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Nowakowski M, Huber-Gedert M, Elgabarty H, Kalinko A, Kubicki J, Kertmen A, Lindner N, Khakhulin D, Lima FA, Choi TK, Biednov M, Schmitz L, Piergies N, Zalden P, Kubicek K, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Salem MA, Canton SE, Bressler C, Kühne TD, Gawelda W, Bauer M. Ultrafast Two-Color X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy Reveals Excited State Landscape in a Base Metal Dyad. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404348. [PMID: 39099343 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Effective photoinduced charge transfer makes molecular bimetallic assemblies attractive for applications as active light-induced proton reduction systems. Developing competitive base metal dyads is mandatory for a more sustainable future. However, the electron transfer mechanisms from the photosensitizer to the proton reduction catalyst in base metal dyads remain so far unexplored. A Fe─Co dyad that exhibits photocatalytic H2 production activity is studied using femtosecond X-ray emission spectroscopy, complemented by ultrafast optical spectroscopy and theoretical time-dependent DFT calculations, to understand the electronic and structural dynamics after photoexcitation and during the subsequent charge transfer process from the FeII photosensitizer to the cobaloxime catalyst. This novel approach enables the simultaneous measurement of the transient X-ray emission at the iron and cobalt K-edges in a two-color experiment. With this methodology, the excited state dynamics are correlated to the electron transfer processes, and evidence of the Fe→Co electron transfer as an initial step of proton reduction activity is unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nowakowski
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marina Huber-Gedert
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hossam Elgabarty
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Ahmet Kertmen
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Natalia Lindner
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Dmitry Khakhulin
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Frederico A Lima
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- PAL-XFEL, Jigok-ro 127-80, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mykola Biednov
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Lennart Schmitz
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Natalia Piergies
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 31-342, Poland
| | - Peter Zalden
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Katerina Kubicek
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22607, Notkestraße 9-11, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Alaraby Salem
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Sophie E Canton
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Christian Bressler
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22607, Notkestraße 9-11, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 02826, Untermarkt 20, Görlitz, Germany
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chair of Computational System Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Helmholtzstr. 10, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28047, Spain
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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2
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Reinhard M, Gallo A, Guo M, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Qureshi M, Britz A, Ledbetter K, Kunnus K, Weninger C, van Driel T, Robinson J, Glownia JM, Gaffney KJ, Kroll T, Weng TC, Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D. Ferricyanide photo-aquation pathway revealed by combined femtosecond Kβ main line and valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2443. [PMID: 37147295 PMCID: PMC10163258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliably identifying short-lived chemical reaction intermediates is crucial to elucidate reaction mechanisms but becomes particularly challenging when multiple transient species occur simultaneously. Here, we report a femtosecond x-ray emission spectroscopy and scattering study of the aqueous ferricyanide photochemistry, utilizing the combined Fe Kβ main and valence-to-core emission lines. Following UV-excitation, we observe a ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited state that decays within 0.5 ps. On this timescale, we also detect a hitherto unobserved short-lived species that we assign to a ferric penta-coordinate intermediate of the photo-aquation reaction. We provide evidence that bond photolysis occurs from reactive metal-centered excited states that are populated through relaxation of the charge transfer excited state. Beyond illuminating the elusive ferricyanide photochemistry, these results show how current limitations of Kβ main line analysis in assigning ultrafast reaction intermediates can be circumvented by simultaneously using the valence-to-core spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reinhard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | - Meiyuan Guo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisa Biasin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Clemens Weninger
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Fouda AEA, Koulentianos D, Young L, Doumy G, Ho PJ. Resonant double-core excitations with ultrafast, intense X-ray pulses. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2133749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. A. Fouda
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dimitris Koulentianos
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Phay J. Ho
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
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4
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Cebrían C, Pastore M, Monari A, Assfeld X, Gros PC, Haacke S. Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Fe(II) Complexes Designed for Solar Energy Conversion: Current Status and Open Questions. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100659. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Haacke
- University of Strasbourg: Universite de Strasbourg IPCMS 23, rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg FRANCE
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Montorsi F, Segatta F, Nenov A, Mukamel S, Garavelli M. Soft X-ray Spectroscopy Simulations with Multiconfigurational Wave Function Theory: Spectrum Completeness, Sub-eV Accuracy, and Quantitative Reproduction of Line Shapes. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1003-1016. [PMID: 35073066 PMCID: PMC8830047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Montorsi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Fouda AEA, Ho PJ. Site-specific generation of excited state wavepackets with high-intensity attosecond x rays. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224111. [PMID: 34241215 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity attosecond x rays can produce coherent superpositions of valence-excited states through two-photon Raman transitions. The broad-bandwidth, high-field nature of the pulses results in a multitude of accessible excited states. Multiconfigurational quantum chemistry with the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is used to examine population transfer dynamics in stimulated x-ray Raman scattering of the nitric oxide oxygen and nitrogen K-edges. Two pulse schemes initiate wavepackets of different characters and demonstrate how chemical differences between core-excitation pathways affect the dynamics. The population transfer to valence-excited states is found to be sensitive to the electronic structure and pulse conditions, highlighting complexities attributed to the Rabi frequency. The orthogonally polarized two-color-pulse setup has increased selectivity while facilitating longer, less intense pulses than the one-pulse setup. Population transfer in the 1s → Rydberg region is more effective but less selective at the nitrogen K-edge; the selectivity is reduced by double core-excited states. Result interpretation is aided by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E A Fouda
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Phay J Ho
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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7
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Gaffney KJ. Capturing photochemical and photophysical transformations in iron complexes with ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy and scattering. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8010-8025. [PMID: 34194691 PMCID: PMC8208315 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven chemical transformations provide a compelling approach to understanding chemical reactivity with the potential to use this understanding to advance solar energy and catalysis applications. Capturing the non-equilibrium trajectories of electronic excited states with precision, particularly for transition metal complexes, would provide a foundation for advancing both of these objectives. Of particular importance for 3d metal compounds is characterizing the population dynamics of charge-transfer (CT) and metal-centered (MC) electronic excited states and understanding how the inner coordination sphere structural dynamics mediate the interaction between these states. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray laser science has enabled the electronic excited state dynamics in 3d metal complexes to be followed with unprecedented detail. This review will focus on simultaneous X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray solution scattering (XSS) studies of iron coordination and organometallic complexes. These simultaneous XES-XSS studies have provided detailed insight into the mechanism of light-induced spin crossover in iron coordination compounds, the interaction of CT and MC excited states in iron carbene photosensitizers, and the mechanism of Fe-S bond dissociation in cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gaffney
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University Menlo Park California 94025 USA
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8
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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9
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Rankine CD, Penfold TJ. Progress in the Theory of X-ray Spectroscopy: From Quantum Chemistry to Machine Learning and Ultrafast Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4276-4293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Rankine
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - T. J. Penfold
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
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