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Hellbrück L, Puppin M, Guo F, Hickstein DD, Benhabib S, Grioni M, Dil JH, LaGrange T, Rønnow HM, Carbone F. High-resolution MHz time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy based on a tunable vacuum ultraviolet source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033007. [PMID: 38517259 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES) allows for direct mapping of the electronic band structure and its dynamic response on femtosecond timescales. Here, we present a new ARPES system, powered by a new fiber-based femtosecond light source in the vacuum ultraviolet range, accessing the complete first Brillouin zone for most materials. We present trARPES data on Au(111), polycrystalline Au, Bi2Se3, and TaTe2, demonstrating an energy resolution of 21 meV with a time resolution of <360 fs, at a high repetition rate of 1 MHz. The system is integrated with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic generation beamline, enabling an excellent tunability of the time-bandwidth resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hellbrück
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism (LQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Puppin
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Physics, Spin Orbit Interaction Spectroscopy (SOIS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories, 4775 Walnut Street Suite 102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
- Octave Photonics, 325 W South Boulder Rd. Suite B1, Louisville, Colorado 80027, USA
| | - Siham Benhabib
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Phénomènes Ultrarapides Lumière-Solides (PULS), Université Paris-Saclay, FR-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marco Grioni
- Laboratory of Electron Spectroscopy (LSE), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Hugo Dil
- Institute of Physics, Spin Orbit Interaction Spectroscopy (SOIS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrik M Rønnow
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism (LQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Omoumi A, Natile M, Papalazarou E, Zaouter Y, Auguste T, Hanna M, Georges P, Marsi M. Pulsewidth-switchable ultrafast source at 114 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4625-4628. [PMID: 37656571 DOI: 10.1364/ol.498266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser sources with high repetition rate in the ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum UV (VUV) are fundamental tools enabling tabletop time-resolved and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in solids. We describe a VUV source at 114 nm (10.8 eV) based on an industrial grade ytterbium-doped ultrafast laser, a nonlinear pulse width selection stage, and two cascaded frequency tripling stages, first in crystals, second in xenon. The role of ionization in gas-based perturbative third harmonic generation phase-matching is analyzed using a simple theory, numerical simulations, and experimental data. The source features high photon flux, high repetition rate, and adjustable time resolutions. Thereby, in combination with a state-of-the-art angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) apparatus it enables the study of the electronic dynamics of the whole Brillouin zone in a large number of materials.
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Grubišić‐Čabo A, Michiardi M, Sanders CE, Bianchi M, Curcio D, Phuyal D, Berntsen MH, Guo Q, Dendzik M. In Situ Exfoliation Method of Large-Area 2D Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301243. [PMID: 37236159 PMCID: PMC10401183 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
2D materials provide a rich platform to study novel physical phenomena arising from quantum confinement of charge carriers. Many of these phenomena are discovered by surface sensitive techniques, such as photoemission spectroscopy, that work in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). Success in experimental studies of 2D materials, however, inherently relies on producing adsorbate-free, large-area, high-quality samples. The method that yields 2D materials of highest quality is mechanical exfoliation from bulk-grown samples. However, as this technique is traditionally performed in a dedicated environment, the transfer of samples into vacuum requires surface cleaning that might diminish the quality of the samples. In this article, a simple method for in situ exfoliation directly in UHV is reported, which yields large-area, single-layered films. Multiple metallic and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are exfoliated in situ onto Au, Ag, and Ge. The exfoliated flakes are found to be of sub-millimeter size with excellent crystallinity and purity, as supported by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction. The approach is well-suited for air-sensitive 2D materials, enabling the study of a new suite of electronic properties. In addition, the exfoliation of surface alloys and the possibility of controlling the substrate-2D material twist angle is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Grubišić‐Čabo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
- Department of Applied PhysicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHannes Alfvéns väg 12Stockholm114 19Sweden
| | - Matteo Michiardi
- Quantum Matter InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z1Canada
| | - Charlotte E. Sanders
- Central Laser FacilityResearch Complex at HarwellRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell CampusDidcot0X11 0QXUK
| | - Marco Bianchi
- School of Physics and AstronomyAarhus UniversityAarhus8000 CDenmark
| | - Davide Curcio
- School of Physics and AstronomyAarhus UniversityAarhus8000 CDenmark
| | - Dibya Phuyal
- Department of Applied PhysicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHannes Alfvéns väg 12Stockholm114 19Sweden
| | - Magnus H. Berntsen
- Department of Applied PhysicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHannes Alfvéns väg 12Stockholm114 19Sweden
| | - Qinda Guo
- Department of Applied PhysicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHannes Alfvéns väg 12Stockholm114 19Sweden
| | - Maciej Dendzik
- Department of Applied PhysicsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyHannes Alfvéns väg 12Stockholm114 19Sweden
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Guo Q, Dendzik M, Berntsen MH, Grubišić-Čabo A, Li C, Chen W, Wang Y, Tjernberg O. Efficient low-density grating setup for monochromatization of XUV ultrafast light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8914-8926. [PMID: 36859996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast light sources have become an indispensable tool to access and understand transient phenomenon in material science. However, a simple and easy-to-implement method for harmonic selection, with high transmission efficiency and pulse duration conservation, is still a challenge. Here we showcase and compare two approaches for selecting the desired harmonic from a high harmonic generation source while achieving the above goals. The first approach is the combination of extreme ultraviolet spherical mirrors with transmission filters and the second approach uses a normal-incidence spherical grating. Both solutions target time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with photon energies in the 10-20 eV range but are relevant for other experimental techniques as well. The two approaches for harmonic selection are characterized in terms of focusing quality, photon flux, and temporal broadening. It is demonstrated that a focusing grating is able to provide much higher transmission as compared to the mirror+filter approach (3.3 times higher for 10.8 eV and 12.9 times higher for 18.1 eV), with only a slight temporal broadening (6.8% increase) and a somewhat larger spot size (∼30% increase). Overall, our study establishes an experimental perspective on the trade-off between a single grating normal incidence monochromator design and the use of filters. As such, it provides a basis for selecting the most appropriate approach in various fields where an easy-to-implement harmonic selection from high harmonic generation is needed.
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Liu F. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) of TMDC monolayers and bilayers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:736-750. [PMID: 36755720 PMCID: PMC9890651 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many unique properties in two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures rely on charge excitation, scattering, transfer, and relaxation dynamics across different points in the momentum space. Understanding these dynamics is crucial in both the fundamental study of 2D physics and their incorporation in optoelectronic and quantum devices. A direct method to probe charge carrier dynamics with momentum resolution is time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES). Such measurements have been challenging, since photoexcited carriers in many 2D monolayers reside at high crystal momenta, requiring probe photon energies in the extreme UV (EUV) regime. These challenges have been recently addressed by development of table-top pulsed EUV sources based on high harmonic generation, and the successful integration into a TR-ARPES and/or time-resolved momentum microscope. Such experiments will allow direct imaging of photoelectrons with superior time, energy, and crystal momentum resolution, with unique advantage over traditional optical measurements. Recently, TR-ARPES experiments of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers and bilayers have created unprecedented opportunities to reveal many intrinsic dynamics of 2D materials, such as bandgap renormalization, charge carrier scattering, relaxation, and wavefunction localization in moiré patterns. This perspective aims to give a short review of recent discoveries and discuss the challenges and opportunities of such techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
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Heber M, Wind N, Kutnyakhov D, Pressacco F, Arion T, Roth F, Eberhardt W, Rossnagel K. Multispectral time-resolved energy-momentum microscopy using high-harmonic extreme ultraviolet radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:083905. [PMID: 36050085 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A 790-nm-driven high-harmonic generation source with a repetition rate of 6 kHz is combined with a toroidal-grating monochromator and a high-detection-efficiency photoelectron time-of-flight momentum microscope to enable time- and momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy over a spectral range of 23.6-45.5 eV with sub-100 fs time resolution. Three-dimensional (3D) Fermi surface mapping is demonstrated on graphene-covered Ir(111) with energy and momentum resolutions of ≲100 meV and ≲0.1 Å-1, respectively. The tabletop experiment sets the stage for measuring the kz-dependent ultrafast dynamics of 3D electronic structure, including band structure, Fermi surface, and carrier dynamics in 3D materials as well as 3D orbital dynamics in molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Wind
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tiberiu Arion
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Roth
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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