi F, Masciovecchio C, Eisebitt S, von Korff Schmising C. All-Optical Switching on the Nanometer Scale Excited and Probed with Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4452-4458. [PMID: 35605204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast control of magnetization on the nanometer length scale, in particular all-optical switching, is key to putting ultrafast magnetism on the path toward future technological application in data storage technology. However, magnetization manipulation with light on this length scale is challenging due to the wavelength limitations of optical radiation. Here, we excite transient magnetic gratings in a GdFe alloy with a periodicity of 87 nm by the interference of two coherent femtosecond light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. The subsequent ultrafast evolution of the magnetization pattern is probed by diffraction of a third, time-delayed pulse tuned to the Gd N-edge at a wavelength of 8.3 nm. By examining the simultaneously recorded first and second order diffractions and by performing reference real-space measurements with a wide-field magneto-optical microscope with femtosecond time resolution, we can conclusively demonstrate the ultrafast emergence of all-optical switching on the nanometer length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yao
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Steinbach
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Borchert
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario De Angelis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Björn Wehinger
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut fuer Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Zayko S, Kfir O, Heigl M, Lohmann M, Sivis M, Albrecht M, Ropers C. Ultrafast high-harmonic nanoscopy of magnetization dynamics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6337. [PMID: 34732725 PMCID: PMC8566501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced magnetization changes, such as all-optical switching, skyrmion nucleation, and intersite spin transfer, unfold on temporal and spatial scales down to femtoseconds and nanometers, respectively. Pump-probe spectroscopy and diffraction studies indicate that spatio-temporal dynamics may drastically affect the non-equilibrium magnetic evolution. Yet, direct real-space magnetic imaging on the relevant timescales has remained challenging. Here, we demonstrate ultrafast high-harmonic nanoscopy employing circularly polarized high-harmonic radiation for real-space imaging of femtosecond magnetization dynamics. We map quenched magnetic domains and localized spin structures in Co/Pd multilayers with a sub-wavelength spatial resolution down to 16 nm, and strobosocopically trace the local magnetization dynamics with 40 fs temporal resolution. Our compact experimental setup demonstrates the highest spatio-temporal resolution of magneto-optical imaging to date. Facilitating ultrafast imaging with high sensitivity to chiral and linear dichroism, we envisage a wide range of applications spanning magnetism, phase transitions, and carrier dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zayko
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ofer Kfir
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Heigl
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohmann
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Murat Sivis
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Fabiani G, Bouman MD, Mentink JH. Supermagnonic Propagation in Two-Dimensional Antiferromagnets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:097202. [PMID: 34506161 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.097202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the propagation of magnons after ultrashort perturbations of the exchange interaction in the prototype two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet. Using the recently proposed neural quantum states, we predict highly anisotropic spreading in space constrained by the symmetry of the perturbation. Interestingly, the propagation speed at the shortest length scale and timescale is up to 40% higher than the highest magnon velocity. We argue that the enhancement stems from extraordinary strong magnon-magnon interactions, suggesting new avenues for manipulating information transfer on ultrashort length scales and timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fabiani
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M D Bouman
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J H Mentink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Caretta A, Laterza S, Bonanni V, Sergo R, Dri C, Cautero G, Galassi F, Zamolo M, Simoncig A, Zangrando M, Gessini A, Zilio SD, Flammini R, Moras P, Demidovich A, Danailov M, Parmigiani F, Malvestuto M. A novel free-electron laser single-pulse Wollaston polarimeter for magneto-dynamical studies. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:034304. [PMID: 34169118 PMCID: PMC8214468 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the conceptual design, the hardware realization, and the first experimental results of a novel and compact x-ray polarimeter capable of a single-pulse linear polarization angle detection in the extreme ultraviolet photon energy range. The polarimeter is tested by performing time resolved pump-probe experiments on a Ni80Fe20 Permalloy film at the M2,3 Ni edge at an externally seeded free-electron laser source. Comparison with similar experiments reported in the literature shows the advantages of our approach also in view of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Bonanni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rudi Sergo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Cautero
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Galassi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Zamolo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zangrando
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Dal Zilio
- Istituto Officina Dei Materiali-CNR, Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Flammini
- CNR-ISM, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Moras
- CNR-ISM, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alexander Demidovich
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Miltcho Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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10
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Ksenzov D, Maznev AA, Unikandanunni V, Bencivenga F, Capotondi F, Caretta A, Foglia L, Malvestuto M, Masciovecchio C, Mincigrucci R, Nelson KA, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Randolph L, Rahmann H, Urazhdin S, Bonetti S, Gutt C. Nanoscale Transient Magnetization Gratings Created and Probed by Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2905-2911. [PMID: 33724854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We utilize coherent femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses from a free electron laser (FEL) to generate transient periodic magnetization patterns with periods as short as 44 nm. Combining spatially periodic excitation with resonant probing at the M-edge of cobalt allows us to create and probe transient gratings of electronic and magnetic excitations in a CoGd alloy. In a demagnetized sample, we observe an electronic excitation with a rise time close to the FEL pulse duration and ∼0.5 ps decay time indicative of electron-phonon relaxation. When the sample is magnetized to saturation in an external field, we observe a magnetization grating, which appears on a subpicosecond time scale as the sample is demagnetized at the maxima of the EUV intensity and then decays on the time scale of tens of picoseconds via thermal diffusion. The described approach opens multiple avenues for studying dynamics of ultrafast magnetic phenomena on nanometer length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Ksenzov
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Alexei A Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Antonio Caretta
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Marco Malvestuto
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Lisa Randolph
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rahmann
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sergei Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
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11
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Time-Resolved XUV Absorption Spectroscopy and Magnetic Circular Dichroism at the Ni M2,3-Edges. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort optical pulses can trigger a variety of non-equilibrium processes in magnetic thin films affecting electrons and spins on femtosecond timescales. In order to probe the charge and magnetic degrees of freedom simultaneously, we developed an X-ray streaking technique that has the advantage of providing a jitter-free picture of absorption cross-section changes. In this paper, we present an experiment based on this approach, which we performed using five photon probing energies at the Ni M2,3-edges. This allowed us to retrieve the absorption and magnetic circular dichroism time traces, yielding detailed information on transient modifications of electron and spin populations close to the Fermi level. Our findings suggest that the observed absorption and magnetic circular dichroism dynamics both depend on the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) probing wavelength, and can be described, at least qualitatively, by assuming ultrafast energy shifts of the electronic and magnetic elemental absorption resonances, as reported in recent work. However, our analysis also hints at more complex changes, highlighting the need for further experimental and theoretical studies in order to gain a thorough understanding of the interplay of electronic and spin degrees of freedom in optically excited magnetic thin films.
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12
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Element-Specific Magnetization Dynamics of Complex Magnetic Systems Probed by Ultrafast Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vision to manipulate and control magnetism with light is driven on the one hand by fundamental questions of direct and indirect photon-spin interactions, and on the other hand by the necessity to cope with ever growing data volumes, requiring radically new approaches on how to write, read and process information. Here, we present two complementary experimental geometries to access the element-specific magnetization dynamics of complex magnetic systems via ultrafast magneto-optical spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. First, we employ linearly polarized radiation of a free electron laser facility to demonstrate decoupled dynamics of the two sublattices of an FeGd alloy, a prerequisite for all-optical magnetization switching. Second, we use circularly polarized radiation generated in a laboratory-based high harmonic generation setup to show optical inter-site spin transfer in a CoPt alloy, a mechanism which only very recently has been predicted to mediate ultrafast metamagnetic phase transitions.
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